canopy management may04

7/27/2019 Canopy Management May04

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Canopy Managementanopy ManagementGrowing Grapes in the Puget Sound Regionrowing Grapes in the Puget Sound RegionMercy OlmsteadMercy Olmstead

WSU Viticulture Extension EducatorWSU Viticulture Extension Educator

Introductionntroduction Goals of canopyGoals of canopy

managementmanagement EnvironmentalEnvironmental

factorsfactors

Enhancing fruit setEnhancing fruit set

with foliar nutritionwith foliar nutrition

Trellising systemsTrellising systems

Light distributionLight distribution

AdvantagesAdvantages

Introductionntroduction TechniquesTechniques

PruningPruning

Leaf and fruitLeaf and fruit

thinningthinning

Fruit effectsFruit effects

When to do it?When to do it?

What are your goals?hat are your goals? Good, quality fruit!Good, quality fruit!

How do you getHow do you get

there?there?

Typically thoughtTypically thought

that lower yields givethat lower yields give

better grape qualitybetter grape quality

Yield and Fruit Qualityield and Fruit Quality

Yield

Quality

Yield and Fruit Qualityield and Fruit Quality Not trueNot true

Too much variation in real lifeToo much variation in real life

More of a slow drop offMore of a slow drop off

What makes up yield?What makes up yield?

Quality

Yield


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Yield Componentsield Components

Irrigation, nutritionIrrigation, nutritionAll seasonAll seasonBerry WeightBerry Weight

??

Irrigation, nutrition,Irrigation, nutrition,

temperaturetemperature

BudbreakBudbreak

Fruit setFruit set

Flowers/clusterFlowers/cluster

Berries/clusterBerries/cluster

Pruning levelPruning level

Nutrition, CanopyNutrition, Canopy

mgmtmgmt

BudbreakBudbreak

Cluster initiationCluster initiation

Shoots/nodeShoots/node

Clusters/shootClusters/shoot

Density/Trellis designDensity/Trellis design

Pruning LevelPruning Level

PlantingPlanting

Winter PruningWinter Pruning

Vines/acreVines/acre

Nodes/vineNodes/vine

ManagementManagementOptionsOptions

DeterminedDeterminedDuringDuring

ComponentComponent

So, how do I get good quality?o, how do I get good quality? What else is going on?What else is going on?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Environmental effectsEnvironmental effects

Bud developmentBud development

Irrigation managementIrrigation management

Fruit setFruit set

Vine nutritionVine nutrition

How to improve at bloom?How to improve at bloom?

Canopy management isCanopy management is

key!key!

Canopy & Environmentanopy & Environment Three scalesThree scales

MacroclimateMacroclimate regional climate (tens of sq.regional climate (tens of sq.miles)miles)

MesoclimateMesoclimate site (sometimes vineyard block)site (sometimes vineyard block)

MicroclimateMicroclimate area within canopyarea within canopy Large canopies may be cooler, sparse canopies mayLarge canopies may be cooler, sparse canopies may

be warmerbe warmer

Environment changes based on theseEnvironment changes based on theserangesranges

Environmental Factorsnvironmental Factors Environmental factors play big role!Environmental factors play big role!

TemperatureTemperature

WindWind

LightLight

WaterWater

Fruit SetFruit Set canopy & nutrientscanopy & nutrients

Canopy interacts with the environmentCanopy interacts with the environment

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Photosynthesishotosynthesis Process takesProcess takes

sunlight, COsunlight, CO22, and, and

water = Owater = O22 andandcarbohydratescarbohydrates

Eventually used forEventually used for

growth and vinegrowth and vine

developmentdevelopmentCourtesy of Prentice Hall

Light Qualityight Quality PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

requires certainrequires certain

quantityquantity

Also need certainAlso need certainqualityquality

Plants donPlants dont needt need

entire spectrumentire spectrum

400400--700 nm700 nm

PhotosyntheticallyPhotosynthetically

active radiation (PAR)active radiation (PAR)


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Inside the Canopynside the Canopy

Smart, 1984

Lightight First layer absorbsFirst layer absorbs

almost all lightalmost all light

Progressively less insideProgressively less inside

canopycanopy

First layerFirst layer mostmost

important layerimportant layer

Thicker leaves thanThicker leaves than

interiorinterior

How important is it?How important is it?

R. Smart

Yearly Growth in Grapesearly Growth in Grapes

Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan

Buds & Nodesuds & Nodes Buds are comprisedBuds are comprised

of growing pointsof growing pointsprotected by scalesprotected by scales

Three types:Three types: AxillaryAxillary budbud

Dormant bud (growsDormant bud (growsnext year)next year)

Latent bud (onlyLatent bud (onlygrows if vine isgrows if vine isstressed)stressed)

Bud Structureud Structure Consists of primary,Consists of primary,

secondary andsecondary and

tertiary budstertiary buds

PrimaryPrimary full cropfull crop SecondarySecondary 3030--50% of50% of

cropcrop

TertiaryTertiary 55--10% of10% of

cropcrop

Light and Developmentight and Development Affects:Affects:

Bud developmentBud development

Fruit colorFruit color

Fruit acid levelsFruit acid levels Fruit soluble sugarsFruit soluble sugars

PhenolicsPhenolics

FlavorsFlavors

Berry shrivel?Berry shrivel? somesome

areasareas


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We want berries!e want berries! What can you do to helpWhat can you do to help

fruit set?fruit set?

NN++

Important nutrients:Important nutrients:

MgMg++ -- chlorophyllchlorophyll

KK++ -- balances cell pressurebalances cell pressure

BB++ -- important at bloomimportant at bloom

Many soil based fertilizersMany soil based fertilizers

take time for plant to usetake time for plant to use

Difficult to get into soilDifficult to get into soil

solutionsolution

Foliar Fertilizationoliar Fertilization Temporary fixTemporary fix

Yearly problems needYearly problems needsoil amendmentssoil amendments

NotNot effective foreffective formacronutrientsmacronutrients

Good way to supplyGood way to supplymicronutrientsmicronutrients

CAUTIONCAUTION avoidavoidtoxicity!toxicity! ConcentrationConcentration

Tank mixes withTank mixes withpesticidespesticides

Foliar Spraysoliar Sprays Zn most commonZn most common

widely deficientwidely deficient

BB++ before bloom tobefore bloom to

aid in fruit setaid in fruit set

FeFe most difficult tomost difficult to

correctcorrect

Need to apply throughNeed to apply through

soil long termsoil long term

KK++ -- no effectno effect

Requirements largeRequirements largefor foliar feedsfor foliar feeds

Foliar Spraysoliar Sprays Important toImportant to

determine which isdetermine which is

lackinglacking

MicronutrientMicronutrient

alphabet soupsalphabet soups cancan

be expensivebe expensive

Where do you wantWhere do you want

to spend money?to spend money?

Grape Berryrape Berry Seeds and skins highSeeds and skins high

in tannins & phenolsin tannins & phenols

Interested in sugarInterested in sugaraccumulationaccumulation

Increase in berryIncrease in berry

color at veraisoncolor at veraison

Coombeand McCarthy, 2000

Coombeand McCarthy, 2000


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Waterater All grapes need supplemental waterAll grapes need supplemental water

Summer monthsSummer months Depends onDepends on soi l ty pesoi l t ype

Soils with higher OM tend to hold onto waterSoils with higher OM tend to hold onto water

1616--20 inches?20 inches?

Waterater Irrigation techniquesIrrigation techniques

Affects canopy sizeAffects canopy size Full irrigationFull irrigation

Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)

Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD)Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD)

Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)egulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) Concept:Concept:

Hold back water to limit shoot growth earlyHold back water to limit shoot growth early

= Smaller canopy= Smaller canopy

Advantages:Advantages:

Reduces shoot growthReduces shoot growth

Better bud development (increased light)Better bud development (increased light)

Fruit exposureFruit exposure

Canopiesanopies RDI (top) from berryRDI (top) from berry

set to veraisonset to veraison

Full irrigation =Full irrigation =

bigger canopybigger canopy

Shading?Shading?

Fruit budFruit bud

development?development?

Managing Irrigationanaging Irrigation To implementTo implement

Control canopy size byControl canopy size by

monitoring watermonitoring water

statusstatus

PAWSPAWS

WISEWISE

Defining Canopy Mgmt.efining Canopy Mgmt. Using variousUsing various

techniquestechniques controlcontrol

leaf surface arealeaf surface area

TechniquesTechniques Proper trellisingProper trellising

choicechoice

Dormant pruningDormant pruning

Shoot thinningShoot thinning

Shoot positioningShoot positioning

Leaf removalLeaf removal


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Advantagesdvantages If you control canopyIf you control canopy

size:size: Improve grape qualityImprove grape quality

= good wine= good wine

Improve yieldImprove yield

Support more highSupport more high

quality grapesquality grapes

Reduce diseasesReduce diseases

Air flowAir flow

Goals of Canopy Managementoals of Canopy Management Simple!Simple!

InexpensiveInexpensive(efficient)(efficient)

Adapted forAdapted for

particular siteparticular site

Consider variety andConsider variety and

vigorvigor

Rootstock?Rootstock?

Toolsools Trellis designTrellis design

Open canopy, sunOpen canopy, sun

exposureexposure

Dormant pruningDormant pruning

Manage fruitingManage fruiting

positionspositions


Shoot positioningShoot positioning

Leaf removalLeaf removal

Fruit removalFruit removal

Trellis Designrellis Design Which one is right forWhich one is right for

me?me?

Questions to ask:Questions to ask:

Typical sunlightTypical sunlight

exposure?exposure?

Air movement?Air movement?

Variety vigor?Variety vigor?

Soil type?Soil type?

Irrigation?Irrigation?

PruningPruning

hand orhand or

machine?machine?

Additional Questionsdditional Questions Will it rot or rust?Will it rot or rust?

Good question in thisGood question in this

area!area!

Are end posts secure?Are end posts secure? What is the cost?What is the cost?

Does cost correlateDoes cost correlate

with management?with management?

Bilateral Cordonilateral Cordon Cordon, spurCordon, spur--prunedpruned

systemsystem

Large portion ofLarge portion of

viniferavinifera industryindustry Well suited to areasWell suited to areas

with abundantwith abundant

sunlightsunlight


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Vertical Shoot Positioned (VSP)ertical Shoot Positioned (VSP) Advantages:Advantages:

Good air circulationGood air circulationfor high risk areasfor high risk areas

Sun exposure for fruitSun exposure for fruit

developmentdevelopment

Scottcott-Henry Trellis Systemenry Trellis System Developed in OregonDeveloped in Oregon

Well suited to overlyWell suited to overly

vigorous varietiesvigorous varieties

Labor intensiveLabor intensive

Difficult to trainDifficult to train

shoots downshoots down

Good fruit qualityGood fruit quality

Both tiersBoth tiers

Geneva Double Curtaineneva Double Curtain Divided canopyDivided canopy

Better sun exposureBetter sun exposure

Good for high vigorGood for high vigor

varietiesvarieties

Shoots are pointedShoots are pointed

downdown

Increase number ofIncrease number of

shootsshoots

Increased yieldIncreased yield

Dormant Pruningormant Pruning Technique dependsTechnique depends

upon trellis systemupon trellis system

Many are spurMany are spur--prunedpruned

systemssystems

How many to leave?How many to leave?

How fruitful is vine?How fruitful is vine?

Typically, 2Typically, 2--3 bud3 bud

spursspurs

Golden Rulesolden Rules of Pruningf Pruning Manage spurs to getManage spurs to get

good shoot positionsgood shoot positions

15 buds/lb of pruning15 buds/lb of pruning

weightweight PositionsPositions no crossno cross--

row shadingrow shading

Leave 5 shoots/ft ofLeave 5 shoots/ft of

canopycanopy

What if Pruning Didnhat if Pruning Didnt Work?Work? Still have a largeStill have a large

canopy?canopy?


Improves airImproves aircirculationcirculation

Regulates yieldRegulates yield


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Shoot Thinninghoot Thinning Conserves reservesConserves reserves

for fruit developmentfor fruit development When to do it?When to do it?

As early as possibleAs early as possible

Will open up canopyWill open up canopy

and prevent mistakesand prevent mistakes

when pruningwhen pruning

Want to avoid puttingWant to avoid putting

reserves into shootreserves into shoot

growth !growth !

Shoot Thinninghoot Thinning How to do it?How to do it?

Let the vine talk toLet the vine talk toyouyou

Need to balanceNeed to balance

between leaves andbetween leaves and

fruitfruit

How many?How many?

Shoot Positioninghoot Positioning Trellis systemTrellis system

Use of wires to positionUse of wires to position

shootsshoots

Up or downUp or down

Better light interceptionBetter light interception

Fruit exposure!Fruit exposure!

When?When?

As soon as shoot reachesAs soon as shoot reaches

wind wirewind wire

Height depends on trellisHeight depends on trellis

systemsystem

Cluster Thinningluster Thinning Removal of cropRemoval of crop

When to do it?When to do it? After fruit set toAfter fruit set to

ensure good cropensure good crop

Better evaluationBetter evaluation

Earlier thinning =Earlier thinning =larger berrieslarger berries

SorokowskySorokowsky,,Reynolds, SchlosserReynolds, Schlosserstudy in Canadastudy in Canada

Clone of ChardonnayClone of Chardonnay

Figure 1: Impact of thinning time on meanigure 1: Impact of thinning time on meancluster weightluster weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Bloom Set Mid-stage I Lag phase Veraison No thinning

Time of cluster thinning

clusterweight(g)

CrossCross--hatched bars differ significantly from unthinnedhatched bars differ significantly from unthinned

controlcontrol

Figure 3: Impact of thinning time on solubleigure 3: Impact of thinning time on solublesolids in berry and must samplesolids in berry and must samples

CrossCross--hatched bars differ significantly from unthinned controlhatched bars differ significantly from unthinned control

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

Bloom Post-set Mid-Stage I Lag phase Veraison No thinning

Time of thinning

Soluble

solid

s

(Brix)

berries

must


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Cluster Thinningluster Thinning Best results at and after fruit setBest results at and after fruit set

Even inEven in laglag phasephase

Berry maturity advanced by thinningBerry maturity advanced by thinning

Increased pH,Increased pH, Brix, and volatileBrix, and volatile

terpenesterpenes

What else?hat else? Leaf strippingLeaf stripping

Promotes lateralPromotes lateral

growthgrowth

Better spray coverageBetter spray coverage

ImprovedImproved

microclimatemicroclimate

Better air circulationBetter air circulation

When?When?

22--4 weeks after fruit4 weeks after fruit

setset

Before

After

Fruit Exposureruit Exposure Caution!aution! Exposed fruit may get sunburned!Exposed fruit may get sunburned!

Worse on West side of NWorse on West side of N--S vine rowsS vine rows

Do we needDo we need sunblocksunblock??

Yes! Leaves do the trick!Yes! Leaves do the trick!

Berry temperature & exposureerry temperature & exposure Using thermocouples,Using thermocouples,

temperaturetemperaturemeasuredmeasured East sideEast side shadedshaded

East sideEast side exposedexposed

West sideWest side shadedshaded

West sideWest side exposedexposed

Sunburn on west side,Sunburn on west side,exposed!exposed!

Same for W. WA?Same for W. WA?


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What is Ideal?hat is Ideal? 5 Shoots per foot5 Shoots per foot

3 foot shoots (total)3 foot shoots (total) 1/3 lb of pruning wood per foot1/3 lb of pruning wood per foot

1414--16 leaves per cluster (~1.516 leaves per cluster (~1.5--2.5 in2.5 in/0.4 oz)/0.4 oz)

40% canopy gaps40% canopy gaps

60% fruit exposure60% fruit exposure

Summaryummary Numerous factors affect canopy growthNumerous factors affect canopy growth

Many techniques to manageMany techniques to manage

Optimum fruit exposure importantOptimum fruit exposure important

Foliar feeds are temporary fix!Foliar feeds are temporary fix!

Good balance required!Good balance required!

Check out the website!heck out the website!

http://www.fruit.wsu.edu/Grapeweb/index.html

THANK YOU!HANK YOU!

canopy management may04

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