introduction to organic compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to OrganicCompounds Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins
Nucleic Acids
http://dietsindetails.com/article_carbohydrates.html
http://blackcloverfitness.blogspot.com/2011/01/good-fat-vs-bad-fat.html
http://www.guide-to-living-naturally.com/healthy_hair_diet.html
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The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
• Four major classes of molecules are essential to life:– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic acids
• Each of these molecules is made up of varying combinations of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
• Small organic molecules can covalently bond to other organic molecules to form macromolecules
• Macromolecules are made up of building blocks called polymers, which contain small, repeating organic molecules known as monomers
Figure 3.1A
Structuralformula
Ball-and-stickmodel
Space-fillingmodel
The four single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.
p. 34
Figure 3.1B_1
Length. Carbon skeletons vary in length.
Ethane Propane
p. 34
Figure 3.1B_2
Butane Isobutane
Branching. Skeletons may be unbranchedor branched.
p. 34
Figure 3.1B_3
Double bonds.
1-Butene 2-Butene
Skeletons may have double bonds.
p. 34
Figure 3.1B_4
Cyclohexane Benzene
Rings. Skeletons may be arranged in rings.
p. 34
The properties of organic polymers depend on the clusters of atoms covalently bonded together, called functional groups
• The functional groups are– hydroxyl group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to
an oxygen,– carbonyl group—a carbon linked by a double bond
to an oxygen atom,– carboxyl group—consists of a carbon double-
bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group,– amino group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to
two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton, and– phosphate group—consists of a phosphorus atom
bonded to four oxygen atoms.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 3.2_1
p. 35
Table 3.2_2
p. 35
Figure 3.2
Testosterone Estradiol
p. 35
• Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water.
• Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water.
• All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.3A_s1
Short polymer Unlinkedmonomer
p. 36
Figure 3.3A_s2
Short polymer Unlinkedmonomer
Dehydration reactionforms a new bond
Longer polymer
p. 36
Figure 3.3B_s1
p. 36
Figure 3.3B_s2
Hydrolysisbreaks a bond
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtMp. 36
Figure 3.UN01
Short polymer Monomer
Dehydration
HydrolysisLonger polymer
Carbohydrates
• Sugars are a source of stored energy and are called carbohydrates
• Glucose is a type of simple sugar called a monosaccharide
• Glucose is found in almost every cell and is involved in every chemical reaction that produces energy in living organisms
Carbohydrates
• Table sugar is an example of a disaccharide, which is formed when two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are covalently bonded
• Disaccharides are broken down via hydrolytic reactions, which use water to break the covalent bonds between monomers
• Polysaccharides are large polymers built by linking many monosaccharides together
Figure 3.4B
Glucose(an aldose)
Fructose(a ketose)
Figure 3.4C
Structuralformula
Abbreviatedstructure
Simplifiedstructure
6
5
4
3 2
1
http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=422
http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=419
http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=59
Figure 3.5_s1
Glucose Glucose
p. 38
Figure 3.5_s2
Glucose Glucose
Maltosep. 38
