carbon compounds essential questions 1. what makes food “nutritious”? 2. what are the building...
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Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
1.1. What makes food “nutritious”?What makes food “nutritious”?2.2. What are the building blocks of What are the building blocks of
cells?cells?
Q: What’s the difference between an atoms Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds?and molecules? Elements and compounds?
A:A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together.
Compounds are made up of two or more elements.
B. What is everything made of?
• Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________
• Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________.
• Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________
• Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________
carbon oxygen hydrogen
element
water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)
atomscompound
1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things.
Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.
Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings Key ingredient in proteins, nucleic acids
2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates:
a. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates.
b. Living things use them as their main source of energy.
c. Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains.
d. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.
5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________
monosaccharides
6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide.
a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose
7. What are polysaccharides?
Chain of monosaccharides, also known as starch.
8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar? Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the
liver Plants store excess sugar as starch
9. What elements are lipids mostly made of?
Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too)
10. What are three common categories of lipids?
a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________Fats oils waxes
11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things:
a. As parts of biological membranesb. To store energyc. To give plants rigidityd. As chemical messengers
12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring.
14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA
15. What chemical elements make up proteins?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________
amino acids.
17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things?
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ________________________________
d. ________________________________
Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues
Transport things in and out of cells
Help fight diseases (antibodies)
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Elements
Categories/Forms
Functions
Food Sources
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Starches, sugars
Main source of energy
Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Fats, oils
Store energy
Meat, dairy, fried foods
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Enzymes, antibodies, etc.
Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease
Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans
Questions?Questions?
PolymersPolymers Monomer = __Monomer = __oneone____ unit molecule____ unit molecule Polymer = molecule made of ____Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ many__ unitsunits
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated
Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperatureroom temperature
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room Found in plants, usually l______________ at room
temperature. temperature.
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated
Found in animal fats, usually _Found in animal fats, usually _solidsolid_______ at _______ at room temperatureroom temperature
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room Found in plants, usually l______________ at room
temperature. temperature.
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated
Found in animal fats, usually Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ _solid_______ at at room temperatureroom temperature
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually __Found in plants, usually __liquid______ liquid______ at room at room
temperature. temperature.
Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or
unsaturated?unsaturated? __________________________________________________________________ Why? ____________________________ Why? ____________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or
unsaturated?unsaturated? ____________saturatedsaturated__________________________________ Why? ____________________________ Why? ____________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or
unsaturated?unsaturated? ____________saturatedsaturated__________________________________ Why? ____Why? ____saturated fats are solid at saturated fats are solid at
room temp., easier to form clots and room temp., easier to form clots and clog clog arteries.___________________________ arteries.___________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
Clogged arteriesClogged arteries
How do living things use How do living things use lipids?lipids?
Fat, storage of Fat, storage of energy.energy.
Makes up cell Makes up cell membranesmembranes
Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?
Why are lipids good molecules for cell Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?membranes?
They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water
oil
water
What foods are good sources of What foods are good sources of lipids?lipids?
____________________________________________________________Meat, dairy, fried foodsMeat, dairy, fried foods
ProteinsProteins
Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and n__________.n__________.
Polymer Polymer made up of made up of a______ acidsa______ acids
ProteinsProteins
Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and nitrogennitrogen___.___.
Polymer Polymer made up of made up of a______ acidsa______ acids
ProteinsProteins
Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and nitrogennitrogen___.___.
Polymer Polymer made up of made up of amino__ amino__ acidsacids
Amino Acids: Building Blocks Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________of P____________
20 different amino acids are incorporated 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.into proteins.
Amino Acids: Building Blocks Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __of __ProteinsProteins__________
20 different amino acids are incorporated 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.into proteins.
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________.e.g. digestive e________________.
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e.g. digestive enzymesenzymes__________.__________.
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
2. 2. Building Building materials for materials for all cells and all cells and tissues, e.g. tissues, e.g. skin, bone, skin, bone, m___________m___________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
2. 2. Building Building materials for materials for all cells and all cells and tissues, e.g. tissues, e.g. skin, bone, skin, bone, __musclemuscle____________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. h______________h______________
4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. a______________a______________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. hemoglobinhemoglobin__________
4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. a______________a______________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. hemoglobinhemoglobin__________
4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. antibodiesantibodies______________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells 5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. 5. Movement, e.g. musclemuscle________ cells ________ cells
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________through cell m___________________
How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _through cell _membranesmembranes______________________
Protein StructureProtein Structure
The structure of proteins is The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what what they look like determines what they can do)they can do)
Proteins have four levels of structure:Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary (1Primary (1stst level) level) Secondary (2Secondary (2ndnd level) level) Tertiary (3Tertiary (3rdrd level) level) Quaternary (4Quaternary (4thth level) level)
Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein Structure
Primary StructurePrimary Structure
Order of amino acids joined together in Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain.polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide chain below is made up of The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together.cysteine, etc. bonded together.
Secondary StructureSecondary Structure 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by
polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table…..string would look like laid flat on a table…..
α-Helix
β-Pleated Sheet
Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure
3D structure of 3D structure of polypeptide chainpolypeptide chain
Like what a coil of Like what a coil of copper wire looks copper wire looks like in 3-like in 3-dimensional space.dimensional space.
Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure Sum of all Sum of all
polypeptide polypeptide chains joined chains joined together to together to form whole form whole protein protein molecule.molecule.
Each different Each different color section = color section = 1 polypeptide1 polypeptide
What foods are good sources of What foods are good sources of protein?protein?
____________________________________________________________Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beansMeat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________nitrogen, and p____________________
Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring
Most common forms: _____________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________and _______________
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and nitrogen, and phosphorusphosphorus______________________
Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring
Most common forms: _____________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________and _______________
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and nitrogen, and phosphorusphosphorus______________________
Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring
Most common forms: ______Most common forms: ______DNADNA____ ____ and ______and ______RNARNA____________
NucleotidesNucleotides
Building blocks Building blocks of nucleic acidsof nucleic acids
3 parts:3 parts: 5 carbon sugar5 carbon sugar Phosphate Phosphate
groupgroup Nitrogenous Nitrogenous
basebase
DNADNA
DeoxyribonucleiDeoxyribonucleic acidc acid
U_____________ U_____________ genetic codegenetic code
Genetic Genetic blueprintblueprint
Contains info Contains info needed to make needed to make proteins, to build proteins, to build a new body.a new body.
DNADNA
DeoxyribonucleiDeoxyribonucleic acidc acid
UniversalUniversal_______ _______ genetic codegenetic code
Genetic Genetic blueprintblueprint
Contains info Contains info needed to make needed to make proteins, to build proteins, to build a new body.a new body.