carbon capture and sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/ccs dave barnes online.pdf ·...

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Global Climate Change: Global Climate Change: What the Future Holds and What What the Future Holds and What We Can Do About It: We Can Do About It: Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and Sequestration Sequestration LifeLong Learning Academy WMU, Fall 2011 Dave Barnes, Geosciences [email protected] Nov 10, 2011 1 Secretary Chu Announces $2.4 billion in Funding for Carbon Capture and Storage Projects, May 2009 Overwhelming scientific evidence demonstrates that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels have already caused the climate to change. The world is on a perilous course that poses clear threats to the wellbeing and economic prosperity of our people. We also know that prosperity depends on reliable, affordable access to energy. Coal accounts for 25 percent of the world's energy supply and 40 percent of carbon emissions, and is likely to be a major and growing source of electricity generation for the foreseeable future. For this reason, I believe we must make it our goal to advance carbon capture and storage technology to the point where widespread, affordable deployment can begin in 8 to 10 years. Nobel Laureate (Physics) and Secretary of Energy Dr. Steven Chu 2

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Page 1: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Global Climate Change: Global Climate Change: What the Future Holds and What What the Future Holds and What 

We Can Do About It:We Can Do About It:

Carbon Capture and Carbon Capture and SequestrationSequestration

Life‐Long Learning AcademyWMU, Fall 2011

Dave Barnes, [email protected]

Nov 10, 2011

1

Secretary Chu Announces $2.4 billion in Funding for Carbon Capture and Storage Projects, May 2009

• Overwhelming scientific evidence demonstrates that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels have already caused the climate to change. The world is on a perilous course that poses clear threats to the well‐being and economic prosperity of our people. 

• We also know that prosperity depends on reliable, affordable access to energy. Coal accounts for 25 percent of the world's energy supply and 40percent of carbon emissions, and is likely to be a major and growing source of electricity generation for the foreseeable future.

• For this reason, I believe we must make it our goal to advance carbon capture and storage technology to the point where widespread, affordable deployment can begin in 8 to 10 years.

Nobel Laureate (Physics)and Secretary of EnergyDr. Steven Chu

2

Page 2: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Carbon Capture and Storage, CCSCarbon Capture and Storage, CCS

• CCS is various methods for capturing and permanently storing anthropogenic CO2* that would otherwise contribute to global climate change.

*Carbon extracted from the inactive carbon reservoir  of the Geosphere and introduced into the active  carbon reservoirs of Soils, the Atmosphere, Biosphere and Hydrosphere

Carbon Cycle, Active (surface) and Inactive (geological) reservoirs

3

SinkAmount in Billions of Metric 

Tons

Atmosphere 578 (as of 1700) ‐ 766 (as of 1999)

Soil Organic Matter 1500 to 1600

Ocean  38,000 to 40,000

Marine Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

66,000,000 to 100,000,000

Terrestrial Plants 540 to 610

Fossil Fuel Deposits 4000

Carbon Capture and Storage, CCSCarbon Capture and Storage, CCS

• CCS is various methods for capturing and permanently storing anthropogenic CO2* that would otherwise contribute to global climate change.

*Carbon extracted from the inactive carbon reservoir  of the Geosphere and introduced into the active  carbon reservoirs of Soils, the Atmosphere, Biosphere and Hydrosphere

Carbon Cycle, Active (surface) and Inactive (geological) reservoirs

4

Page 3: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Anthropogenic Global Carbon Dioxide Budget

5

Billions of tons of carbon

“Doubled” CO2

Today

Pre‐Industrial

Glacial

800

1200

600

400

billions of tons carbon

ATMOSPHERE

( ppm )

(570)

(380)

(285)

(190)

2 2 = 4 billion tons go out

Ocean Land Biosphere (net)

Fossil Fuel Burning

+

8

800billion tons carbon

4billion tons go in

ATMOSPHERE

billion tons added every year

S. Pacala and R. Socolow,

6

Page 4: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

StabilizationWedges

• Addressing GHG emissions/ climate change for the next 50 years* with current technologies

• Reducing GHG emissions  to ensure atmospheric CO2

concentration < 500ppm!

S. Pacala and R. Socolow*

*Unfortunately, some believe that the *Unfortunately, some believe that the emissions growth estimate in the P&S BAU emissions growth estimate in the P&S BAU curve is far too low (developing countries curve is far too low (developing countries energy utilization)  energy utilization)  

!!Also some believe that, at an atmospheric Also some believe that, at an atmospheric COCO22 concentration in excess of 380ppm, we concentration in excess of 380ppm, we are already at a climate change tipping are already at a climate change tipping pointpoint…….. (climate sensitivity concerns).. (climate sensitivity concerns) 7

• AKA: Geological Carbon Sequestration

– The safe and permanent storage of CO2 in geological media

– Reducing anthropogenic greenhouse  gas emissions to the atmosphere.

8

Geosequestration

Page 5: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

• AKA: Geological Carbon Sequestration

– The safe and permanent storage of CO2 in geological media

– Reducing anthropogenic greenhouse  gas emissions to the atmosphere.

9

Geosequestration

From: CO2CRC

10

Geological Sequestration (GS)• Geological media suitable for storage of CO2 in Michigan

– depleted oil reservoirs (+/- CO2/EOR) and– deep, saline (brine-filled) reservoir formations

`

`

CO2CRC

Page 6: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

The New Energy‐Technology Challenge

• 8 Energy Technology Categories and the pathway to GHG Emissions Mitigation

International Energy Agency, 2008

transportation

IEA11

DOE‐NETL Carbon Sequestration Research

12

Page 7: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

DOE‐NETL Regional Carbon Sequestration 

Partnership Program:

Midwest Region Carbon Sequestration Partnership

13

DOE‐NETL RCSP Carbon Sequestration Atlas

14

Page 8: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

• Variation in the Earth's global climate, or in regional climates, over time 

• In recent usage the term "climate change" refers to the ongoing changes in modern climate, 

• This includes the rise in average surface temperature known as 

Global Warming with a presumption of human 

causation

15

Climate Change

20th Century Global Temperature & Atmospheric CO2 Change

Page 9: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

US Energy Flow, 2008(Quadrillion BTU; QUADS)Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2008

US Energy Flow, 2008(Quadrillion BTU; QUADS)Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2008

Page 10: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

CO2 Emissions Flow, 2008Energy Information Administration Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Report 2008

US CO2 Emissions by Sector:Impact of Coal for Electric Power

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GDP vs Electric Power (2004)

Frank van Mierlo; 2006 Key World Energy Statistics from the International Energy Agency

Rapidly transforming U.S. Fossil Fuel Intensive energy infrastructure to a low/no GHG 

emissions infrastructure on the time frame necessary to address climate change

Is a Formidable Challenge

22

Page 12: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions

Friedlingstein et al. 2010, Nature Geoscience; Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010

2009: Emissions:8.4±0.5 PgCGrowth rate: -1.3%1990 level: +37%

2000-2008Growth rate: +3.2%

2010 (projected):Growth rate: >3%

CO

2em

issi

ons

(Pg

C y

-1) C

O2 em

issions (Pg CO

2 y-1)

Growth rate1990-1999

1 % per year

Growth rate2000-2009

2.5 % per year

Time (y)

Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions: Top Emitters

Global Carbon Project 2010; Data: Gregg Marland, Tom Boden-CDIAC 2010

1990 95 2001 05 200997 99 03930

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Car

bon

Emis

sion

s pe

r yea

r(C

tons

x 1

,000

,000

)

China

USA

Japan

Russian Fed.India

07

2009

Time (y)

Page 13: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; CDIAC 20010

Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions

Time (y)

Annex B (Kyoto Protocol)

Developed Nation

Developing Nations Non-Annex B

1990 2000 2010

5

4

3

2CO

2em

issi

ons

(PgC

y-1) 57%

43%

86% of world Population20% of historic emissions

20% of world Population80% of historic emissions

CO2 Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type

Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010

CO

2em

issi

ons

(PgC

y-1)

Oil

Coal

Gas

Cement

4

3

2

1

01990 2000 2010

40%

36%

Time (y)

Page 14: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Current Global Energy Use

Can we REALLY wean ourselves from Fossil Fuels and GHG emissions in Time??

85% Fossil Energy

Biggest jump ever seen in global warming gasesBy Seth Borenstein, Associated Press, Nov 4, 2011

WASHINGTON – The global output of heat-trapping carbon dioxide jumped by the biggest amount on record, the U.S. Department of Energy calculated, a sign of how feeble the world's efforts are at slowing man-made global warming.Output of carbon into the atmosphere increased 6% from 2009 to 2010.

o The world pumped about 564 million more tons (512 million metric tons) of carbon into the air in 2010 than it did in 2009. That's an increase of 6%.

o The new figures for 2010 mean that levels of greenhouse gases are higher than the worst case scenario outlined by climate experts just four years ago.

o "The more we talk about the need to control emissions, the more they are growing," said John Reilly, co‐director of MIT's Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.

28

Page 15: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

• AKA: Geological Carbon Sequestration

– The safe and permanent storage of CO2 in geological media

– Reducing anthropogenic greenhouse  gas emissions to the atmosphere.

29

Geosequestration

From: CO2CRC

• Non‐interference with USDT’sunderground sources of drinking water  <10,000 ppm TDS

• Storage Capacity– Storage volume compared to anthropogenic CO2 sources 

i.e. 600 Mw power plant {Port Sheldon} = ~5 million tons of CO2/year, for 50 years = 250 million tons for the 50 year life of a big power station

– Pore volume, storage efficiency, temperature/pressure (>2,600 ft, MD)

• Injectivity/Storage Potential– Permeability, porosity, and thickness

• Containment/Security– Seal and trap suitable for CO2; No vertical nor lateral (upwards) migration

• Site Details– Site technical and economic viability – Distance from source, depth to reservoir

• Non‐interference with Existing Natural Resources: oil gas, coal, etc

30

Key Factors for GeosequestrationAssessment

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MRCSP Regional Geological Setting:Mid‐West Basins and Arches

31

Modified from :Howell and Van der Plujim

Michigan Basin Structure

32

St. Peter Sst (M. Ordovician)

Trenton Fm (U. Ordovician)

Brown Niagaran(U.- M. Silurian)

Dundee Fm(M. Devonian)

0-4500’

600-9000’

1000-10500’

BedrockSubcropShallow

Deep

Page 17: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

33

Michigan’s Deep Saline Geological Sequestration  Zones

As much as 16,000ft of bedrock sedimentary strata (below glacial drift)

Deep Sandstone Injection and Confinement Zones

34

Page 18: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Mount Simon Sst in Michigan

• Depth in the Subsurface (Overburden Thickness)

– ~3,200 ‐ >15,500 ft

• Thickness (Isopach)

– 0 ‐ >1,500 ft

• Viable Saline Aquifer– <~6,500‐7,500 ft

35

Kelley, 2010

Mount Simon Sst in Michigan• Storage Capacity Estimates:

–43 – 3.8 Gmt statewide (depending on assumptions

–as much as 4 Gmt in some counties (depending on assumptions)

36Kelley, 2010

*Michigan stationary CO2 emissions in 2009 = ~90 mil. tons of CO2

Mount Simon sequestration zone could accommodate stationary emissions in MI for as much as 400 years!

Page 19: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

37

St. Peter Sst in Michigan

Depth in the Subsurface (Overburden Thickness)

2,600 ‐ >13,000 ft

Thickness (Isopach)

0 ‐ >1,100 ft

Viable Saline AquiferMost prospective on the basin margins

St. Peter Sst in Michigan

38

• Storage Capacity Estimates:

–1.5 – 6 Gmt statewide; (depending on assumptions)

–>263 Mmt in some counties

Page 20: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Intermediate Carbonate Reef Injection and Confinement Zones

39

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields Northern and Southern Lower Michigan

40

Page 21: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields Southern Lower Michigan

41

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields Southern Lower Michigan

42

Top Niagaran Structure (ss)

Page 22: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields

43

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields Northern Lower Michigan

Page 23: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Oil and Gas Fields Northern Lower Michigan

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Trend Oil Fields In Northern Lower Michigan

• A giant hydrocarbon resource in  closely‐spaced, but highly compartmentalized oil and gas fields 

• Most fields have either reached or are nearing their economic limit in primary production mode

• Over 400 MMBO and 2.4 TCF of natural gas produced 

46

Page 24: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Niagaran Pinnacle Reef Trend Oil Fields In Northern Lower Michigan

• Incremental CO2/EOR for the NPRT is estimated at almost 160 MMBO using CO2/EOR recovery efficiency of 40% relative to primary production. 

• Two different estimation methodologies indicate greater than 330 Mmt but less than 810 Mmt of GCS capacity is available in the NPRT.

47

Shallow Carbonate and Sandstone Injection and Confinement Zones

48

Page 25: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Silurian Bass Islands Dolomite

49

Middle Devonian Sylvania Sandstone

50

Sylvania Sandstone All Reservoir typesStorage Capacity in Michigan2.9 billion metric tonnes(@ 4% storage efficiency)

Sylvania Sandstone Conventional ReservoirsStorage Capacity in Michigan1.9 billion metric tonnes(@ 4% storage efficiency)

Page 26: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

CO2 Emissions Sources and Sinks

51Kelley, 2010

St. Peter Sst

CO2 stationary emission sources in MI (~85 Mmt/year)

St. Peter Sst

Sources and sinks

52

Sylvania Sst

CO2 stationary emission sources in MI

Northern Reef TrendOil Fields

Page 27: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Non‐technical Challenges to Implementation of Carbon Capture and Geological Storagefor Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction

• Public understanding and acceptance

• Clear legal and regulatory framework to  stimulate investor confidence

• Sufficient financial penalty for GHG emissions (exceeding cost of CC&GS; currently ~115‐130% of current power generation costs)  through regulation– Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax

Game Changers in the Last Couple Years

—It’s Politics and the Economy, STUPID, including— The Iron Law of Climate  Policy

Roger Pielke Jr. (2009, The Climate Fix)— “when environmental and economic objectives are placed into opposition with one 

another in public or political forums, the economic goals win out every time”— “people are often willing to pay some price for achieving environmental objectives, but 

that willingness has its limits”

—Major shifts in conventional (fossil energy) supply—The Shale/Unconventional gas revolution; 

transformation of the energy market place

—Recent EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Regulations for Class VI UIC (underground injection control {waste disposal}) CO2 injection well s—Strong Negative Impact on demonstration projects

54

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The Economy and Politics

55

U.S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays

56

Page 29: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

U.S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays

57

Technology Responsible for theShale Gas Revolution

58

Horizontal drilling and hydro‐fracturing technology

Page 30: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Implications of Shale Gas Supply Changes

59

Implications of Shale Gas Supply Changes

60

Page 31: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Implications of Shale Gas Supply Changes

61

Some Last Thoughts (Think Globally act Locally)

• Michigan has tremendous Geological Sequestration (as well as CO2/EOR) and biomass production potential– Hundreds of years of sequestration capacity in many different areas in many different 

storage zones– Large agricultural and forestry resources (much fallow land for energy crops)

• Consider:– Local (township/county?) deployment of high efficiency NGCC (natural gas 

combined cycle: elec. & steam) turbines (compare to WMU power plant ~10 Mw)– Gradual Incorporate of biofuels (methane) into fuel mix at NGCC facilities– Use carbon capture technology (i.e. NG processing plants ) at NG electric 

power plants and – Use nationally significant geological sequestration opportunities in MI

62

• Validate negative emissions potential • Contribute to sustainable electric power production • Address rising CO2 emissions during energy tech transition period

Page 32: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationhomepages.wmich.edu/~karowe/CCS Dave Barnes online.pdf · regulation – Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax Game

Acknowledgment to:

Congressman Fred Upton and his Staff for support of our 

work through Congressional Earmark Funding