CS: China’s one child Policy María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

China’s population was growing at an alarming rate of 55 million every 3

years

In 1979 the policy was stablished

It restricted the nº of children allowed per couple to 1.0

Raised marriage age ( Men 22 Women 20 )

- CONFORMED WITH POLICY - WHO DIDNT

Free Education Deprived from this benefits

Priority Housing Huge fines

Family benefits

Many women who became pregnant a second time:

- forced to have an abortion

- “offered” sterilisation

- EXCEPTIONS:

- Parents with handicapped children were allowed to have a second one

- Rural áreas allowed a second child to help at the farm

CONSEQUENCES:

- Birth rate fell from 31 to 12

- Too Little population to support them in the future

- Femeale infanticide

- Prevented 230 million people being born

CS: Mexico to USA María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

A border of 3000km divides these 2 nations

Every year 1 million Mexicans try to cross the border

Usually go to California from Tijuana

- PUSH FACTORS - PULL FACTORS

-Poverty (40% population is poor) - USA is rich (GNP over $40,000 per

capita )

-Unemplyment (28% unemployed) - less poverty (12% population)

-Low salary - More Jobs (unemployment rate 5%)

-Poor health care system (1 doctor per

1800 people)

-Better Salary (earn 10 times more)

-Poor education (8 million illeterate) -Good education (99% literate)

-Good health care system (1 doctor per

400 people)

IMPACTS:

MEXICO USA

Benefits: Benefits:

- Worker send $20 billion a year back to

Mexico

- benefit the US economy by working

for low wages

-support a better standard of living for

those in Mexico

-Migrants are willing to do the low

quality jobs Americans don’t want

to

- Less competition for jobs (less

unemployment) & housing in Mexico

- USA becomes multicultural

Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

-Depopulation in some towns

(Tendeparacuawas 6,000 now only 600)

-Unskilled American workers find it

harder to get jobs

- Break up of families - Cultural and racial tension

- Ageing population - Illegal migration is seen as a drain

in the american economy

CS: Rio de Janeiro María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Most inhabitants are rural to urban migrants

There are 600 favelas, more tan 1 million people live here.

People don’t have Access to basic services (clean wáter, proper sewers or

electricity)

Often built in unwanted land prone to floods and landslides with scrap

material (storms caused 200 deaths in 1988)

There is lots of crime and 500 000 street dwellers , violence and drug

trafficking.

SOLUTIONS: Favela Bairro Project in 1995 -$300 million funding

Social improvements

- Daycare centers and after school schemes

- Adult education clases

- Services to help people affected by drug/alcohol/domestic violence

Economic improvements

- Residents now legally own their house

- Training schemes to learn new skills to find better Jobs and earn more

money

Environmental improvements

- Replace wooden buildings with brick

- Remove homes in dangerous sites

- Widening and paving of streets

- Provision of basic services

Community development

- residents choose which improvements to make

- Neighborhood associations

- New services staffed by residents

IMPROVEMENTS:

- Property values increased by 80-120%

- Helath care improved

- It improved the lives of 253 000 people

CS: Mt St Helens María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Washington, USA (Cascade mountain range)

Destructive Plate boundary :

Oceanic plate (Juan de Fuca)

goes under the continental

plate (North American) because

it is more dense.

The oceanic plate moves down

the mantle where it melts,

forming a pool of magma.

The magma rises through cracks

in the crust, vents

During 3 months of seismic activity magma rose. However, there was a

blockage in the main vent so a large bulge grew in the north flank of the

volcano.

On May 18th 1980 an earthquake of 5.1 in the Richter scale caused a

landslide in the north flank, resulting in a huge release of pressure.

Effects:

-57 people died: psychological trauma

-Lava flows and ash filling in Spirit Lake

-Log jams and ash blocking the channel of the Toutle River

-This resulted in flooding

-Flooding washed away road and rail bridges: emergency vehicles can’t get

through

-Large number of wildlife killed

-Crops ruined: will lead to food shortages

-Mudflows/ Fires / Poisonous gases: acid rain/ Pyroclastic flows 670 mph

-200 homes destroyed: People homeless

Why do people live there?

- The soil around volcanoes is fertile because of minerals from volcanic ash

and lava. This attracts farmers

- Volcanoes are tourist attractions- lots of people live around volcanoes

to work in the tourist indutry

- Volcanoes are a source of geothermal energy- people live around

volcanoes to work at power stations and have a cheaper supply of energy

- Land is often cheaper around volcanoes

- People think that an eruption wont happen

- Many minerals such as gold silver or tin can be found in volcanic

rock- so people live there to work in the mine industry

- There are people who can’t afford moving away difficult to find a

new job

- They have all their family, friends and relatives there and

practically all their life Jobs/businness/home

- confident of support from the government

- Have always lived there

Kobe Earthquake- Japan María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Kobe region of south central Japan (Second most populated & industrialised

area after Tokyo)

January 17th 1995

Magnitude 7.2 in the Richter scale, lasted for 20secs

Destructive plate boundary :

The denser Philippines Plate (oceanic plate) is being subducted under the

Eurasian Plate (continental plate). Tension builds up when one plate gets

stuck, the sudden release of this pressure results in an earthquake.

Impacts

- 5000 people dead: psychological traumas

- Buildings collapsed: 300,000 people homeless

- 200,000 buildings collapsed

- Roads destroyed: emergency services cant get through

- Electricity, gas and water supplies distrupted

- Fires caused by broken gas pipes

- Industries ie. Mitsubishi & Panasonic were forced to close

- Shortage of food and wáter supplies

- People were forced to live in unsanitary, overcrowded conditions

- 120 quays destroyed

- 130km of the ‘bullet train’ had to be closed

How did the government cope with the situation?

- Schools and factories have regular earthquake drills

- Authorities were criticised for being slow to rescue people and for

refusinf offers of help from other countries

- Water, electricity, gas and telephone services were fully working by

July 1995

- The railways were back in service in 1995

- A year later, 80% of the port was working

- 134,000 housing units had been constructed

- New laws were passed to make buildings and transport structures even

more earthquake proof

- More instruments were installed in the area to monitor earthquake

movements

Why do people live here?

- Have always lived there

- Cant afford cost of moving away

- Employed in the area.

- Confident of support from the government

- People believe severe earthquakes wont happen again

- Kobe is an important centre for commerce, tourism, shipbuilding, and

for manufacturing steel, rubber, and textiles- so there are many jobs

- Kobe is a rich place

Hurricane Katrina María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

29th August 2005

South East USA

Category 4

Impacts

- 1800 people killed: psychological traumas

- 300,000 houses destroyed; people homeless

- 3 million people without electricity

- I-10 bridge collapsed. Many roads destroyed: emergency aid cant reach

- Business damaged and destroyed: 230,000 jobs were lost

- 30 offshore oil platforms sunk: increased the Price of fuel

- Shops in New Orleans were looted

- 8.5 metre storm surge/ levees didnt withstand the power of the water/

heavy rainfall 1inch per hour: 80% of city under water (flooding) city

under 6m of water.

- Wind speeds 140mph

- Crops damaged: food shortages

- Water supplies polluted

How did the authorities respond?

- $800 million spent on rebuilding flood defences

- $34 billion spent on rebuilding infrastructure

Why do people live here?

- Cant afford the cost of moving away

- Have always lived there

- Dont want to leave family and friends

- Are employed in the area

- Confident of government support

- Confident of prediction systems

- Believe a severe hurricane wont occurr again

Tropical Rainforest- Amazon Basin María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Reasons:

- Growing population: land needed for housing

- Farming:

- Resources: timber, minerals & hydroelectric energy

- Transport: (transport resources) Trans-Amazonia highway 5300km

Threat:

- 3 million hectares cleared annually

- 60-70% of deforestation from comercial cattle ranching

- Every day 134 plants, animal and insects die

- Amerindian populations fallen 9,800,000

- Pollution of rivers

- Global Warming

- Half of medicines come from there

- Changes in the composition of the atmosphere

- The soil becomes unfertile

East Anglia María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

South East England

Intensive, Extensive Arable farming: potatoes, sugar beet and vegetables

INPUTS

Physical Human

- Very flat only 100m above sea

level: easy to build

- Soil is very fertile due to Boulder

clay laid in the ice age

- Rainfall 500-700mm per year

- Long warm sunny summers, avg

17ºC

- 200 hectares of land

- Cereal Crop sedes

- Good transport system has

developed so its easy to Access A1,

M11

- Close to large nearby markets,

London: saves time and cost, easier

to transport bulky, perishable

godos.

- Money form EU common

agricultural sustems (CAP)

- Fertilisers and pesticides

- Small labour force

- Machines

PROCESSES

- Ploughing

- Harrowing

- Weeding

- Applying fertiliser and

pesticides

- Harvesting

OUTPUT

- Wheat, barley, sugar beet,

potatoes, peas and beans

- Huge amounts of money

Ganges Valley María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

INPUTS

Physical Human

-Rich fertile from silt which is

deposited annually by the Ganges

-Wet padi

-Temperatures over 21ºC

-Continuous growing season

-Monsoon rains

-Rice, vegetable or cereal seed

-Small farm 1hectare

-Lots of labour force

-Embarkments

-Irrigation cannals

-hand labour

-Water buffalo used

-manure as fertiliser

PROCESSES

- Planting rice in nursery

- Ploughing and transplating rice into padi fields

- Harvesting rice

- Planting Winter wheat

- Harvesting wheat

- Growing vegetables

OUTPUTS

- rice

- some wheat, vegetables & chicken

Bangladesh María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

July-September 1998

Rivers Brahmaputra and Ganges overflow their Banks due to the anual

monsoons

153 million people live on the floodplains of these rivers

CAUSES

Physical Human

Low lying country (80%

flood plain)

Increaing population- pressure in the foothils of

the Himalaya due to DEFORESTATION

Receives large amounts

of water (2 major rivers:

Brahmaputra & Ganges)

Bangladesh is an LEDC and doesnt have enough

money to spend on flood protection

Monsoon climate (annual

torrential rains)

More silt is deposited in the river reducing the

river cannel capacity and therefore incresin risk of

flooding.

Melting snow from

Himalayas

IMPACTS

- 60% of country flooded / Dhaka 2m underwater

- Destroy of rice crops apprx. 700,000ha > food shortages

- Destroy basic infrastructure: 30 million homeless

- 1000 deaths: psychological traumas

- Contamination of wáter by waste/dead bodies/animals > spread of disease

(cholera)

- Lack of Access to medical care > more deaths

- Export industries decrease in 20% of production

- Communcication was difficult > rescue operations difficult > aid

WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE THERE?

- Provides wáter for crops

- Deposition of silt which makes soil fertile

- Deposition creates land upon which people can live (ie. Ganges valley delta)

- Dont have money to move away

- Have always lived there

- Are used to it

- All their family and relatives are ther

MANAGEMENT

- Creation of artificial leves which increase cannel capacty

- Constructing flood protection shelters

- Emergency flood warning systems and plans

- Emergency medical stores in villages

- Building flood proof storage sheds

- Dam construction upstream

Aswan Dam- Egypt María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Egypt is an LEDC

River Nile (probably largest river in the world)

Took 10 years to build (opened in 1970)

$1 billion dollars spent

BENEFITS PROBLEMS

More employment opportunities in

Farming (provide

irrigation)/Tourism(wáter

sports)/industrry(fishing)

Farmland less fertile as silt isnt

deposited Fertiliser needs to be added

> pollutes rivers & cost money (1

million tonnes pa.)

Create cheap HEP (2’100 megawatts) Nile Delta getting smaller

Encourage foreign investment (soviet

unión)

Lake Nassar filling up with silt >

evetually not HEP

Keep river navigable all year Water born diseases > Bilharzia

Fishing & Farming > improve peoples

diet

Huge shoals have now vanished

Prevented flooding Irrigation wáter evaporates > salts are

left

Lake Nassar constructed > Water

supply allr year

Jobs lost in fishing around Nile Delta

Improve people’s quality of life Archaelogical sites flooded from Nubian

civilisationReduced Rural to Urban migration

Swaziland María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

60% of people with HIV are in Sub-saharian Africa

Since the beginnig of the epidemic 15 million Africans have died

Life expectancy fell from 51 to 31

100’000 orphaned children

HIV prevalence rate 26,1%

ECONOMIC SOCIAL

Lots of money has to be spent in health

care

Grand Parents have to take care of

orphaned children > they cant cope.

Less money spent in other services ie.

Education

Psychological taumas

Less Economically Active population Child labour > children dont go to school

GNP decreases Families cant afford doctors and

appropiate health care attention

Costa del Sol- Spain María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

South of Spain, Malaga

Why do so many people go there?

Climate:

- summers are hot (23ºC)

- lots of hours of sunshine (8hr)

- It rarely rains (7mm)

Landscape:

- Mediterranean Sea

- Sierra Nevada mountains

- Shingle or Sandy beaches

Accomodation:

- Fuengirola & Torremolinos: cheap

- Marbella: luxurious

- Numerous campsites alogn the N340 road

Nightlife and shopping:

- Numerous restaurants with typical spanish food (ie. 7 de Julio)

- Bars & cafes

- British food

- Shopping áreas in Torremolinos (ie. Malaga central Market)

- Chic boutiques with designers cloter in Marbella (El corte Ingles)

Things to do:

- Water sports and Aquapark in Torremolinos

- Yatching marinas and harbours at Puerto Banus

- Golf courses (ie. Costa del Golf)

- Visit village of Mijas

- Picasso Museum

- Alcazaba (arabic fortress)

Kenya María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Why do so many people come here? ( 7000 000 visitors per year )

Climate

- Warm (25ºC)

- Sunshine all year round

Nature/ Physical Attractions / Landscape + Wildlife

- Mountains (Mt. Kenya 5200m) (Aberdare Mountains)

- Sandy beaches (Indian Ocean)

- Lakes (Lake Victoria)

- Desert (Chalbi desert)

- Waterfalls (Thomson’s Falls)

- Great Rift Valley

- Wildlife: flamingos, Rhinos, Lions, Giraffes, Elephants, Crocodiles,

Zebras….

- over 50 National Parks (ie. Masai Mara)

Human Attractions

- Treetops Hotel

- Mombasa Beach hotel

- Balloon Safari

- Safaris

- Tribal Culture (Samburu)

Advantages DisadvantagesEncourages building of new roads + better communications more jobs

Safari minibuses/ballons disturb animals & increase rate of erosion

Jobs created develope people business skills

Tribes have lost their land because of national parks

Local infrastructure improved Facilities can be used by local people

Coastal environments damaged (Tourist step on corals)

Foreign currency helps to improve services

Drugs & crime/ conjestion/ polluton increased. AIDS is a major problem

Local people have more money & better quality of life

Profits go to foreign companies. They bring foreign workers too.

Encourage people to protect the environment Nat. Parks created

Important projects focused on tourists House prices rise

Multicultural Seasonal Unemployment

The M4 Corridor María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Proximity to the M4 and mainline railways allows Access to all parts of UK

Presence of Heathrow, Gatwick, Luton airports to export products

Concentration of other industries ideas and knowledge can be shared &

transport costs may be reduced between agglomerated industries

Large skilled labour forcé from (Oxford, Cambridge, Bristol & Reading)

Easy Access to the Channel Tunnel International export

Very attractive natural environment to attract workers Costwold and

Mendip Hills

Close proximity/good Access to London major government functions &

Financial trading occur

Sahel María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez

Temperature +/- 47ºC

Rainfall just 1 or 2 months of the year

Impacts

- 100 000 people dead starvation & thirst

- 12 million cattle died famine

- 750 000 dependant of food aid

- 50 million people affected

- spread of diseases more deaths

- People are forced to migrate puts pressure on the resources of the

receiving country