carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids. “Organic”. Referring to living organisms Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules. Macromolecules are formed by…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Referring to living organismsContain carbon and at least one hydrogen
“Organic”
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules.
Polymerization – combining monomers to form long chains (polymers)
Macromolecules are formed by…
CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins
4 Organic Compounds (Macromolecules)
Energy sourcesForm structural compounds
Contain C, H, O (usually have 1:2:1 ratio) – (CH2O)nExample: C6H12O6
Carbohydrates
Monomers = “Monosaccharides”Ex:
Glucose (quick energy source)Fructose (in fruits)Galactose (in milk)
Carbohydrates
Glucose and Galactose
Glucose and Fructose
Molecules with the same formula but different 3D structures
Isomers
C2
CH23
C1O
OH
OH
H
H
C
CH2
CO
OH
OH
H
H C
CH2
CH2OH
OH
O
D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
Aldoses Ketose
SucroseLactoseMaltose
Disaccharides – “Two sugars”
Dehydration SynthesisWhen two molecules are bonded togetherby removing awater molecule
HydrolysisWhen two moleculesare separated by adding a watermolecule
http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html
Digestion EnzymesMaltase digests maltoseLactase digests lactoseSucrase digests sucrose
Polysaccharides – “Many Sugars”
Extra sugar is stored as polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are made from monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide that stores sugar in plants
Starch
Polysaccharide that stores extra sugar in animals\Supplies energy for muscle contractionsReleased by liver when blood sugar is low
Glycogen
Polysaccharide that composes cell wall in plants
Cellulose
Uses:Long-term energy storageInsulationWaterproof coveringFormation of membranesChemical messengers (steroids)
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
Contain mostly H and CNot soluble in water (nonpolar)
Lipids
TriglyceridesSaturatedUnsaturated
PhospholipidsWaxesSteroids
Types of Lipids:
Triglyceride formationA glycerol molecule combines with three fatty
acids.
http://users.uma.maine.edu/SusanBaker/triglyceride.html
.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Cis versus transCis – both of the groups of atoms are oriented on
the same side or the double bond
Trans – the groups of atoms are oriented so that one is up and the other down relative to the double bond.
Cis and trans fats (note the bends)
Cis-2-butene and trans-2-buteneExamples
Trans fat does not bendActs like saturated
Trans fats
Trans fats – source?Plants and animals do not produce trans fatsBeef and milk do have some trans fat from
bacteria that help them digestMost trans fats come from processed
vegetable fatsPartial hydrogenation or extended heating
causes cis bonds to become trans bonds
And the problem is?Trans fats (or hydrogenated fats) raise
cholesterol, Possible link with type 2 diabetesPossible link with breast and colon cancerBrain cell membranes (trans replaces cis in
myelin sheath); affects neuron communication
Steroids – special lipidsCholesterolSex hormonesBirth control pillsCortisoneAnabolic steroids
Nucleic AcidsStore and transmit hereditary informationContain H, C, N, O, P
Monomers = nucleotidesExamples:
DNARNAATP
ATP ComponentsAdenineRibose3 Phosphates