CARBON COMPOUNDS

Made By:- Shivansh Singh Class:- 10th ‘E’

CARBON COMPOUNDSCarbon Compounds are compounds that contain

Carbon as one of their constituent elements

Carbon Compound

Organic Compound-Carbon containing compounds

except oxides of carbon, carbonates, syanides and metallic carbides

Hydrocarbon-contain Carbon and

Hydrogen only

Alkanes(saturated

hydrocarbons)-contain only single

bond

Alkenes(unsaturated

hydrocarbons)-contain at least

one multiple bond

Non-hydrocarbon-contain C,H and O,N,P,S,F,Cl,Br,I

Alcohols

Carboxylic acids

Esters

Inorganic Compound-non-carbon containing

compounds

Organic compound Inorganic Carbon compound

Similarity

Both contain carbon atoms

Diffenrences

Examples

Origin

Effect of heat

Solubility

Protein, fats, cellulose, natural rubber, petroleum

Formed from living thing

Have low boiling points and low melting point

Dissolve in organic solvents such as ether, petrol, alcohol

and chloroform

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

Formed from minerals

Have high boiling points and high melting point

Dissolve in inorganic solvents such as ether, water, acids and

alkalis

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compound that contain only Carbon and Hydrogen

Natural sources of hydrocarbons:• Petroleum• Coal• Natural gas• Rubber trees

B: ALKANES

General Formula : CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3… Naming alkanes:

Number of Carbon atoms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Root name

Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-

Final name

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

Structural Formula shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded together and by what types of bonds

Example :

Ethane

C2H6 molecular formula structural formula

Physical properties of alkanes

Cannot conduct

electricity

Insoluble in water

Low melting and boiling

points-dissolve in

organic solvents

Less dense than water

because the molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces which can be overcome by

small amount of energy

Chemical properties of alkanes

a) Combustion 1. Complete combustion Alkanes burn in air to form carbon dioxide and water CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)

More soot is given off when a higher alkane is burnt. For example, the burning of heptane produce more soot than the burning of ethane

2. Incomplete combustion If insufficient oxygen available, carbon monoxide or even carbon

may be formed 2CH4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO (g) + 4H2O(l) CH4 (g) + O2(g) C (s) + 2H2O(l)

b) Halogenation

-Reaction of alkanes with halogens.

-readily takes place in sunlight (not occur in the dark)

-carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken and new carbon-halogens bonds are formed

-is a substitution reaction occurs when one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is

replaced by another atom or group of atoms

-Example: when a mixture of CH4 and chlorine is exposed to

ultraviolet light, 4 different products are formed• CH4 (g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl (g) + HCl(l) Chloromethane hydrogen chloride

C: ALKENES

is a hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

General Formula : CnH2n , n=2,3,4… Naming alkenes:

Number of Carbon atoms

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Root name

Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-

Final name

Ethene Propene But-1-ene Pent-1-ene Hex-1-ene Hept-1-ene Oct-1-ene Non-1-ene Dec-1-ene

Structural formula of alkenes

Ethene: C2H4

Propene : C3H6

Physical properties of alkenes

Low melting and boiling

point

Soluble in organic solvents

Insoluble in water

Less dense than water

Cannot conduct electricity at

any state

Chemical properties of alkenes

(a)Combustion reaction

(b)Addition reaction

(c) Polymerization

reaction

(i)Addition of hydrogen(ii)Addition of halogens(halogenation)(iii) Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI)(iv) Addition of water (hydration)(v) Addition of hydroxyl groups

Chemical properties of alkenes

a) Combustion reaction

Alkenes burn in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

C2H4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)

Alkenes burn with sootier flames as compared to alkanes because alkenes have a higher percentage of carbon in their molecules than alkanes

b) Addition reaction

(i) Addition of hydrogen

This process is called catalytic hydrogenation

(ii) Addition of halogens (halogenation)

Observation: reddish-brown bomine is decolourised and colourless liquid is formed

This reaction is used as a test for the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in organic molecules

(iii) Addition of hydrogen halides(HCl, HBr, HI)

• (iv) Addition of water (hydration)

(v) Addition of hydroxyl groups

Observation: purple solution of potassium manganate (VII) is decolourized

c) Poymerization reaction

Homologous Series

A group or family of organic compounds that has the followingcharacteristics:

a) Members of the series can be represented by a general formulab) Successive members differ from each other by –CH2c) Members can be prepared by similar methodsd) Physical properties change regularly with increasing number of carbon atomse) Members have similar chemical properties because they have the same

functional group

functional group : -a special group of atoms attached to an organic mlecule -determines the chemical properties of the molecule -chemical reactions occur at the functional group

5 homologous series learnt in this chapter:

Homologous series

General formula Functional Group

Alkane CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3… Carbon-carbon single bond, C-C

Alkene CnH2n , n=2,3,4… Carbon-carbon double bond, C=C

Alcohol CnH2n+1OH ,n=1,2,3… Hydroxyl group, -OH

Carboxylic Acid CnH2n+1 COOH ,n=0,1,2,… Carboxyl group, -COOH

Ester CnH2n+1 COOCmH2m+1, n=0,1,2,…m=1,2,3…

Carboxylate group, -COO-

First memberSecond memberThird member

…..…..…..

As the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases:•Melting point increases•Boiling point increases•Volatility decreases•Density increases

Descending homologous series

D: ISOMERISM

Isomerism is a phenomenon whereby 2 or moremolecules are found to have same molecular formula but different structural formula

Isomers: molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural

formula

• Example: C4H10

Steps to draw structural formula of isomers of alkanes

Draw all the possible straight- chain and branched-chain carbon skeletons

Place single bonds around every carbon atom. Ensure that each carbon atom has 4 bonds

Place a hydrogen atom at each of the single bonds

Naming carboxylic acids

Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the carboxyl group

Name this longest chain by replacing the ending –e of the corresponding alkane with –oic acid

Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the carboxyl group

Locate and name the attached alkyl group

Complete the name for the carboxylic acid molecule by combining the 2 component parts together

THANK YOU