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P e r f e c t i o nb u i l t i n

TechnicalInformation

No. 2

All aboutSpark Plugs


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Index of Contents

A few words of introduction

Virtually all motor vehicles today are powered by aninternal combustion engine. Central importance isattached to the spark plug in external ignit ion, petrol-driven engines. This inconspicuous element influencesthe engines starting abilit y, performance, consumptionand exhaust emission levels. The critical part whichdetermines the correct functioning is concealedinside the engine combustion chamber, only theinsulating body and connector are externally visible.

Beru spark plugs are highly-specialised precision partswhich are developed to meet customer standards andmanufactured with the help of modern systems. Theyhave to withstand extreme loads; the heat of summer,the cold of winter, high voltage and the influences ofthe combustion chamber such as pressure, tempe-

ratures in excess of 3,000 C and the corrosive effectsof hot gas. And they must not fail any of the moststringent tests carried out by the international auto-mobile industry or the vehicle driver in day-to-day use.How Beru spark plugs achieve this will be explainedbelow.

The function of a spark plug Page 3

The demands on spark plugs Page 3

The materials used in spark plugs Page 4

The spark plug in detail Page 4

The electrode gap/The crucial spark Page 5

Beru type description Page 6

The sealed fit/Special spark plugs Page 6

Fitting the spark plugs Page 7

Beru information material Page 7

The thermal value/The thermal conduction Page 8

The influences on the thermal value Page 9

Malfunctions Page 9

Spark Plug Appearances Page 10

The development of the spark plug/Beru history Page 12

The Beru hardness test Page 13

Beru services Page 13

Engine characteristics Page 14

Spark plug production Page 14

The certif ication/Requirements of the future Page 15


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The function of a spark plug/The demands on spark plugs

Beru spark plugs top quality products for pollution-free driving.

The function of a spark plugThe ignit ing spark. The ignit ion system on petrol-driven engines

by contrast to diesel engines is external: during the com-pression cycle the combustion of the compressed fuel- airmixture is triggered by an electrical spark which is produced bythe spark plug. This is created via a correspondingly high voltagegenerated by the ignition coil or ignition transformer. At aprecisely predefined point the spark leaps between the central

and earth electrodes. A flame emanating from the spark fillsthe entire combustion chamber until the mixture has beenburned. The heat released increases the temperature, there is arapid build-up of pressure in the cylinder and the piston is forceddownwards. The movement is transferred via the connecting rodto the crankshaft; this drives the vehicle via the gears and theaxles.

The demands on spark plugsReliability under extreme conditions. The engine only operatessmoothly when the spark plugs function properly. This means themixture burns without leaving any residues and, as a result, onthe one hand the energy created being utilised to optimum

effect and secondly the exhaust gasses containing as fewpollutants as possible. A spark plug must deliver a powerfulignition spark between around 500 and 3,500 times a minute.The ultimate extremes are cold starting in Winter, hours atmaximum performance in Summer and stop-and-go traffic con-dit ions. The spark plugs must be able to cope with temperaturefluctuations of 3,000 C caused by the operational condit ionsand differences in pressure of over 50 bar, within fractions ofa second. Only top quality products like the spark plugsmanufactured by Beru using the best materials available oncomputer-controlled systems are able to continually withstandthese extremely demanding requirements.

The spark from the spark plug triggers the combustion of the compressed

fuel-air mixture during the compression cycle.


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The materials used in spark plugs/ The spark plug in detail

Roof electrode Side electrodeExtended roof electrode

The materials used in spark plugsThe secret of the electrodes. Beru offers a whole range of sparkplugs to ensure that the optimum spark plugs are always availableto meet the wide range of varying engines and purposes of use. In

this context, Beru uses very differing materials for the centralelectrodes. The part icular features of special nickel-based alloys aswell as copper core electrodes are their good heat conduction andhigh corrosion resistance. Silver has an even higher heat conduc-tion capability. Platinum offers optimum burn-off resistance and

The spark plug in detailConnection for the spark plug (4 mm thread, SAEscrewconnection or SAEfixed (mono-block)). Transfers theignition voltage to the central electrode.

Prevents seepage currents through extended path.Gas-tight steel pin enclosed in the conductive glass melt,forming a link with the central electrode.Ceramic body insulates the central electrode against earthup to 40,000 Volts.Nickel-coated plug body forms gas-tight connection withthe insulator through the heat shrinkage method. Threadused to secure the spark plug in the engine block.Electrical connection of spark pin and central electrode.On suppressed (R types) glass melt resistors.

Five-fold seepage currentbarrier with ribbed profile

Spark stud Insulator made of aluminium oxide

Nickel-coatedplug body2

43

5

4

Connection for thespark plug

1

1

23

4

5

Multi- pole side electrodes

consequently extends the length of time before replacements areneeded. In conjunction with the automobile industry, Beru hasdeveloped a 100,000 kilometre spark plug for engines on whichaccess to the spark plugs is very difficult. The design of the earthelectrode is just as important. Its geometry influences, amongst

other things, the mixture accessibility, wear and tear, heatdissipation and required ignition voltage. Its design can vary to aconsiderable extent depending upon the shape of the combustionchamber. Multi-electrode concepts offer the ideal spark pathdepending upon engine operating condition (e.g. airborne sparks,glide sparks, combination of air/glide sparks).

Permanent outer sealing washer, for sealing and heatdissipation.Seals insulator in the plug body and used for heat

conduction.Enables the spark to pass to the earth electrode.The part of the insulator which protrudes into thecombustion chamber.Enables spark plug to be screwed into engine block.Influences self-cleaning action and thermal valuetolerance.Nickel-based alloy additives increase the durability of theearth electrode.6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13


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The electrode gap / The crucial spark

Spark path

Electrodegap

EA

EA

Normal spark position: Primarily on older engine types

Extended spark posit ion: Standard in modern

engines

100,000 kmplugCopper core electrode

Platinum

The crucial sparkThe short spark path. The function of the spark plug in thecombustion chamber is influenced by two main factors: the sparkdistance and the spark posit ion. With regard to the spark distance,a distinction is made between:The air spark distance which denotes the path t he spark takes

between central and earth electrode in order to ignite thefuel- air mixture in the combustion chamber.

The glide spark distance which denotes the path which the sparktakes if it first passes over the surface of the insulator tipbefore then jumping across to the earth electrode. Taking thispath burns off harmful deposits. Spark position is the namegiven to the pattern of the spark path in the combustionchamber. Depending upon the electrode and insulator fit, thespark ignites the mixture at a different position in thecombustion compartment.

Permanent outersealant ring

Internalseal

Central electrode

Isolator base

Breathing space

Electrically conductingglass melt

13

11

6

7

9

8

Insertion piece

Earth electrode12

10

The electrode gapThe gap is what counts. The shortest distance between thecentral and earth electrode(s) on the spark plug is called theelectrode gap. The ignition spark must jump this gap. Thevehicle manufacturer specifies the relevant optimum electrodegap depending upon the engine. Maximum precision in main-taining the electrode gap is important since an incorrect gapcan have a considerable detrimental effect on the functioning ofthe spark plug and consequently the engine performance.If the electrode gap is too small this may cause misfiring,

noisy action and poor exhaust levels.If the electrode gap is too large then a higher ignition voltage

is required to enable the spark to jump the gap: this may leadto misfiring.

The co-ordinated spark positioning on multi-electrode plugsmeans the electrode gap does not have to be adjusted (forexample Ultra X, air/glide spark technology).


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Fully screenedspark plug

Gas sparkplug

Compactspark plug

Measurementspark plug

6

The sealed fit /Special spark plugs

Special spark plugsFor every occasion. Beru manufactures special spark plugs fora wide range of applications:Compact spark plugs for the particularly confined spaces on

power saws or lawnmowers.Fully screened spark plugs with steel jacket where very stringent

demands are placed on suppression, for example in officialvehicles.

Spark plugs for gas powered engines on gas driven vehicles andstationary engines for industrial and domestic use.Measurement spark plugs specially for test and trial engines.

Flat sealedfit withsealantwasher

Spanner size 16

Bevel sealedfit withoutsealantwasher

The sealed fitAll round seal. The spark plug must be screwed into the cylinderhead so that it is gas-tight. Depending upon the engine designa distinction is made in this context between two differenttypes of seal:Flat sealed fit or level sealed fit is the name given to the type

on which a permanent outer sealant washer on t he spark plugbody has the task of providing the seal.

Bevel sealed fit or conical sealed fit is the name of the designon which the conical- shaped surf ace of the spark plug bodyprovides the seal in a correspondingly shaped cylinder headcontact surface.

Spark plugs with a flat sealed fit and small spanner size are frequently

used in particular where the installation conditions restrict theavailable space, as often applies in multi-valve engines. Use is alsofrequently made of bevel sealed fit spark plugs which have smallerexternal dimensions due to their compact design. (Fine Line).

14

10 M 10 x 1

12 M 12 x 1,2514 M 14 x 1,25

18 M 18 x 1,5

BERU type description

Thread VersionThermal value

statisticF

B screened, watertight,burn-of f resistance,

ignition circuit 7 mmC as per B, but

ignition circuit 5 mm

F flat sealed fitGglide spark plugKbevel sealed fitR suppression resistance

5 k Ohm/10 k Ohm

S spark plugs for smallengines, flat sealed fit

T as per S, but wit hbevel sealed fit

Z spark plugs for two-stroke engines

GH glide spark plugswith auxiliary sparkdistance

A12.7 mm normal spark posit ion

B 11.2 mm extendedspark posit ion*2.7 mm extendedspark position

C 19.0 mm normal spark posit ionD17.5 mm extended

spark posit ion*19.0 mm extendedspark position

E 9.5 mm extended spark positionF 9.5 mm extended spark positionK19.0 mm extended spark

position

L 19.0 mm extremely extendedspark position

Z 26.5 mm extended sparkposition

A triangular earthelectrode

T with multi-holeplug electrodes

D2 earthelectrodes

Q4 earthelectrodes

UBeru ultra NiCu

S SilverP Platinum

7 D T U O

new13

121110

98765432

09080706

old25

5075

100125145175200225250275300325350375400

Type Thread lenght Thermal value

UXK 79 Conical-shaped seal fit, 125-175spanner size 16UXK 56 Conical-shaped seal fit, 200-225

spanner size 16UXF79 Flat sealed fit, spanner size 16 125-175UXF56 Flat sealed fit, spanner size 16 200-225UX 79 Flat sealed fit, spanner size 21 125- 175UX 56 Flat sealed fit, spanner size 21 200-225

Heat ranges Ultra X spark plugs

Ovariation f rom thebasic version (e.g.stronger centralelectrode)

R with burn-offresistance

Velectrode gap1.3 mm

Xelectrode gap1.0 mm or 1.1 mm

2 twin material earthelectrode

4 extendedinsulation base

Electrodematerial

Electrodeversion

Ultra X

Otherfeatures

Thread length andspark posit ion

Speciallabels

X0102030405 * Spark plug with bevel sealed fit


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Fitting the spark plugs/ Beru information material

Installing without torque wrench

Installing with torque wrench

Fitting the spark plugsThe right type. Since spark plugs are designed for specificengines the correct plugs must always be used. Plugs with thewrong thermal value, electrode gap or wrong thread length willalways lead to reduced engine performance, often damage tothe engine and/or catalytic converter. It is also imperative thatthey be installed and removed carefully.When removing, care must be taken to ensure that no dirt

falls into the combustion chamber. The plug should t hereforefirst be loosened by a few turns, the plug shaft cleaned usingcompressed air or a paintbrush, then the plug unscrewedcompletely.

Plug thread and cylinder head bore should be clean wheninstalling plugs. A nickel coating on Beru plugs avoids the

need for lubrication. Check to ensure the correct torque (seetable).

Tightening torque in Nm (thread must not be greased)

Plug thread Cylinder headCast iron Light metal

Flat sealed fit plugs:M 12 x 1,25 15-25 12-20

M 14 x 1,25 20-35 15-30M 18 x 1,5 30-45 20-35

Bevel sealed fit plugs:M 14 x 1,25 15-25 12-20M 18 x 1,5 15-30 15-25

New flat sealedfit spark plug

Worn flatsealed fit

Bevel sealedfit spark plug

Beru information materialIndispensable reference guide. The Beru Spark and Heater PlugCatalogue (Order No. 5 000 004 001), the Beru Manual of VehicleElectrics (Order No. 5 000 002 004) and the Tecdoc CD areavailable for making the correct choice of plugs. These provideinformation on which plugs suit which vehicles and which othermanufacturers spark plugs can be replaced by with Beru plugs.Another practical aid is the electrode feeler gauge (Order No.0 800 100 001) which allows you to easily check and adjust theelectrode gap. The rubber plug holder is available for plugs withdifficult access (Order No. 0 890 000 001). This holds the plugfirmly, provides finger-tip f eel for screwing and unscrewing andprevents injuries to the hand as well as damage to sensitive sparkplug and cylinder head threads.

30 0

Beru manufactures spark plugs for an extremely wide range of applications.

15090 0


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The thermal value / The thermal conduction

Beru installation aids Temperature on the insulator

The thermal conduction

A hot item. Cylinder temperatures of more than 3000 C aregenerated during the combustion process and these tempera-tures also cause the spark plugs themselves to get very hot . Thespark plugs give off around 80 per cent of this absorbed heatthrough various methods of heat conduction (illustration).The vast majority of the heat is transferred from the plug threaddirectly to the cylinder head. The passing fuel- air mixture onlyabsorbs and dissipates around 20 per cent of the heat.

The thermal value

Characteristics. The term thermal value describes the thermalload capacit y of a spark plug. This must also be co-ordinated withthe relevant engine. The thermal value indicates to what extentthe heat absorbed by the plug can be given off to the cylinderhead. The thermal value must be adhered to precisely whenselecting a plug: If the thermal value characteristic is too high (for example

thermal value 9) the plug is unable to dissipate the result antheat quickly enough. This leads to incandescent ignition;in other words it is not the ignition spark that ignites themixture but the overheated plug.

If the thermal value characteristic is too low (for examplethermal value 5) then the free burning t emperature requiredin the lower revolution range for self-cleaning the plug, isnot reached. Result: misfiring, increased fuel consumptionand higher exhaust emissions.

1000O C Plug ignition range

High electrode wear

Optimum operating range

Sooting

Approx. 2 %

Approx. 4 %

400O C

850O C

Approx. 11%

The spark plug also heats up in thecylinder during the combustion process.It dissipates approx. 80 per cent of theheat via various methods of heatconduction.


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The influences on the thermal value/ Malfunctions

Hot spark plug Cold spark plug

Malfunctions

Potential faults. There are a number of influences which cancause an engine to go on strike: for example overload, poorfuel, wrong choice of plugs or stop-and-go traffic.Spark erosion and corrosion are created by thermal overload,

the wrong type of or poor fuel as well as the wrong thermalvalue. The consequences of these are melted electrodes,incandescent ignition and, because of the larger electrodegap, misfiring.

Incandescent ignition caused by residues in the combustionchamber, faulty valves, plugs with the wrong thermal valueor fuel with an insufficient octane count, can cause pistondamage.

Knocking is caused by an insufficient octane count, thewrong ignition timing or excessive compression (cause:excessive wear on the cylinder head surface). The explosion-type ignitions lead to piston damage as a result of uncon-trolled increases in pressure and temperature.

The influences on the thermal value

The size of the insulator base is important. The higher the engineperformance the higher in most cases the combustion chambertemperature as well. The spark plug selected must be co-ordina-ted to suit this requirement. The size of the insulator base to aconsiderable extent determines the heat absorption at which theheat conduction takes place from the insulator base, via thecentral electrode and the inner seal on the plug body. Spark plugs with a long insulator base absorb more heat.

However, since they emit less heat on the long path to theplug body they are called hot plugs.

Spark plugs with a small insulator base absorb less heat.However, since they are able to emit a lot of heat on theshort route to the plug body they are called cold spark plugs.

Hot plug= spark plug with high thermal

value characteristic(e.g. 9)

high heat absorption low heat conduction

Heat absorptionHeat dissipation

Cold plug= spark plug with low thermal

value characteristic (e.g.5) low heat absorptionvery good heat conduction

Heat absorptionHeat dissipation

Approx. 63 %Approx. 20 %


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Spark Plug Appearances

DepositsThe insulator t ip, electrode and plug are covered with velvet- like black soot.Cause: Incorrect mixture setting. Mixture too rich. Air filter blocked, defective cold startsystem (injection). High proportion of short journey use. Thermal value of plug too high.Effect: Due to leakage currents, cold starting behaviour is poor and misfiring occurs.

This can result in unburned fuel reaching the catalytic converter and causing demage.Solution: Correction of mixture and cold start system. Check air filter.

Excessive leadThe insulat or base has a brownish- yellow or greenish glaze in places.Cause : Lead addit ives in the fuel cause deposit s.Effect: At increased load the coating becomes electrically conducting, leading to misfiring.Possible damage to the catalytic converter.Solution: Change fuel; replace spark plugs since these cannot be effectively cleaned.

Oiled- upInsulator tip, electrode and plug covered in black oil film.Cause: Too much oil in combustion chamber. Oil level too high, heavily worn pistonrings, cylinders and valve guides.Effect: Misfiring or even shorting of the spark plug, complete failure.Solution: Overhaul engine, correct fuel-oil mixture, fit new, original Beru spark plugs.

Excessive depositsHeavy deposits of fuel and oil additives on the insulator tip andearth electrode. Slag type deposits.Cause: Alloy deposits, especially resulting from oil build-up, whichthen settle in the combustion chamber and on the plug.Effect: Can lead to pre-ignition with loss of performance andengine damage.Solution: Check engine tuning. Fit new, original Beru spark plugs,possibly change the type of oil used.

Glaze formationInsulator tip shows signs of brownish yellow glazing which could also appearto be green in colour.Cause: Additives in fuel and oil forming ash-like deposits.Effect: Under excessively sudden full engine load, the glaze liquifies and becomeselectrically conductive.Solution: Adjust fuel system exactly, fit new, original Beru spark plugs.

Normal plug appearance: minimal electrode burn-off and

a grey-white grey-yellow to russet coloured

insulator base.


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The development of the spark plug/Beru history

The development of the spark plug

Long history. The history of spark plug development goes back

further than that of the automobile: in 1860 Jean JosephEtienne Lenoir patented the invention of the spark plug for hisgas-powered engine. The new era of spark plug design beganafter the turn of the century with the battery-less, high-voltagemagnetic ignition invented by Gottlob Honold. The batteryignition version, still used as standard today, only arrived on thescene during the 20s.The insulating bodies of the first spark plugs were made of porce-lain. Although it looked good the material was not sufficientlyresistant. It would breakeven if over-tightened. Trialswith other materials suchas steatite, zirconium,sintered corrundum or micafinally led to the mouldedinsulation body made ofaluminium oxide granulatewhich is still currently inuse today. The shape of theelectrode and choice ofmaterial have also under-gone numerous changes.Today, the dominant ma-

terials are chromium nickelalloys, silver and platinum.

Beru history

Starting with the Ruprecht plug. In 1912 the 29 year oldinventor Albert Ruprecht, from Swabia, was granted the patentfor his Ruprecht plug. Its main advance was that it was gas-sealed against compression pressure. With the patent in his pocket

Ruprecht set up his own company: Beru. The new plugs operatedso reliably that Beru rapidly expanded and soon became one ofthe leading manufacturers of spark plugs.Numerous other patents and the expansion of the productionrange to include other components made Beru the expert invehicle electrics. Whereas in the beginning the focal point ofthe interest was primarily on operating safety and reliabilityof the plugs, today, in line with the growing environmentalconsciousness, the attention is increasingly being focused onthe optimum mixture combustion. This is the only way to ensureoptimum fuel consumption and minimal emission levels at thesame time.

Two-pole steatite sports plug (circa 1930)

Soapstone plug (1920)

Testing an insulator at 40,000 Volts.

Advertising from the 20s


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The Beru hardness test / Beru services

Special applications for Beru partners

Service life test test bench

The Beru hardness test

For bending and breaking. There is no compromise for sparkplugs in the everyday life of the car. Whether in stop-and-gotraff ic or long motorway trips, whether in the bit ter cold or theburning heat of the sun a Beru spark plug must always continueto function. And yet even the best Beru product is subject tonatural wear and tear. That is why the vehicle manufacturersstipulate specific intervals for replacing the spark plugs.The following generally applies: the spark plugs should bechanged no later than every two years. This is aimed not only atmaintaining engine performance but also protecting theexpensive catalytic converter which can be damaged throughmisfiring. If we bear in mind the fact that, depending upon thenumber of cylinders and type of spark plug, a complete setof plugs can be bought for around just 20 Marks but a newcatalytic converter can set you back at least 1,500 Marks, thenyou can see how important it is to check spark plugs regularlyand replace them within the specified period.

Beru services

International systems partner. Today, Beru is internationally

recognised as one of the worlds leading suppliers for vehicleelectrics. As a medium sized company Beru is flexible and canrespond quickly when it comes to meeting customer wishes.A research and development department with around 150development and design engineers produce on-going improve-ments to existing products and a continuous supply of newproduct developments.Obviously, this team develops many of the products using it sown ideas. Just as important however are those developmentswhich Beru drives ahead in conjunction with the client.By taking this approach, special applications, developedpersonally for the Beru partners, ensure that vehicle manu-facturers are supplied with customised products designed tomeet their needs precisely. That is why Beru is increasinglydeveloping complete system solutions instead of just indi-vidual components.

Testing the cold start response in the refrige- ration unit at - 30 C.


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Engine characteristics /Spark plug production

From blank to precision component

Aluminium-oxitgranulate

Blank

Cold f low press stages 1- 6 Body turnedand drilled

Earth electrodewelded on,rolled thread

Electrode pre-bent, bodylabelled, nickel coated, zincor chromium plated

Moulded

insulator Polished Sintered Labelled Sprayedglazing

Burnt

Conductiveglass

Central electrode(copper core wit hnickel sleeve)

Nickel platedignition pin

Insulatorcomplete(glass meltedin)

Innersealantwasher

Outersealantwasher

Spark plug readyinstalled

Spark plugwith electrodegap set

Engine characteristics

Optimised processes. Ever-increasing demands for environ-mental protection, such as optimum fuel consumption, optimumcombustion levels and consequently minimal noise and exhaustemissions can only be met with the help of efficient ignitionsystems. The spark plug has a very special task to fulfil in this

context.All the processes which characterise an engine take placewithin the 120crankshaft angle of rotation. The engine will onlyrun smoothly, produce high performance and low exhaustemissions if the necessary quantity of the optimum fuel-airmixture composition is present in the cylinder, if a strongignition spark jumps between the electrodes at the preciselypredefined point and if the required combustion chambertemperature is maintained.Spark plugs must therefore be precisely matched to suit thecharacteristics of an engine.

Spark plug production

From blank to precision component. Tremendous importanceis attached to quality at Beru. Around ten per cent of all Beruemployees are consequently engaged in the area of qualityassurance. One of the basic principles of Berus philosophy onquality is: production monitoring instead of product checking.Because quality must be built in and not simply tested.In this context, Beru relies on the latest computer-aidedprocesses. Only they guarantee that the properties which theclient has been promised are also reliably ensured for each andevery plug. Quality assurance does in fact however start withthe actual choice of suppliers and materials. Beru only considersreliable partners and the best quality raw materials. Computer-controlled manufacture systems (see illustration above) arethen used to create, step-by-step, quality spark plugs whichrightly bear the name of Beru.

Cross section of the product range of

automotive spark plugs from Beru.


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The certification /Requirements for the future

normal ferm

Quality Standards

International quality standards. Quality is the highest priority

to remain in the international competition. The early certifi-cation according to DIN/ISO 9001 was an obvious step forBeru. All Beru facilities to include the complete area of SparkPlug manufacturing are in accordance with DIN/ISO 9001.This includes the development, production, sales/marketing andmanagement. The cert if ication has to be redone every three years.This also includes production ideas, design and customer satis-faction. The ongoing compliance of the required demandsguarantees the Beru qualit y, as well as two other important cer-tifications.Based on very rigorous German standards: VDA 6.1 and thequality norm QS 9000. The big American car manufacturers likeChrysler, Ford and General Motors require those. To assure thesestandards we must have a very special resource: quality em-ployees.

Requirements for the future

Increased demands. The unpleasantness of the past wars,

infaltion, economic crises were mastered by Beru. Now Beruhas made it to be a global player in vehicle ignition electronics.The building of the new Research and Developement center atour headquaters in Ludwigsburg reflects this. Our Research andDevelopment Center has specific testing equipment, most up-to-date test rigs, special measurement accommodations, climaterooms, ignition-, interference- and metal-graphica-laboratories.This opened Berus possibility to master the requirements of thefuture. To be able to offer products for the pretentiousengine concepts, stringent environmental requirements andhighest conversation of resources. At the same time this is theonly way to accommondate customer requests for lower failurerates (no more than 50 to 80 PPM) and to produce most costeffectively. Beru will continue to take on those future marketrequirements.

Quality spark plugs from Beru are created on computer-controlled production systems.


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BERU AktiengesellschaftMrikestrae 155, D-71636 LudwigsburgPO Box 229, D-71602 LudwigsburgPhone: ++49/7141/132-366Fax: ++49/7141/132-760

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