capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood filo chordata

15
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016 Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1 Capítulo 34 Filo Chordata- Cordados Preparada por: Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas Departamento de Biología Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade Description Cephalochordata (lancelets) Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit four key derived characters of chordates Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the derived traits of chordates Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of an ancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving in Indian Ocean Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life on land Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials (such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians (placental mammals, such as rodents, primates) Urochordata (tunicates) Myxini (hagfishes) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians) Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs Osteichthyans: bony skeleton Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail Figure 34.2Phylogeny of living chordates Echinodermata Cephalochordata Urochordata Myxini Petromyzontida Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinistia Dipnoi Amphibia Reptilia Mammalia Milk Amniotic egg Limbs with digits Lobed fins Lungs or lung derivatives Jaws, mineralized skeleton Vertebrae Common ancestor of chordates Chordates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Lobe-fins Tetrapods Amniotes Notochord ANCESTRAL DEUTERO- STOME Filo Chordata 3er filo más grande Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos), anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos (incluyendo al humano)

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Page 1: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1

Capítulo 34 Filo Chordata- Cordados

Preparada por:Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas

Departamento de BiologíaRecinto Universitario de Mayagüez

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

l tai

l

Figure 34.2Phylogeny of living chordates

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

MammaliaMilk

Amniotic egg

Limbs with digits

Lobed fins

Lungs or lung derivatives

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Vertebrae

Common ancestorof chordates

Chordates

Vertebrates

Gnathostom

es

Osteichthyans

Lobe-fins

Tetrapods

Am

niotes

Notochord

ANCESTRALDEUTERO-STOME Filo Chordata

• 3er filo más grande• Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos),

anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos (incluyendo al humano)

Page 2: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 2

Fig. 34-3 Chordate characteristics

Dorsal,hollow

nerve cord

AnusMuscular,

post-anal tail

Pharyngealslits or clefts

Notochord

Mouth

Musclesegments

Filo Chordata

• Los cordados poseen las siguentes 4 características unitarias en algún momento de su desarrollo:

• 1. Notocordio - cordón dorsal longitudinal-parecido a varilla flexible- función: dar soporte al cuerpo. En peces y demás vertebrados el notocordio es sustituido por cráneo y columna vertebral. En humanos lo que queda del notocordio son los discos gelatinosos entre las vértebras

• 2. Cordón nervioso dorsal - persiste en adultos de todos los cordados. Corre por encima de notocordio en los vertebrados y se ensancha en extremo anterior para formar el cerebro. Forma sistema nervioso central (cordón nervioso y cerebro) En vertebrados el cordón nervioso y cerebro están protegidos por columna vertebral y cráneo

Continua- cordados

3. Hendiduras faríngeas -cortes a ambos lados de la faringe función para filtrar agua en cordados primitivos, en peces las hendiduras tienen branquias para extraer oxígeno del agua. Presentes solo en los embriones de vertebrados terrestres (se desarrolla en estructuras del oído y otras estructuras de la cabeza).

4. Rabo o cola - prolongación del cuerpo posterior al ano. Función original: natación. En mayoría de los adultos se reduce.

Filo Chordata-se divide en 2 grupos:

A. Invertebrados (cordados invertebrados):A. Subfilo Urochordata - Tunicados (parecen esponjas

y viven pegados a rocas y raíces de mangle. Se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras. Agua entra por un sifón, se filtra en hendiduras y sale por otro sifón

B. Subfilo Cephalochordata - Lancetas de mar que viven enterradas en la arena. y también se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras

B. Subfilo Vertebrata : - cordados con columna vertebral y cráneo.

Page 3: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 3

Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate

Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet

Subfilo Vertebrata (cordados vertebrados)

• Columna vertebral y cráneo cartilaginoso u óseo

• Cordón nervioso dorsal y hueco• Sistema circulatorio cerrado• Incluye 2 super clases; peces (Piscis) y

vertebrados de cuatro patas (Tetrápodos)

Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate

Page 4: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 4

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

l tai

l

• Cordados– Vertebrados Craniados

• Agnatha (sin mandíbulas)

• Gnasthostomata (con mandíbula)– Condriicthyes esqueleto cartulaginoso � tiburones y

rayas

– Osteichthyes- esqueleto óseo» Tetrapoda – terrestres, 4 patas

• Anamniotas - Anfibios

• Amniota - reptiles, aves y mamíferos

Fig. 34-2Phylogeny of living chordates

Lobed fins

Legs

Amniotic egg

Milk

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Vertebral column

Head

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

ANCESTRALDEUTERO-STOME

Echinodermata(sister group to chordates)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Cephalochordata(lancelets)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini(hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Mammalia(mammals)

Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Amphibia (frogs,salamanders)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Reptilia(turtles, snakes,crocodiles, birds)

Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates

Page 5: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 5

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

l tai

lClase Agnatha- peces sin

mandíbula• Lampreas

– sin mandíbula, no aletas, no escamas

• Mayoría parasita otros peces, (se pega a hospedero y chupa sangre)

Three lampreys attached to a carp

Suction-cup mouth of adult

lamprey

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

l tai

l

Page 6: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 6

Evolución de las quijadas

Figure 34.13

Gill slits Cranium

Skeletal rodsMouth

Clase Chondrichthyes- (Condrictios-peces cartilaginosos)

• Peces con esqueleto cartilaginoso • Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)• Con escamas (microscópicas)• Aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)• Tiburones y rayas (mantarraya)• Tiburón - Cuerpo mas denso que agua-tiene que

nadar constantemente para mantenerse a una profundidad (no vejiga natatoria)

• Tiburones son depredadores con buena visión y olfato y sensores para detectar presas que están cerca

Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray

(bottom right)

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

l tai

l

Page 7: Capítulo 34 fish and ingesting its blood Filo Chordata

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016

Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 7

Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Clase Osteichthyes

• Peces con esqueleto óseo

• Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)

• Con escamas (cicloide, ganoide, ctenoide)

• Con aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)

• Un grupo tiene vejiga natatoria - se llena de aire y

contrarresta peso del pez- no se hunde si no nada

• Otro grupo tienen vejiga natatoria conectada por

ducto al esófago (funciona como pulmon para

respirar aire)

• Ej. Chapín, chillo, mero, pez loro, dorado, atún

Anatomía de OsteichthyesFigure 34.16

Nostril

BrainSpinal cord

Swimbladder

Dorsal fin

Adipose finCaudalfin

Cutedge ofoperculum

Gills

Kidney

Heart

Liver

Stomach

Intestine

Gonad

Pelvicfin

Anus

Anal fin

Lateralline

Urinarybladder

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

sed

pelv

ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

fins

or li

mbs

Ost

eich

thya

ns:

bony

ske

leto

n

Gna

thos

tom

es: h

inge

d ja

ws,

four

set

s of

H

ox

gene

s

Ver

tebr

ates

: H

ox

gene

s du

plic

atio

n, b

ackb

one

of v

erte

brae

Cho

rdat

es: n

otoc

hord

; dor

sal,

hollo

w n

erve

cor

d; p

hary

ngea

l slit

s; p

ost-

ana

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 8

Fig. 34-21Amphibians

(a) Order Urodela

(b) Order Anura

(c) Order Apoda

Clase Amphibia- “ Vida dual”-dos vidas

– Adultos son terrestres y Renacuajos son acúaticos

– regresa al agua para reproducirse– Incluye: Salamandras, ranas, y sapos

(incluye coquíes), cecilias (parecen culebras)– piel húmeda y pulmones para intercambio de

gases– Corazón de tres cámaras– Circulación sistémica y pulmonar

Eleutherodactylus

• (Eleutherodactylus)-– 17 especies en Puerto

Rico, 3 especies extintas

– Solo 2 especies dicen coquí cuando cantan (E. coqui y E. portoricencis)

– Co- advierte territorio a otros machos

– qui- llamada para la hembra

Eleutherodactylus jasperi;

el coqui dorado de Puerto Rico

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 9

Datos interesantes

• El sapo común (Rhinella marina o Bufo marinus) fue introducido en PR en los 1920s para combatir el gusano blanco de la caña.

• Tenemos un solo sapo nativo (Peltophryne lemur) y es raro

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

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Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates

Clase Reptilia

• Primeros vertebrados verdaderamente terrestres

• Huevo amniótico o cleidoico• Tortugas, jicotea, cocodrilos, caimanes,

lagartos, serpientes, Dinosaurios, AVES

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 10

Fig. 34-25 The amniotic egg

Yolk sac

Amnioticcavitywithamnioticfluid

Chorion

Amnion

Albumen

Yolk(nutrients)

Allantois

Embryo

Shell

Extant reptiles (other than birds)Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

Clase Reptilia

• 4 adaptaciones que les permitieron independizarse del agua

– Piel impermeable con escamas de queratina-protegen piel y evitan pérdida de agua

– Producción de acido úrico - (desperdicio nitrogenado seco-que les ahorra agua pues puede excretarse casi seco- parte blanca de excremento de lagartos)

– Fecundación interna - óvulo y espermatozoide se encuentran dentro del cuerpo de la hembra

– -caja pectoral (con costillas) para ventilación– Huevo amniótico-con cascarón –(puede colocarse lejos de

agua pues cascarón reduce pérdida de agua)- Embrión se desarrolla en interior acuoso del huevo

Fig. 34-26 Hatching reptiles

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 11

Datos sobre reptiles en PR• Lagartijos que encontramos

en las casas es de las especies más agresivas (machos hacen push-ups para marcar territorio)

• Nuestra serpiente nativa más grande (Chilabothrus inornata o Epicrates inornatus) alcanza los 7 pies y no es venenosa. Rodea con su cuerpo para asfixiar a sus presas (ej. ratas, sapos, aves)

Fig. 34-30A small sample of

living birds

(a) Emu

(b) Mallards

(c) Laysan albatrosses

(d) Barn swallows

Clade Aves ( dentro de Clase Reptilia)

• Evolucionaron de dinosaurios • Presencia de plumas –evolucionaron de escamas

– Función: para conservar calor del cuerpo y luego permitió volar• Adaptaciones para poder volar

– Plumas livianas– Esqueleto liviano– Cuerpo compacto y fusiforme-poca resistencia al aire– Quijada liviana- no dientes sino pico– Sistema respiratorio alto volumen- sacos aéreos– Metabolismo alto-– Visión excelente

• Reinita, ruiseñor, pitirre, canarios, mozambiques, cotorra• Cotorra puertorriqueña- Amazona vittata

Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 12

• Mayoría de los reptiles son ectotérmicos :– Temperatura ambiental regula metabolismo del organismo

(más activos a altas temperaturas con un límite crítico)

• Aves y mamíferos son endotérmicos-– Temperatura corporal se mantiene constante

mediante metabolismo (alto costo energético)

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

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ic g

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Lobe

-fin

s: m

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lar

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eich

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ns:

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es: h

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four

set

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Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates

Clase Mammalia (mamíferos)• Amnióticos• Cuerpo cubierto de pelo - conserva calor• Glándulas mamarias-producen leche materna• Dientes diferenciados- incisivos (cortar), caninos (agarrar),

premolares (trozar) y molares (moler)• Cerebro muy desarrollado- animales mas inteligentes• Temperatura del cuerpo constante• Sistema nervioso bien desarrollado• Diafragma muscular• Tres subclases de mamiferos

– Mamíferos Monotremos (Monotremata) - Platipo y erizo hormiguero-ponen huevos

– Mamíferos Marsupiales (Metatheria) -canguros –paren embrión que se arrastra al vientre, entra al saco marsupio con tetilla y sigue su desarrollo

– Mamíferos Placentarios (Eutheria) - embrión se desarrolla dentro del útero con placenta para nutrición y oxígeno. (clasificados en 16 órdenes)

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Fig. 34-32Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme

Macropius giganteus

Macropius giganteus soon after birth

Figure 34.35 A phylogenetic tree of primates

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Patrones de circulación

Mecanismos de

ventilación Sistema Nervioso

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Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 15

Estrategias reproductivas

– Ovíparos : deposita huevos en el medio externo donde completan su desarrollo - aves, tortugas, cocodrilos, muchos peces, muchos anfibios y reptiles.

– Ovovivíparos : huevos permanecen dentro del cuerpo de la hembra hasta su eclosión. No salen del cuerpo materno hasta que está muy adelantado su desarrollo - muchos tiburones, otros peces, algunos anfibios y reptiles

– Vivíparos : embrión se desarrolla en el útero (u oviducto) de la hembra y es alimentado por la sangre materna (placenta u otra estructura) -humanos

Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and

other sensory organs

Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini (hagfishes)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Am

niot

es: a

mni

otic

egg

,rib

cag

e ve

ntila

tion

Tet

rapo

ds: f

our l

imbs

, nec

k,fu

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ic g

irdle

Lobe

-fin

s: m

uscu

lar

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or li

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Ost

eich

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ns:

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n

Gna

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es: h

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four

set

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Ver

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ates

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