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Chapter 1. Humor, Media and Europe1.1. Humor, a powerful social phenomenon1.1.1. Public laughter as a cohesion-creating factor1.1.2. Humor as a coping strategy in time of crisis1.1.3. Public laughter, unity and opposition1.1.4. Humor as a catalyst of social change1.1.5. Public laughter, collective actions and group identity1.1.6. Politics, satire and journalism

1.2. Relevance of the research1.2.1 The media and the democratic deficit in Europe1.2.2. The European public sphere and entertainment media

1.3. Research Question 1.4. Definitions and thesis outline1.4.1. A theoretical thesis grounded in reality1.4.2. Some definitions1.4.3. Thesis outline

Chapter 2: Conceptualizing satire and the public sphere in Europe2.1. Twenty centuries of European satire2.1.1. From the Roman origins to the Middle Ages2.1.2. From the Middle Age to the 18th century2.1.3 Satire, part and parcel of today's European media landscape

2.2. Investigating the emergence of the public sphere in Europe2.2.1. The origin of the concept of public sphere2.2.2. A concept attracting a lot of criticisms2.2.3. Which materialization for the European public sphere ?

2.3. Habermas, Bakhtin and the language2.3.1. No place for humor in the Habermasian public sphere 2.3.2. Heteroglossia, carnival, public laughter and the public sphere

Chapter 3: Television, audience and the carnivalization of news3.1. Typologies of the carnivalization of news3.1.1. Where the carnivalization of news stands3.1.2. Nuancing the typologies

3.2. Satirical journalism as the carnivalization of news3.2.1. A presentation of the TV programs carnivalizing news3.2.2. Adapting Bakhtin to modern fake news

3.3. Virtues and vices of the carnivalization of news 3.3.1. Parody, irony, satire, laughter and the carnivalization of news3.3.2. Effects of the carnivalization of news on audience's knowledge3.3.3. The carnivalization of news as a televised artifact3.3.4. The carnivalization of news as a media critic3.3.5. Limits and failures of the carnivalization of news

Chapter 4. Satire, Media and the European democratic deficit4.1. Imagining a pan-European satirical TV show4.1.1. Characteristics and benefits4.1.2. Challenges facing Eurosatire

4.2.Carnivalization of news, journalism and the European Union4.3. Can carnivalization of news bridge the European democratic deficit?4.3.1. Educating the European citizens4.3.2. Nurturing European citizenship and the European Public Sphere4.3.3. Reclaiming the European identity

Conclusion:References:Statutory declaration: