carr, d; carta de don enrique de villena al deán y cabildo de cuenca

7/28/2019 Carr, D; Carta de don Enrique de Villena al Den y Cabildo de Cuenca

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Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispnicos

Neologisms in the "Carta de don Enrique de Villena al Den y Cabildo de Cuenca"Author(s): DEREK C. CARRReviewed work(s):Source: Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispnicos, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Primavera 1993), pp. 537-548Published by: Revista Canadiense de Estudios HispnicosStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27763050 .Accessed: 24/05/2012 19:15

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NOTAS

Neologisms in the "Carta de donEnrique de Villena al Dean y Cabildode Cuenca"*DEREK C. CARRWhen Fernando de Antequera took possession of his new kingdom, afterhiselection as king ofAragon in the "Compromiso de Caspe" (1412), his cousinEnrique de Villena went with him. He appeared frequentlyat Fernando's sidein affairs of state until the final weeks of the king's life,by which timeVillena's administrative incompetence, as well as shiftingpolitical fortunes,made his presence less relevant and desirable (C?tedra 1989: 130-35).Villena's subsequent relations with Fernando's successor, Alfonso elMagn?nimo, were at best restrained, and mostly strained. Thus, withFernando's death on April 2nd, 1416,Villena was left ithout any significantroyal favour or protection in theKingdom ofAragon. He removed himselfbriefly toValencia where he completed Los dotze treballs deH?rcules, aworkwhich he subsequently translated into Castilian.1 Apologizing in the"Conclusi?n del tratado" for the time constraintswhich had prevented himfrom following his original design fora grandiose project of 185 chapters, heinforms us that "avia de estar poco en valen?ia e dende entendia tomarmicamino para castilla e t?nia liadosmis libros que para ello oviera menester"(ed.Morreale 140).

By the autumn of 1417, Enrique de Villena was in Cuenca where hebecame immediately involved as arbiter in the gang warfare between thefactions of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (his brother-in-law), and LopeV?zquez de Acufia. These disturbances of the peace emanated chiefly fromdiffering interpretations of the "ordenanzas," or municipal statutes,whichFernando de Antequera had bestowed upon the city in 1411, and inwhoseformulationVillena may well have participated (C?tedra 1985: 59-63; Brownand Carr 503-15).To all intents and purposes, Villena used Cuenca as his home-base for theremainder of his life.He did not reside in the city itself, owever, but dividedhis time between his wife's estates in Torralba (a "villa" in the "serrania deCuenca," to the north-west of the city), and Iniesta (whose "seftorio"he heldinhis own right), situated on the northern edge of theplains of LaMancha,to the south-east ofCuenca. In these "villas," somewhat removed frompublic


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538life (especially after his intervention against Alvaro de Luna in 1420,following the unsuccesssful "golpe de Tordesillas"), Villena spent the restofhis days contemplating "the slings and arrows of outrageous Fortune," andother ironies of existence that- in his opinion - lifeand kings had servedhim. Stripped of his position as Master of Calatrava, rejected and evenbranded as a traitorby theCrown ofAragon, regarded stillwith suspicionby the Crown of Castile, and virtually exiled in the province of Cuenca,Villena could deploy no other arms but letters in his attempts to recover thesocial position and political influence that he considered his naturalbirthright (C?tedra 1989: 134, and especially note 24). Thus, the townshipsof Torralba and Iniesta derive theirmore-or-less sole claim to fame from thefact that in them Villena produced almost all the literaryworks that can beascribed to him with certainty.In addition to his principal literaryoutput, a number of Villena's letterssurvive from this period. Most of them take the form of a correspondencebetween Don Enrique and the "concejo" of Cuenca concerning the illegalactivities ofVillena's vassals fromTorralba on the common lands held by thecity in the "serrania." These encroachments "a labrar e ro?ar" on city-ownedland led to the formal survey and marking of the precise boundaries ofVillenas Torralba estates. The relevant documents, including "cartas

misivasy recebidas," are transcribed verbatim in theminutes of the councilmeetingsfor the period 1417-1423 (Brown and Carr 510-14). The Chapter Archivesof the Cathedral of Cuenca also contain an interesting document listedsomewhat imprecisely as "Carta de don Enrique de Villena al de?n yCabildosobre asuntos economicos" inClementino Sanz yDiaz's Resena cronol?gicade algunos documentos conservados en el archive* e la catedral de Cuenca, art.671, p. 75.Villena's letterto theDean and Chapter ofCuenca is dated "jx? kalendasjunij," 1427. It occupies one full side of a large sheet of heavy paper whichhas been folded in four.On the outside, a small flap of thinner paper hasbeen pasted. It bears the legend, in a fifteenth-centuryhand: "Al reverentedean e venerable cabildo de la iglesia de Cuenca." A more recenthand haswritten below it: "Carta de d. Enrique de Villena al Cabildo sobre nego?ios."In 1985, the letterbore the inventorynumber 887, though in some previousstock-taking it had been No. 802. I reproduce the text in full in theAppendix.2The contents of the letter turn out tobe more than simple "negocios" or"asuntos economicos." In itDon Enrique de Villena intercedeswith theDeanand Chapter of Cuenca on behalf of his vassals who had been excommunicated fordefaulting in theirpayment of tithes.Villena bases his defence ontwomatters of legal procedure. He claims, first of all, that royal decree takesprecedence in such cases over canon law ("los defendimientos reales queexpresamente han ynibido al laycopueblo que a la censura eclesiastica non


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539se obliguen" [lines 10-12 of the transcription]). He also points out [lines 2328] that,due to the irregularityof the couriers, the threat of excommunication was delivered on the very same day as the excommunication itself,thereby depriving his vassals of the appropriate period of grace inwhich tomake thenecessary financial arrangements foravoiding theultimate censure.In addition to these legal points, the "petitio" of the letter contains a strongplea to the Dean and Chapter for the exercising of Christian charity in theirprosecution of the case [lines 47-65]. The response of theDean and Chapterhas not been preserved, and hence the outcome of Villena's intervention isunknown. Indeed, the interestingelements of this letterare not somuch thelegalmatters with which itdeals, but themore literaryand linguistic issuesof its structure and language, and it is these that Iwish to address in theremainder of thisnote.As is the case with many ofVillena's public epistolary utterances, the letterto the Dean and Chapter of Cuenca iswritten in his "high style," a modewhich combines strict adherence to the formal structures enuntiated in the"artes dictaminis" with the ornate linguistic verbosity advocated by the"dictatores" for communications directed towards those in positions ofauthority.31 shall deal brieflywith the structureof the letter, hen turn to thelexical items.The letterbegins with a full, formal tripartite protocol or prescript: 1)"inscriptio" (the name and attributes of the addressee) [line 1]: "Reuerentedean e venerable cabildo de la iglesia de Cuenca;" 2) "intitulatio" (the nameand attributes of the sender) [lines 1-2]: "Yo, don Enrrique de Villena, tiode nuestro seflor el reye vno de losdel su consejo;" 3) "salutatio" (the initialgreeting) [lines 2-3]: "vos enviomucho saludar,"which here flows immediately into the "captatio benevolentiae" [lines 3-4]: "como aquellos por cuyacontenpla?ion faria las cosas en vuestra pa?ibilidat honesta e hutilidatfructuosa reduzibles." There isno "exordium," though, as Carol Copenhagenhas pointed out in "The Exordium or Captatio Benevolentie in FifteenthCentury Spanish Letters" (1985: 200), the omission of the "exordium" is initself rhetorical device whereby thewriter, by embarking immediately uponthe "narratio," imparts to the lettera greater sense of urgency. InVillena'sletter,there is an extensive "narratio" of the case inhand, beginning on line5: "en los pasados dias ove ynforma?ion quantos e quales de mis vasallos esubditos se ynnodaran obligatiuamente a la solu?ion de los refectorialesemolumentos a vuestra capitular mesa pertenes?ientes ..." The "narratio"continues as far as line 47, where the eloquent "petitio" begins: "por ende,vuestras discre?iones, con humanidat tractable en el peso de rrazonconsideren sy es de fazer exsecu?ion en los tenporales bienes por laycal?ensura a los que por sy, en sy mesmos, e en sus propias sustan?ias fazenexecu?ion de fecho ..."Ever the formalist,Villena imparts tohis "conclusio"the appropriate rhetorical flourish in the formof a "saludo final o despedida"


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540which contains nothing directly related to the contents of the letter(Copenhagen 1986: 214) [lines 70-73]: "... segund ofre?ido tengo a vuestracongrega?ion, el bien de laquai ladeydat tras?endente conserue et aucmente,cubicando de virtud en virtudes en la excuba?ion de su basilica por que,transmigrados de la mundana noche al ?elifico dia, fruyendo su beatificavision, podays pervenir." The entiremissive is then brought to a close witha final protocol or,more correctly,eschatocol, in Latin, perhaps to give it agreater air of authority [lines73-74]: "Datum apud villammeam de Ginestajx? kalendas junij anno xxvif," followed by the autograph signature of theauthor, "don enrrique," as a confirmation of authenticity.In the space of one folio side,Villena's letterto theDean and Chapter ofCuenca provides the firstprecisely dated documentation inCastilian of fiftyfour lexical items, several of which are almost certainly cases of "hapaxlegomenon." I list them here in alphabetical order (the line numbers refertothe transcription provided in theAppendix), followed by details of the firstdocumentation found in J.Corominas and J.A. Pascual, Diccionario cr?ticoetimol?gico castellano e hisp?nico [DCECH] or,where relevant, theDiccionariohist?ricode la lengua espanola [DHLE], Alcover's Diccionari catal?-valenci?balear [DCVB], Coroutines' Diccionari etimol?gic i complementari de lallengua catalana [DECLC], and JeanGilkison Mackenzie's A Lexicon of the14th-CenturyAragonese Manuscripts of Juan Fern?ndez de Heredia [JFH]provide suggestive evidence - though hardly unexpected - for theCatalanAragonese provenance of much of Villena's terminology.41) ABDICANDOLES [26] - 1stprecisely dated occurrence of "abdicar" inthe sense of "privar, revocar, quitar." Also recorded in the Tratado dela consolaci?n (c. 1422-24) where it is identifiedas the sole documentation in the 15th century by theDHLE, which remarks that "es vozantigua usada enAragon."2) AGREGADO [47] - 1stdoc. in the sense of "acumulado." "Agregar"is recorded in the sense of "anadir, incorporar" inVillena's Arte cisoria(1423), beginning ofChapter II: "Por quela arte de cortar fue jntroduzida e al num?ro delas otras artes agregada;" also in the Prohemio tothe translation of the Aeneid (1427-28): "aquel man?ebo mantuano aquien feciste restituyr lo suyo e res?ebiste por inter?esionmia en tusagrado pala?io, al n?mero de tus famili?res aqu?l agregando" (ed.C?tedra 1: 22, lines 170-73).3) ALTERNADAS [57] - 1st precisely dated occurrence; 1st doc. of"alternado" byDHLE in Book VI ofVillena's translation of theAeneid

(1427-28).4) ANXIATIVA 31] Not listednDCECH5) APERITIVAS [57] - 1stdoc. in Laguna, 1515 [DCECH].


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5416) ARDUAS [69] - 1stdoc. in Diaz de G?mez, 1431-50 [DCECH]; doc.in JFH; "arduu" doc. in Catalan 1387 [DECLC], "?rduo" 1445[DCVB]. I note that a contemporary reader (possibly Santillana) of theanonymous 15th-century translation of Pierre Ber?uire's Ovidiusmoralizatus (Madrid, B.N. Ms. 10144, c. 1435) has marked "arduas"with amarginal note as being a lexical itemworthy of attention.AROGANTE [35] - 1stdoc. inPulgar [DCECH]; "arrogant" in JFH.BASILICA [72] - 1st doc. inAPal., 1490 [DCECH]; doc. in JFH.CAPITULAR [7] - 1st doc. in Crimea de Alvaro de Luna, c. 1440[DCECH].

CENSURA [12] - 1stdoc. in 1471 [DCECH]; doc. in JFHCONPLECTORIAS [44] - 1st doc. in Diccionario de Autoridades[DCECH].CORRUSCASTES [20] - "Corruscar" 1st doc. in Diccionario de laAcademiOy 1884 [DCECH]; in the sense of "falminar" it is common inmedieval sermons inCatalan [DECLC],CRUCIATIVA[31] Not listednDCECH.DEYDAT [71] - 1stdoc. in Juan de Mena [DCECH]; doc. in JFH;"deytat" in Llull [DECLC].DISCURSO [43]

- 1stdoc. as past participle.DISPENDIO [30] - 1stdoc. inCovarrubias [DCECH]; "dispendi" doc.inCatalan 1383 [DECLC].EGECCION [22] - Not listed inDCECH; "ejecci?" doc. inCatalan in13th cent. [DCVB].ESPECTACION [17] - 1stdoc. inAldana, 2nd half of 16th century[DCECH]; doc. inJFH.EXCUBACION [72] - Not listed inDCECH; z probable "hapax," fromLat. EXCUBATIO ("vigilance, watch-tower"), very rare in classicalLatin.EXPELLIDOS [54] - 1stdoc. of "expeler" inA. de la Torre, c. 1440;"expelir" inAPal., 1490 [DCECH]; "expeler" in JFH; "expellits" doc.inCatalan 1305 [DCVB].FACTIBILIDAT [40] - Not listed inDCECH; undated doc. inCatalan[DCVB& DECLC].FEDADOS [35] - From Lat. FOEDATUM ("tainted, besmirched;disgraced"). Not listed inDCECH; "fedar" doc. inEiximenis [DCVB],FLAMINIERAS [21] - Not listed inDCECH, this exotic "hapax" isalmost certainly a neologism ofVillena's, an adjective deriving fromLat. FLAMEN ("priest"), and hence meaning "sacerdotales." Villenamay also have inmind theneuter FLAMEN ("blast, blowing"), therebylinking theword semanticallywith "fulminar" and "corruscar," aswellas the medieval meaning of FLAMEN as "vexilla Ecclesiarum." He


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542explicates FLAMEN, and its erivatives FLAMINIO, ARCHIFLAMINIOin his gloss on Colcax [Calchas] inAeneid II (ed. C?tedra 2: 61-63).24) FRUYENDO [73] - From "fruir" ("to enjoy"), 1st doc. in Juan deMena [DCECH]; doc. inCatalan in Llull [DECLC].

25) FULMINASTES [18] - 1stdoc. in A. de laTorre, c. 1440; also foundin Santillana [DCECH],26) GREMIO [54] 1st oc. in 1499 [DCECH].27) MEREDIANO [42] - 1st doc. in Alvar Gomez, c. 1525 [DCECH];"meridiano" inJFH; "meridi?" doc. inCatalan 1stquarter of 14th cent.[DECLC].28) MINUYCION [30] - Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax."29) MOLESTACION [30] Not listed nDCECH; doc. inJFH, nd inCatalan in 1391 [DCVB].30) OBLIGACION [9] - 1stdoc. inAPal, 1490 [DCECH]; doc. in JFH,and inCatalan in Llull [DCVB].31) PACIBILIDAT [4] - Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax."32) PACTIZADA [16]- Not listed nDCECH; found inGlosas a laEneida: "por haber pactizado con los adversarios e fecho de aqu?llos

amigo" (ed. C?tedra 2: 190, lines 492-93). "Pactitzar" doc. inCatalanin 15th cent. [DCVB].33) PERVENIR [73] - Not listed inDCECH; doc. in JFH, and inCatalaninLlull [DCVB].34) PORROGACION [15] - 1stdoc. inA. deMorales, c. 1575 [DCECH];

"prorrogacio" doc. inCatalan in 14th cent. [DCVB].35) PREFIXOS [10] - 1stdoc. in Fernando de Herrera, 1580 [DCECH].36) PRELIBADO [60] - Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax" inCastilian, thismedieval latinism is used here in the sense of "yamencionado." In its original sense it is found in Catalan in Ferrerstranslation of theDivine Comedy (Par.X, 23) [DCVB].37) REBELION [35]

- 1stdoc. inA. de laTorre, c. 1440 [DCECH]; doc.in JFH, and in Catalan c. 1400 [DECLC].38) REFECTORIALES [7] Not listed nDCECH.39) RESIDUO [32] 1st oc. inNebrija [DCECH];doc. inJFH.40) REUERENTE [1 1stdoc. in Santillana [DCECH]; "reuerent" inJFH,and inCatalan in Eiximenis [DECLC].41) SANCIDAS [37] - Not listed in DCECH; a probable "hapax" inCastilian, fromLat. SANCIRE ("to sanction, authorize"); "sancir" doc.inCatalan c. 1350.42) SOLAR [45] - Adjective, 1stdoc. in Santillana and Mena [DCECH];

also found inGlosas a la Eneida (ed. C?tedra 1: 43, line 703). Doc. inCatalan in 14th cent. [DCVB].43) TRANSMIGRADOS [72] - 1stdoc. inMena's translation of the Iliad[DCECH].


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54344) VENERABLE [1] - 1stdoc. in Santillana [DCECH]; doc. inJFH> andin Catalan inMetge (1388) [DECLC].45) VESPERIALES [44] ? Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax."46) VILIPENSORES [35] - Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax."47) VINCULADOS [52] - 1st doc. in P?rez de Guzman [DCECH];"uinculo" in JFH; "vinclar" in Catalan c. 1350 [DECLC].48) YNIBIDO [11] - 1st doc. of "inhibir" in Castillo Bobadilla, 1597

[DCECH]; doc. in Catalan 1344 [DECLC].49) YNJUNCTO [61] - Not listed in DCECH; a probable "hapax" inCastilian, from Lat. INJUNCTUS, perf. participle of INJUNGERE ("toenjoin, order"); "injungir" doc. in Catalan 1347 [DCVB].50) YNNODARAN [6] - Not listed inDCECH; a probable "hapax," fromLat. INNODARE ("to involve, implicate").51) YNTERVALO [21] - 1stdoc. inA. de Morales, 1575; "entrevalo" in

Nebrija [DCECH]; "interuallo" in JFH; "intervall" doc. in Catalan1405, also "entrevall" and "entravall" in 14th cent. [DCVB].52) YNOBEDIENCIA [35] - Not listed inDCECH; doc. in JFHy and inCatalan in Llull, Antoni Canals, St. Vincent Ferrer [DCVB],53) YNPEDIDOS [25] - 1st doc. inAPal., 1490 [DCECH]; "impedit" doc.in Eiximenis [DCVB].54) YNVENTIVAS [57] - 1st doc. at end of 15th century, according toAutoridades [DCECH]; the substantive "inventiva" is found inVillena'sTratado de la consolaci?n (c. 1422-24); doc. in Catalan in 15th cent.[DCVB8cDECLC].It is legitimate to askwhy Villena includes somuch "cultismo" and coinageof new words in one single letter.A perusal of his works - including hisother surviving letters suggests an answer.Whenever Don Enrique wishestomake a public impression overmatters thatvisibly concern him, be it hispersonal pride, his social and economic position, or the image of "sabio" thathe liked to project, he habitually has recourse to the "stilus artifex" and therigid formalism of the old "dictatores," evenwhen such rigidity isno longerthe norm (Copenhagen 1984: 261, note 2). If the letter-writing of thefifteenthcentury indeed "provides... abundant evidence of change and stasis"(Copenhagen 1986: 200), thenVillena must be counted as a particularly selfconscious example of the latter.This is nowhere more evident than in theletter under consideration here, in which it is quite clear thatVillena isfollowing either epistolarymodels composed according to theprecepts of the"dictatores," or the model letters included as examples in the "artesdictaminis." Terminology such as "los refectoriales emolumentos a vuestracapitularmesa pertenes?ientes;" "vuestras discre?iones" (a form of address);"dispendio;" "ynnodar;" "porroga?ion," is standard fare in Latin lettersdealing with tithes, taxes, anathemas and general supplication to Church


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544authorities. Villena is thus appropriating to the vernacular the suasivediscourse of medieval Latin epistolary communication in ecclesiasticallitigation.The fact thatVillena communicates with theDean and Chapter ofCuencain the vernacular - albeit a highly latinized form of it- rather than Latinitselfsuggests the possibility that his letterwas intended to circulate amonga somewhat wider audience to serve as amodel of its type. In the same way,his Tratado de la consolaci?n was composed - at least in part - as anexemplar of epideictic "topoi," and the "dedicatoria" to the translation of theAeneid was made to serve as amodel fora letter "admaiorem," as the Glosasmake abundantly clear (ed. C?tedra 1: 8). All this is part and parcel ofVillena's proposals for cultural and political reformbased on the notion ofeloquence as a civic virtue, a notion verymuch on his mind in 1427whenhe was working on his translations of theAeneid, the sine qua non of classicaleloquence in action; the Rhetorica adHerennium, amodel - forVillena - ofclassical precept; and Dante's Divina commedia, the high point of medieval"vulgar" eloquence.5 Like so many of Don Enrique's endeavours, thisprogram for cultural renewal was doomed to failure, thanks in grandmeasure - and paradoxically - to the very elements that make him sofascinating as a writer: that retrospective and erudite quality of medievallatinity, irmlyanchored in formal rhetoric; that "leche retorical" (to use hisown term), which also included Aragonese and Valencian "prosa decancilleria," imbibed during his formativeyears in his grandfather's castle inGandia (in the company of Fray Francisco Eiximenis, among others) and inthe court inBarcelona; a "leche" fromwhich he never succeeded inweaninghimself, if indeed he everwished to.6Thus, his models for the futureproceedverymuch from a past that is already pass?; even in the second quarter ofthe fifteenthcentury,he continued to advocate the perpetuation of a praxisthat the fourteenth centuryhad begun to discard.The University ofBritish Columbia

APPENDIXLetterfrom Enrique de Villena to the ean and Chapter ofCuenca(Abbreviations esolved;punctuation and capitals added)

Reuerente dean e venerable cabildo de la iglesia de Cuenca: Yo, don Enrriquede Villena, tio de nuestro sen or el rey e vno de los del su consejo, vos enbiomucho saludar corao aquellos por cuya contenpla?ion faria las cosas en vuestrapa?ibilidathonesta e hutiljdatfructuosareduzibles,signjficando espues que ya5 con vuestro mensajero escrcuj, en los pasados dias oue ynforma?ion quantos equales demjs vasallos e subditosseynnodaranobligatiuamente la solu?ionde


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545los refectoriales emolumentos a vuestra capitular mesa pertenes?ientes, et sy porPerseual Martines como prin?ipal arrendador en pre?io determjnado la rentadello res?ibiese, e otros como fiadores suyos por comun obliga?ion con el fuesen10 hunjdos a termjnosprefixos, sometiendose al rrigor eclesiastico contra losdefendimjentosreaies que expresamentehan ynjbido al laycopueblo que a la?ensura eclesiastica non se obliguen, e a los reales escriuanos que tales nonres?iban contractos. E allegandose el termjno de la primera e fazedera paga,fuelesdada fiyuzapor algunos amjgos suyos,desa ?ibdat vezjnos, lesobtendrian15 de vuestravenerablegrey apitularporroga?ion espectatiuade algundmas tienpopor que mas sin lision de sus faziendaspudiesen soluer la debda pactizadasegund sus obedientes deseauan voluntades. E pen diente la breue especta?ioncon?ebida, fulmjnastes vuestras denun?iatorias cartas contra ellos syn otra

muni?ion pre?edente que por acto espe?ifico se demuestre. E antes que sobresto20 pudiesen rrequerir, vos, recorriendo a vuestros justificados remedios, corruscasteslas flamjnieras de parti?ipantes contra ellos letras e, poco yntervalo fecho, las deanatema, con egec?ion deste pueblo al tienpo que los diujnales ?elebrasenoffi?ios.E avn se dize que por vnmensajero e de vn camjno vinjeron lasmemoradas cartas, maguer en diuersos dias publicadas fuesen, e por esta rrazon25 afirman fueron ynpedidos a la solu?ion por ellos deseada, non aujendo con quiennjn a quien vendiesen de sus faziendas,abdicandoles la parti?ipa?ion que en lacomunjca?ion de las cosas es ne?esaria, njn pudieron cobrar ?iertas e a ellosjustificadamente debdas pertenes?ientes por non los oyr en el tribunal juyzio.Con todo eso, fueron a otras partes desenparando sus propias casas e la cultura30 de sus heredades, en gran dispendio e mjnuy?ion de sus faziendas emolesta?ionanxiatiua de sus personas, vendiendo por pre?ios desiguales con la cruciatiuaquexa. E tienen ya ?ierta partida para fazer pago, e por lo residuo buscan de cadadia quanto las leyes de posybiljdat consienten como ante de los postrimerostermjnos acaben la fazedera paga. Et non creen ante Dios ser maculados de35 ynobedien?ianjn fedadosde rebelionarogante,njn se tienenpor vilipensoresdelos eclesiasticos mandamjentos, pues que con todas sus fuer?as se disponen aconpljr lo a ellos man dado, avn que las piadosas reglas canonjcamente san?idasnon les ayan seydo guardadas con desaforado pro?eso, enpachandoles por vnaparte lo que les mandauan fazer por otra, jnplicando contradi?ion en la40 factibiljdat ujdente. E avn dizen que por ellos njn por su presen?ia non fuedetenjdo el diujnal of??io, allendo luegoquando lesmandauan de todo elpueblopr?sente, e a el non tornando fasta que el sol al merediano ?irculo juncto fuese,quando creyan asaz espa?io discurso despues del conpljmjento de las canonjcasoras. E eso mesmo en la tarde, por que las vesperiales e conplectorias45 solepnjdades se conpliesen, non tornando a sus abita?iones fasta que el solar rayoel abitable [e]mjsperiodesanparase, e syno, que dubdan que lesno re?ibiradesparte de paga, luego vos lleuarian eso que agregado tienen. Por ende, vuestrasdiscre?iones, con humanjdat tractable en el peso de rrazon consideren sy es defazer exsecu?ion en los tenporales bienes por laycal ?ensura a los que por sy, en

50 symesmos, e en sus propias sustan?ias fazen execu?ion de fecho, non esperadostermjnos juridicos njn en publicas almonedas queriendo pre?ios razonables conferujdo deseo de salljr del liberynto en que son vjnculados, con fiel temor quedurante la tenporal diligen?ia non consuman el curso de la vida del eclesiastico


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546expellidos gremjo,fueradel qual salud no es fallada.E por que sepueda fallar55 algund medio a la rrazon e al derecho conforme, enbio vos con la pr?sente aAlfonso Rodrigues de Fes, mj recabdador, que destas cosas mas llenamente vospodra ynformar por alternadas locu?iones aperitiuas de toda dubda e ynuentivasde los expedientes, el quai vos plega oyr e con aquel desta materia comunjcar,buscando tal via que el derecho e proujsion dese venerable cabildo se guarde, e60 a estosvasallosmjos asyobligados,como esprelibado, sede posible via a conplirlo a ell os ynjuncto, pues que non mali?iosamente njn peruersa, segund aentender vos fue dado, non cunplieron al tienpo definjdo la solu?ion conuenjda.Et vsareys de aquella piedat que se predica de la eclesiastica madr?, e sereysconformes a las ynten?iones de los primeras e fundadores padres de vuestra65 ?ensura, e avn la via juridica art[^ ... ?]ua no podra mas breues termjnos traer.E de lo que con el dicho Alfonso Rodrigues concluyeredes, os plega demeresceujrcon fiyuza,que laparte por vos otros elegida e aujda por conuenjble e

mejor yo man dare tener e segujr a los dich os mjs subditos por vos conplazer evuestros derechos conseruar, por cuya manuten?ion mas arduas faria cosas70 segund ofre?ido tengo a vuestra congrega?ionvenerable,el bien de la quai ladeydat tras?en dente conserue et aucmente, cubicando de virtud en virtudes enla excuba?ion de su basilica por que, transmjgrados de la mundana noche al?elificodia, fruyendo u beatificavision, podays pervenjr.Datum apud villammeam de Ginesta jx? kalendas junij anno xxvij?. Don Enrrique.NOTES TO APPENDIXLine 8 Perseual. The name seems to have been altered from Pascual The present readingwas retained in consultation with Miguel Jim?nez Monteserin, Municipal Archivist ofCuenca, who informed me that the name "Perseual Martines" appears frequently in otherdocuments of the period.Line 65 art[i... ?]ua. The word - obviously an adjective referring to "la via juridica" - hasbeen partly obliterated by the effects of humidity.

NOTES* This article is a revised version of a paper read at the IV Colloquium on XVc Literature,Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, 4 July 1992.

1 There are no known manuscripts of Los dotze treballs. The sole surviving printed copyof the Catalan version (1514) still surfers from restricted access, but isbeing edited byPedro C?tedra togetherwith a new critical edition of the Castilian text.On theproblem of dating Los dotze treballs and Los doze trabajosy see C?tedra 1989: 134-37.2 I take the opportunity of correcting some typographical errors which appeared in thefirst printing of this letter in El Crotal?n 2: 514-15. I have also introduced somechanges in punctuation to better reflect the sense of the text.3 Abundant examples in Buoncompagno de Bologna, Rhetorica antiqua; Hugo deBologna, Rationes dictandi prosaice; Guido Faba, Dictamina rhetorica; Epistolaey andSumma dictaminis; Thomas of Capua, Ars dictandi.


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5474 Iwish to express my thanks to Prof. Ignacio Soldevila for his helpful commentsconcerning Items 1), 2) and 3), and to Prof. David Mackenzie for suggesting the

possibility of Aragonese precursors in the works of Juan Fernandez de Heredia.5 The most complete discussion of Villena's poetics is to be found in JulianWeiss, ThePoet's Art: Literary Theory inCastile c. 1400-60, 55-97; 143-51. On Villena's reformingzeal, see also Ottavio Di Camillo, El humanismo castellano del sigh XV, 101-03; R. G.Keightley, "Enrique de Villena's Doze trabajos de Hercules: A Reappraisal," 49-68;Derek C. Carr, "P?rez de Guzman and Villena: A Polemic on Historiography?" 57-70.6 "Leche llamo a la doctrina de la rectorica porque es dul?e como la l?che e mas sedeleyta en ella el entendimiento quel gusto en lo dul?e; e aun porque se deve aprenderen la tierna hedat, porque esmas f??il que la poesia, a cuyo respecto ?sta l?che puedeser dicha" (Glosas a la Eneida, ed. C?tedra 1: 56). On Villena's "tierna hedat" inValencia, see Carr and C?tedra 1983: 293-99; and C?tedra 1982: 75-79.

WORKS CITEDALCOVER SUREDA, ANTONIO MARIA, ED. Diccionari catal?-valenci?-balear. 10 vols.2nd ed. Palma deMallorca: [EditorialMoll], 1964-68.BROWN, RUSSELL v. and DEREK c. CARR. "Don Enrique de Villena en Cuenca (contr?scartas in?ditasdelmismo)." El Crotal?n:Anuario de F?lolog?aEspafwla 2(1985): 503-15.BUONCOMPAGNO DE BOLOGNA. Rhetorica antiqua. Ed. Ludwig Rockinger. Briefstellerund Formelb?cherdes eilften is vierzehnten ahrhunderts.uellen und

Er?rterungen zur bayerischen und deutschen Geschichte 9. Munich, 1863-64.Rpt. Burt Franklin Research and Source Works Series 10. New York: Franklin,1961. 128-74.

CARR, DEREK C. and PEDRO M. CATEDRA. "Datos para la biografia de Enrique deVillena." La Cor?nica 11.2 (1983): 293-99.

CARR, EREKC. "P?rez deGuzm?n andVillena: A Polemic on Historiography?" InHispanic Studies inHonor ofAlan D. Deyermond. A North American Tribute. Ed.John .Miletich.Madison: The Hispanic SeminaryofMedieval Studies, 1986.57-70.

C?TEDRA, PEDRO M. "Algunas obras perdidas de Enrique de Villena conconsideraciones sobre su obra y su biblioteca." El Crotal?n: Anuario de F?lolog?aEspanola 2 (1985): 53-75.-. "Francesc Eiximenis y don Alfonso de Arag?n." AIA 42 (1982): 75-79.

-. "Sobre la obra catalana de Enrique de Villena." InHomenaje a EugenioAsensio. Madrid: Gredos, 1989. 127-40.

COPENHAGEN, CAROL. "Salutations in Fifteenth-Century Spanish VernacularLetters." La Cor?nica 12.2 (1984): 254-64.

-. "The Exordium or Captatio Benevolentie in Fifteenth-Century SpanishLetters." La Cor?nica 13.2 (1985): 196-205.-. "Narratio and Petitio in Fifteenth-Century Spanish Letters." La Cor?nica 14.1

(1985): 6-14.


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548-. "The Conclusio in Fifteenth-Century Spanish Letters." La Cor?nica 14.2(1986): 213-19.

COROMINAS, JOAN and JOS? A. PASCUAL. Diccionario critico etimol?gico castellano ehisp?nico. 5 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1980-83.

COROMINES, JOAN.Diccionari etimoldgic i complementari de la llengua catalana. 9vols. Barcelona: Curial Edicions Catalanes; Caixa de Pensions ?La Caixa?, 198891.

DI CAMILLO, OTTAVIO. El humanismo castellano del sigh XV. Trans. Manuel Lloris.Valencia: Torres, 1976.Diccionario hist?rica de la lengua espanola. Madrid: Real Academia Espanola, I960-.GUIDO FABA. Dictamina rhetorica. Ed. Augusto Gaudenzi. II Propugnatore (Nuovas?rie) 5.1 (1892): 86-129; 5.2 (1892): 58-109.

-. Epistolae. Ed. Augusto Gaudenzi. II Propugnatore (Nuova s?rie) 6.1 (1893):350-90; 6.2 (1893): 373-89.

-. Summa dictaminis. Ed. Augusto Gaudenzi. II Propugnatore (Nuova s?rie) 3.1(1890): 287-338; 3.2 (1890): 345-93.HUGODE BOLOGNA. ationes dictandiprosaice.Ed. Ludwig Rockinger.Briefstellerund Formelb?cher es eilften is vierzehnten ahrhunderts.uellen undEr?rterungen zur bayerischen und deutschen Geschichte 9. Munich, 1863-64.Rpt. Burt Franklin Research and Source Works Series 10. New York: Franklin,1961. 53-94.

KEIGHTLEY, R. G. "Enrique de Villena's Doze trabajos de H?rcules: A Reappraisal."JHP 3 (1978-79): 49-68.MACKENZIE, JEANGILKISON. A Lexicon of the 14th-Century Aragonese Manuscripts of

Juan Fern?ndez de Heredia. Madison: The Hispanic Seminary of MedievalStudies, 1984.

SANZ Y DlAZ, CLEMENTINO. Resena cronol?gica de algunos documentos conservados enel archivo de la catedral de Cuenca. Fuentes para la historia eclesi?stica deCuenca 2. Cuenca: Ayuntamiento de Cuenca, 1965.THOMAS OF CAPUA. Ars dictandi. Ed. Emmy Heller. "Die Ars dictandi des Thomasvon Capua." Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie derWissenschaften.Philosophische-historische Klasse 19 (1928-29). 4. Abhandlung. 10-44.

VILLENA, ENRIQUE DE. Los dotze treballs de H?rcules. Valencia: C. Cofman, 1514.-. Los doze trabajos de H?rcules. Ed. Margherita Morreale. Biblioteca Selecta deCl?sicos Espanoles 20. Madrid: Real Academia Espanola, 1958.-. Traducci?n y glosas de la Eneida. Ed. Pedro M. C?tedra. Biblioteca Espanoladel Siglo XV 2-3. 2 vols. Salamanca: Diputaci?n de Salamanca, 1989.-. Tratado de la consolaci?n. Ed. Derek C. Carr. Cl?sicos Castellanos 208.Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1976 [1979].

WEISS, JULIAN. The Poet's Art: Literary Theory in Castile c. 1400-60. Medium AevumMonographs (New Series) 14.Oxford:The Society fortheStudyofMediaevalLanguages and Literature, 1990.

carr, d; carta de don enrique de villena al deán y cabildo de cuenca

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