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Page 1: Carol Laddacoustics.washington.edu/fis437/lectureNotes/Previous...Carol Ladd Pacific Marine Environmental Lab NOAA Outline Gulf of Alaska Cross‐shelf exchange mechanisms Bering Sea

Carol Ladd

Page 2: Carol Laddacoustics.washington.edu/fis437/lectureNotes/Previous...Carol Ladd Pacific Marine Environmental Lab NOAA Outline Gulf of Alaska Cross‐shelf exchange mechanisms Bering Sea

Carol LaddPacific Marine 

Environmental LabNOAA

Outline

Gulf of AlaskaCross‐shelf exchange mechanisms

Bering SeaSea IceTemperatureStratification

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BeringSea

Gulf of Alaska

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BasinWinter mixing replenishes macronutrients to surfaceIron limited (HNLC)

Shelf‐breakAlaska Current / Alaskan StreamCross‐shelf exchange provides nitrate to shelf and iron to basin

ShelfCoastal Current Highly productive Macronutrient limited (after spring bloom)

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Cross‐shelf Exchange Mechanisms

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upwelling

downwelling

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Movie – sea surface height

= Formation regions (Yakutat, Sitka, Haida)

Y

S

H

Kodiak

I

Yakutat

Sitka

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Advection of coastal chlorophyll into basin

Vertical processes within the eddy supplying macronutrients and/or iron to euphotic zone.

Apr 2003

May 2003

Sep 2003

Eddies and Chlorophyll

April2003

May2003

Sept2003

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Coastal Windstress Curl

• Conditions favorable to barrier jets occur 1/3 of time during cool season

• avg Ekman pumping velocity of 10 m/day over cool season

SAR satellite wind data (warm colors are high wind speeds)

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Bathymetric Steering

15 May – 29 May 2002

Drifter Data

SeaWiFS chlorophyll data

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Downwelling winds ⇒ onshore flow at surface (inhibited by boundary currentsEpisodic upwelling winds⇒ onshore flow at depthEddies carry coastal water off‐shelf both in core of eddy and advected around edges; may also result in on‐shelf flow by reducing the strength of shelf‐break frontCoastal wind jets ⇒ variations in upwelling strength Bathymetric steering ⇒ on/off‐shelf flow and mixing in canyons

Page 14: Carol Laddacoustics.washington.edu/fis437/lectureNotes/Previous...Carol Ladd Pacific Marine Environmental Lab NOAA Outline Gulf of Alaska Cross‐shelf exchange mechanisms Bering Sea

Bering Sea

inner

middle

outerSeasonalSea Ice

• Wide shelf (>500 km)

• 3 shelf domains (coastal, middle shelf, and outer shelf)

• Marginal Ice zone

• Sea ice, temperature, stratification important to ecosystem

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Influences onEcosystem

Copepods more abundant in SE in years of most southerly ice extent (Baier and Napp, 2003)

SST positively related to primary productivity (Mueter, et al. 2009)

Stratification associated with changes in zooplankton community (Coyle, et al. 2008)

Weak stratification (1999): large zooplankton

strong stratification (2004): small zooplankton

Summer productivity negatively influenced by high stratification (Sambrotto, et al. 2008; Strom and Fredrickson, 2008)

Stronger stratification (2004) associated with nutrient limitation, reduced microzooplankton grazing, and weak trophic coupling (Strom and Fredrickson, 2008)

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Bottom Temperatures (Cold Pool)

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Stratification

Strength of maximum annual stratification

Timing of initiation and break‐down of stratification

phytoplankton

stratification

Phytoplankton response to stratificationInterannual variability 

of stratification

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Sea Ice:•Very extensive in early 1970s•Very little ice in early 2000s•Back to cold/ice covered conditions in last couple of years•Influences ice associated marine mammals and birds, timing of spring bloom, water column vs benthic dominated ecosystem

Temperature:•Variability is associated with sea ice distributions•Influences habitat available to some species (northward shift indistribution of some species has been observed with warming)

Stratification:•Weak stratification in late 1990s, early 2000s•Stronger stratification since 2002•Trend toward later stratification break‐down in fall may result in reduction or absence of fall bloom