CARBON EMISSION IN FOOD SYSTEMDeffi Ayu Puspito Sari, S.TP., M.Agr., Ph.D

TERMINOLOGIES

•Carbon Footprint?

•Carbon Emission?

•GHG Emission?

Since mother nature in conventional economy is non-

monetized, there is tendency to be abused and undervalue to

its role.

EASTER ISLAND ONCE HAD A PROSPEROUS CULTURE

SERVICES FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS

WORLD POPULATION OVER THE CENTURIES

MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD

WHY WE CALL “IT” CARBON FOOTPRINT? (1)

Ecological Footprint (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996)• footprints are

spatial indicators, •measured in

hectares or square metres

East A. J., and Growcom, 2008

• “The carbon footprint therefore measures the demand on biocapacity that results from burning fossil fuels in terms of the amount of forest area required to sequester these CO2 emissions” (Global Footprint Network 2007).

• “The term carbon footprint is commonly used to describe the total amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for which an individual or organisation is responsible. Footprints can also be calculated for events or products” (Carbon trust 2008).

• "The carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of CO2 emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product" (Wiedmann & Minx 2007).

• “A measure of the amount of CO2 emitted through the combustion of fossil fuels; in the case of an organisation or business, it is the CO2 emissions due to their everyday operations; in the case of an individual or household, it is the CO2 emissions due to their daily activities; for a product or service, it includes additional life-cycle CO2 emissions along the supply chain; for materials, it is a measure of the embodied CO2 emissions determined through life cycle assessment” (Carbon N Zero 2008).

• “A measure of the amount of CO2 emitted through the combustion of fossil fuels. A carbon footprint is often expressed as tons [sic] of CO2 or tons [sic] of carbon emitted, usually on an annual basis” (TreeVestors 2008).

• “This term actually refers to the amount of productive land (forest) required to 4 sequester (remove) the equivalent amount of GHGs that a company emits” (Triplepundit 2008). “The total amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, emitted over the full life cycle of a product or service” (MCI 2008).

WHY WE CALL “IT” CARBON FOOTPRINT? (2)

WHY WE CALL “IT” CARBON FOOTPRINT? (3)

Nature (Vol. 445).Time to give due weight to the “carbon footprint” issue. “carbon weight” (Hammond, 2007)

“climate footprint” (Wiedmann and Minx, 2007)

• gained acceptance in the public domain • popular without being clearly defined in the

scientific community• “buzz word” • stimulate consumers’ growing concern for issues

related to climate change • describe (narrowest -- widest interpretation of

greenhouse gas measurement and reduction)

WHY WE CALL “IT” CARBON FOOTPRINT? (4)

THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE

SO “IT” REFERS TO…Carbon Footprint (Oxford Dictionaries)The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.

Merriam Webster Dictionary

Talks about climate change have dominated discussions at various levels

• UNFCCC “Climate change: a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”• IPCC “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.

CC DEFINITIONS

• Weather is a specific event or condition that happens over a period of hours or days.

• Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over many years (usually at least 30 years).

• Climate change is defined by the observed change in the average climatic conditions over time.

source: Understanding CC

CC DEFINITION

ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) METHANE (CH4)

NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCS)

PERFLUOROCARBONS (PFCS) SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE (NF3)

TRIFLUOROMETHYL SULPHUR PENTAFLUORIDE (SF5CF3)

HALOGENATED ETHERS (E.G., C4F9OC2H5, CHF2OCF2OC2F4OCHF2,

CHF2OCF2OCHF2 ) AND HALOCARBONS NOT COVERED BY THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL INCLUDING CF3I, CH2BR2 CHCL3, CH3CL, CH2CL2

HEAT CAPTURE BY THE OCEANS

THE RISE IN

GLOBAL MEAN

SEA LEVEL

DECLINE OF ARCTIC SEA ICE

SHRINKAGE OF THE MUIR GLACIER

THE PLANET IS WARMINGThe planet is warming

• typhoons, floods and drought.

• less rainfall and agricultural droughts (less soil moisture) in presently dry regions. Even if the total annual rainfall might not decrease in some areas, farmers will experience longer dry periods.

• rivers and streams dry up sooner• water shortages• reduced water quality because of drought and flooding

• Agriculture sector will suffer the most serious impacts of climate change

• the loss of agro-biodiversity, increased floods and droughts, soil degradation, reduction in crop, fish and livestock productivity, water shortages and possible increases in destructive pests and diseases

• affect livestock production by altering the quantity and quality of feed available for animals. Reproduction and growth rates of livestock also affected

CC IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE

Climate change may affect food security systems in several ways, ranging from direct effects on:

crop production to changes in markets

food prices and

impacts on supply chains

food security, nutrition and livelihoods will be affected

CC IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY

https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/county/teton/community-food-system

http://llccgreencenter.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

A GWP COMPARES THE RADIATIVE FORCING OF A TONNE OF A GREENHOUSE

GAS OVER A GIVEN TIME PERIOD (E.G., 100 YEARS) TO

A TONNE OF CO2

ESTIMATION OF GHG EMISSION

Sectors and Categories (IPCC)Greenhouse gas emission and removal estimates are divided into main sectors, which are groupings of related processes, sources and sinks: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) •Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) •Waste

ENERGY SECTOR

• Emissions from fossil fuel combustion

• Fugitive emissions

•CO2 capture and storage

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESS

AND PRODUCT USE

AFOLU

WASTE

KEY STEPS

• Define the boundary of the system (understand your industry emission’s profile)

• Set the objectives (reliable, measurable) e.g. optimization of proces? profit?• Inventory, data collection, key emission sector, e.g. refrigerant, fleet, waste,

etc.• Implement emission reduction strategy based on objective’s priority, e.g.

refrigeration system retrofit, audit, driver training, composting, use renewable energy from waste, etc.

SOURCE: CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR SECTOR

SOURCE: CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR SECTOR

EMISI GHG SEKTOR ENERGI

(IPCC, 2006b) halaman 2.11

Dimana:Emissions GHG, fuel = Emisi GRK berdasarkan jenis bahan bakar (kg GHG)Fuel Consumption fuel = Jumah pembakaran bahan bakar (TJ)Emission Factor GHG, fuel = Faktor emisi berdasarkan bahan bakar (kg gas/TJ).Untuk CO2, termasuk karbon dioksida faktor, diasumsikan 1.

Emisi GRK dari Pembakaran Stationer

Emisi GRK, bahan bakar = Fuel Consumption fuel • Emission Factor GHG

Penghitungan emisi CH4 sektorpengolahan limbah

:

Senyawa Organik Total yang degradable dari Limbah Cair Industri

TOWi = PixWixCODi(IPCC, 2006c) Halaman 6.20

Pi = Produk industri total untuk sektor industri i, ton/tahunWi = Jumlah limbah cair yang dihasilkan, m3/ton produkCOD = Chemical oxygen demand (plant specific),

Sumber : (IPCC, 2006c) halaman 6.21

Emisi CH4 = CH4 yang diemisikan dalam tahun inventori, kg CH4/tahunTOW = Senyawa organik total yang degradable dalam limbah cair industri i, kg COD/tahunS = Komponen lumpur organik yang dipisahkan pada tahun inventori, kg COD/tahuni = Sektor industrij = Tiap jenis sistem atau saluran pengolahan/pembuanganR = Jumlah CH4 yang dapat diambil pada tahun inventori, kg CH4/tahunEFj = Faktor emisi per jenis sistem/saluran pembuangan/pengolahan, kg CH4/kg BODMCFj = Faktor koreksi metana, fraksiBo = Kapasitas produksi maksimum CH4, kg CH4/kg COD

Total Emisi CH4 dari Limbah Cair Industri

Emisi CH4 = ∑"[(%&'( − *() EFi-Ri]

Faktor Emisi CH4 dari Limbah Cair Industri

EFj = ,- . /012

REFERENCES• A CLIMATE SMART INDUSTRY. (n.d.). CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR SECTOR. Retrieved from

www.climatesmartbusiness.com

• Andrew John East, & Growcom. (2008). Vegetable Industry Carbon Footprint Scoping Study What is a Carbon Footprint? An overview of definitions and methodologies.

• G Hammond. (2007). Time to give due weight to the “carbon footprint” issue. Nature (Vol. 445). [Macmillan Journals Ltd., etc.].

• IPCC AR 5. (2013).

• IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. (2006).

• Rodel D. Lasco. Climate Change: Why, How, So What. (2014).

• Understanding Climate Change

• Wackernagel, Mathis & Rees, William (1996)"Our Ecological Footprint" (New Society Press)

• Wiedmann, T., & Minx, J. (2008). A definition of ‘carbon footprint’. Ecological economics research trends, 1, 1-11.

• Wright, R.T., and Boorse, D. F. (2011). Environmental Science Toward a Sustainable Future. Pearson.

• https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/county/teton/community-food-system

THANK YOU!!

For more information athttp://uneprisoe.org http://cdmpipeline.orghttp://uneprisoe.org/publications http://acp-cd4cdm.orghttp://namacademy.org http://cdm-meth.orghttp://namapipeline.org http://cdmbazaar.net

milh@dtu.dk

THANK YOU

deffiayu@gmail.com

"Mengapa Engkau hendak menjadikan (khalifah) di bumi itu orang yang akan membuatkerusakan padanya…..”

“….. janganlah kamu berbuat kerusakan di (muka) bumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukaiorang-orang yang berbuat kerusakan.”