canada & the world 1990s
TRANSCRIPT
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Canada & the World
(1980s & 1990s)
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Band Aid (1984) & Live Aid
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Globalization• Jean Chretien’s priorities in 1993 was to expand
Canada’s trading opportunities with other countries.
• “Team Canada” was sent on trade missions to Asia and Latin America to secure deals for Canadian investment and exports.
• Free trade agreements were signed with Chile and Israel, and FTA expanded to Mexico (NAFTA).
• Can joined APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group) to promote freer trade among Pacific countries.
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• These trade initiatives were spreading across the world by the end of the 1990s – Globalization (a network of business, communications, and cultural links among countries).
• It was partly the result of rapid changes in communications technology and the fall of communism.
• List some of the pros and cons of globalization from p. 157-8.
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Canadian Foreign Aid1.) Official Development Assistance (ODA)• Gives financial aid to the countries of Africa, the
Middle East, the Americas, Asia and parts of Central and Eastern Europe.
• Provides assistance in various ways:a. gov’t to gov’t (bilateral)b. Supporting non-governmental orgs (NGOs)c. Supporting private sector enterprisesd. Supporting multilateral institutions (UN, World
Bank, and La Francophonie)
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2.) Can International Development Agency (CIDA)• ODA program is managed by CIDA• CIDA promotes sustainable development in developing
countries and focuses on:a. Basic human needsb. Women in sustainable developmentc. Infrastructure servicesd. Human rightse. Democracy and good governancef. Private sector developmentg. The environment• Has also expanded 4 social development sectors: basic
ed, health and nutrition, HIV/AIDS, and child protection.
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Linking Aid to Human Rights
• Until the late 1970s, Can gov’ts were not concerned with human rights (HR) criteria when considering recipients for Can dev assistance.
• By 1986, focus had shifted, and HR became a fundamental part of official Can aid policy.
• This is linked to the notion that Can has a responsibility to ensure that its dev assistance is not used to support gov’ts that deny citizens their basic econ, social, and cultural rights.
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Cold War Fears• Played an important role in determining foreign aid
policy.• Aid to communist or strongly anti-Western countries
(Indonesia, Vietnam and Cuba) was terminated when they engaged in oppressive military interventions.
• On the other hand, it was common practice not to jeopardize important econ relations and aid was only fully suspended to countries in which Can’s interests were limited.
• 70% of Can aid still went to countries whose violations of basic security rights ranged from serious to extreme.
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Recent Performance• Gov’t has taken a much more assertive position in
recent years by introducing a cabinet review, human rights training, a CIDA division on human rights, and the creation of the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
• But there is still a reluctance to cut aid to abusive states such as China and Indonesia.
• Canada is not unique, as many countries are not willing to stop trade interests in the name of human rights.
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Peacekeeping• Is a technique developed by the United Nations to
prevent conflict and make peace by deploying UN military and/or police presence and frequently civilians as well.
• Although the first peacekeeping mission was in 1948 in the Middle East, the first deployment was in 1956 in response to the Suez Crisis.
• Peacekeeping was initially developed as a means to resolve conflict between states achieved by deploying unarmed/lightly armed personnel, creating a ceasefire, and being a presence in the area.
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• After the Cold War, there was an increasing demand for UN peacekeeping missions, but rather than keeping peace “between” states, the UN was now charged with creating peace “within” states.
• At the peak of UN activity in the mid 1990s, there were 80,000 UN peacekeepers deployed around the world.
• Peacekeeping is no longer a matter of simply standing between 2 armies and keeping peace. I has increasingly become a matter of creating a peace where none exists.
• Traditional tasks involved patrolling contested borders, and unarmed monitoring of ceasefires.
• Modern tasks involve training and restructuring local police forces, de-mining, conducting elections, facilitating the return of refugees, monitoring human rights, demobilizing and reintegrating former soldiers, and promoting sustainable democracy and economic development.
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Canadian Troops Overseas
Class Activity:• Persian Gulf War, 1990-91• Yugoslavia, 1992• Somalia, 1992• Rwanda, 1994• NATO Bombing of Kosovo, 1995• Landmines, ongoing