RURAL AREA

CASE STUDYTHE PLACE WHERE WE CAN SMELL THE LAND WHERE TRADITIONS STILL PREVAIL IN AIR

OUR VILLAGES ARE NOT PROPERLY MAINTAINED THEY ARE NOT AWARE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING AROUND THE WORLD AND EVEN IN THE CITIES AROUND THEM. WHAT MAKES THE CITY GENERATION TO HATE VILLAGES IS THEIR EXTREME DEPENDENCY ON CULTURE. THEIR BELIEFS ARE TOO OLD FOR THE PRESENT

GENERATION CULTURE. THEY WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO STUDY. BUT DO NOT POSSESS THE PROPER FACILITIES FOR THEIR HIGHER EDUCATION. THEIR JOB OF

AGRICULTURE MAY NOT YIELD THEM MONEY THAT IS ENOUGH FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD

RURAL AREAS ARE THE BIGGEST SUPPORT OF INDIA, FROM THE PAST TO FUTURE. THEY ARE THE ONE, WITH WHICH THE WORLD RECOGNIZES INDIA. THEY ARE THE ONE THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON OTHER CITIES, BUT THE ENTIRE INDIA IS DEPENDENT ON THE RURAL AREAS. THEY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR MODERN INDIA IN EVERY FIELDS FROM AGRICULTURE, ECONOMY, PRETTINESS OF OUR COUNTRY. HENCE SPITE OF ALL THE NEGATIVE FACTORS, THE POSITIVE NESS LEADS THE WAY. HENCE, WE CONCLUDE THAT VILLAGES ARE THE BIGGEST STRENGTH TO OUR INDIA.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS IN INDIAN RURAL AREAS?

SUBMITED TO:- AR.DEEPSHIKHA AND AR.SIDDHARTH

SUBMITTED BY :-BALRAM,DEEP PRBHA,DEEPAK,

DHAIRYA,HARMANDEEP, JAI AND LISA

ASADPUR NANDNAUR ZONE 8

LIGHT BLUE: SHOPSDAK BLUE: SCHOOL

YELLOW: RESIDNCEGREEN: CHAUPALS

GREEN BORDERS : AGRICULTURE LAND

RED: TEMPLES

MEDIUM BLE: ANGAMWARI, DISPENSARY

SURVEY ANALYSIS•MONTHLY INCOME: VARIES FROM 2000-8000 IN GENERAL . SOURCES: OWN SHOPS AS WORKERS IN MILLS ,FACTORIES , BY FARMING , CATTLE , DRIVING , HOUSE HOLD WORKS LIKE STITCHING .•SHOPPING: PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME GENERALLY SHOP FROM MURTHAL ITSELF WHEREAS OTHERS GO TO SONEPAT .•HEALTH FACILITIES: PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME GO TO GOVERNMENT DISPENSARIES IN VILLAGE . FACTORY WORKERS USE THEIR ESI CARDS ISSUED . OTHERS IN CASE OF MAJOR PROBLEMS PREFER TO GO TO HOSPITALS IN SONEPAT AND DELHI.•SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: NEARBY EMPTY PLOTS. MUNICIPAL TRUCKS REGULARLY COME TO COLLECT WASTE .•SOIL WASTE: USE OF SEPTIC TANKS.•CATTLE WASTE: USED TO MAKE DUNG CAKES THAT ARE BEING USED AS A FUEL IN COOKING PURPOSE .•COMMUNICATION: ALL HAVE MOBILE PHONES FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION.

GENERAL DATA : ZONE 2 POLES 25TRANSFORMERS

7

CHAUPALS 4TEMPLES 2SHOPS 23TUBEWELLS 2JOHADS 2TREES SHEESHAM, KEEKAR, NEEM ,

BER ,GUAVA , POMEGRANATE OTHER FACILITIES

ANGANWADI, DISPENSARY, SR. SEC. SCHOOL.

CASTES JATS , BALMIKI, TELLI, CHIPI, LOHAR, KUMHA , JHIMAR,, BRAHMIN ,

LAND USAGE ZONE-8

+0-+3000+6000+9000+12000+13000

SKY LINE

BUILDING CATEGORIES HEIGHTS

AVERAGE HEIGHT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

4000MM

AVERAGE HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL BUILDING

3000MM

AVERGE HEIGHT OF SOCIAL BUILDINGS

6000MM

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

7000MM

MINIMUM HEIGHT OF RESIDENIAL BUILDING

3000MM

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL BUILDING

3500MM

MINIMUM HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL BUILDING

2700MM

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF SOCIAL BUILDING

13000MM

MINIMUM HEIGHT OF SOCIAL BUILDING

4000MM

MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDING IN VILLAGE

TEMPLE

MINIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDING IN VILLAGE

SHOPS

ASADPUR NANDNAUR

STREETS IN ZONE 8

MATERIALS USED FOR STREET CONSTRUCTION:MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF STREETS ARE

• PCC• PRECAST

CONCRETE BLOCKS• CONCRETE TILES• BRICKS

CONSTRUCTION OF STREET• THE STREETS ARE OF TWO TYPES:PCC STREETSPRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS

STREET PATTERN IN NANDNAUR VILLAGE ORGANIC

STREET PATTERN IS FOLLOWED. ORGANIIC SREETS GO EVERY WAY,

THEY START AND END, SEMINGLY AT RENDOM, THEY CURVE BACK AND FORTH.

THIS KIND OF STREET ARE NOT VERY WELL PLANED, THESE ARE COMMON IN RUAL AREA.

SEEMINGLY RANDOM LINESS OF ORGANIG STREETS MAY ACTULLY BE ANYTHING BUT: THEY MAY FOLLOW CONTOOR LINES, POLITICAL DIVIISIONS, WATERCOURSES OR OTER FEATURES.

• MADE BY THREE LAYERS.• FIRST LAYER IS OF GRAVELS.• SECOND LAYER OF SAND.• THIRD AND TOP LAYER OF

PRECSAT CONCRETE BLOCKS.• IN ANOTHER METHOD IT IS ALSO

IN THREE LAYERS.\• FIRST LAYER OF SAND FILLING.• SECOND LAYER OF GRAVELS.• TOP LAYER IS OF 6 INCHES THICK

PCC.SLOPES HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR FLOW OF THE WATER TOWARDS DRAINS.

DRAINAGE THROUGH DRAINS RUNNING ON ONE SIDE OR BOTH THE SIDES OF THE STREET ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT .BASIC PRINCIPLE USED GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF EARTH. DUE TO THIS WATER FLOWS FROM HIGHER LEVEL TO LOWER LEVEL . SO SLOPE MATTERS IN DRAINAGE PATTERN OF A VILLAGE .FROM THE DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE VILLAGE WE CAN GET THE IDEA OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THAT PLACE. MATERIALS USED DRAINS ARE MAINLY OF THREE TYPES ON THE BASIS OF MATERIALS USED .• CONCRETE,PRE CAST CONCRETE PIPES. BRICKIN SOME HOUSES NO SUCH PROVISION IS THERE FOR DRAINAGE PURPOSE , WATER FLOWS BY ITSELF ACCORDING TO THE SLOPE AND FINALLY FALLS INTO THE STREET DRAIN.

AT JUNCTIONS OF STREETS: DRAINS ARE COVERED BY CONCRETE SLABS OR METAL JALI. AT FEW PLACES STONE SLAB IS ALSO USED AND LEFT PLACES ARE WITH OPEN DRAINS. JOINING OF TWO DRAINS: USE OF METAL JALI OR SOMETIMES LEFT OPEN.

JUNCTION OF DRAINS

DRAINAGE COVERING OUTSIDE HOUSES RAMPS ARE MADE AT THE ENTRANCES .IN LOW COST CONSTRUCTION HOUSES ONLY STONE SLABS OR PRE CAST CONCRETE BLOCKS ARE USED TO COVER THE DRAIN ATE THE ENTRANCE. AT SOME PLACES A CONCRETE SLAB OF ALMOST 2 TO 3 INCHES IS MADE SUPPORTED ON BRICK COLUMNS OF 9”X9” FROM STREET LEVEL TO UP TO THE FLOOR LEVEL OF THE HOUSE. STEPS ARE PROVIDED FOR THE APPROACH. THIS SLAB COULD BE USED FOR SITTING AND OTHER PURPOSES.

N

DRAINAGE LAYOUTTHE DRAINAGE IS DONE ON THE BASIS OF THE TOPOLOGY OF THE

VILLAGE.WASTE WATER IS COLLECTED IN A JHOD THROUGH THE DRAINS.

RAIN WATER.:NO DIFFERENT PROVISION FOR RAIN WATER DRAINAGE AND NO CONCEPT OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING IS THEREREQUIREMENT OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING: AS THE GROUND WATER LEVEL OF THE VILLAGE IS DECREASING AT A FAST RATE AS TUBE WELLS ARE THE ONLY SOURCE OF WATER HERE , THEREFORE IT NEEDS TO BE RECHARGED WHICH COULD BE DONE BY RAINWATER HARVESTING. AS THE ROOF AREA IN VILLAGES IS GOOD ENOUGH TO COLLECT WATER AND SOME HOUSES HAVE JOINED ROOF ALSO WHICH MAY ALSO HELP.

HOUSE DRAINAGE: SAME MATERIALS ARE USED AS IN STREETS AND ALONG WITH THEM PVC PIPES AND CAST IRON PIPES ARE ALSO USED IN INTERNAL HOUSE DRAINAGE.

SECTIONS: SHOWING THE STREET MATERIALS AND DRAIN SECTIONS

A. PVC PIPES WITH BRICK LINING FOR DRAINS.

B. NO PROPER DRAIN .BRICK REMOVED FROM WALL .WATER FLOWS ACCORDING TO THE SLOPE.

C. WATER FALLS DIRECTLY IN THE STREET DRAIN THROUGH PVC PIPE.

D. CONCRETE USED AS LINING OF DRAIN

ROOF WATER DRAINAGE: USE OF PARNALA FOR DIRECT FLOW OF WATER TO THE WASTE WATER DRAIN OR CAST IRON PIPES, PVC PIPES OR PRE CAST CONCRETE PIPES ARE USED .

DRAINAGE

PROBLEMS: IN DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF VILLAGES THE MOST IMPORTANT DRAWBACK IS THAT THE DRAINS ARE OPEN. SECONDLY THE WASTE WATER IS FINALLY COLLECTED IN JOHAD .WATER STANDS OVER THERE. A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF THAT WASTE WATER DRIES UP DAILY DURING DAYTIME. THIS STANDING WATER IS NOT GOOD FOR THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE NEARBY AREA.BLOCKAGE: THE SOLID WASTE THAT COLLECTS DUE TO DIFFERENT REASONS IN THE DRAIN CREATES THE PROBLEM OF BLOCKAGE.

IF DRAINS ARE NOT CONSTRUCTED PROPERLY LIKE THE DEPTH IS NOT PROPER , OR THE MATERIAL IS NOT GOOD ETC.SOMETIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES THE RAW MATERIAL FOR CONSTRUCTION OR THE MUD THAT CAME OUT DURING EXCAVATION CREATES BLOCKAGE. DURING CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINS ALSO SUCH PROBLEMS EVOLVE. IMPROPER DRAINAGE MAY HARM THE STRUCTURE ALSO

WASTE WATER FLOWING ON STREET WITHOUT ANY PROPER DRAINAGE

DRAIN WATER DIRECTLY FALLING IN STREET DRAIN AND SPREADING ALL AROUND IN NEARBY AREA OF STREET

ELECTRICITY SOURCES: GOVERNMENT SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY FOR ABOUT 7 TO 9 HRS PER DAY.VERY FEW PEOPLE USE GENERATORS AND INVERTERS AS SUPPLEMENT.ELECTRICITY POWER PLANTS

RED TRIANGLES IN THIS PLAN ARE TRANSFORMERS.POLES ARE CONNECTED BY WIRING . A TENTATIVE WIRING PLAN IS ALSO GIVEN.

A DIAGRAM TO SHOW HOW ELECTRICITY REACHES OUR HOUSE.

TRANFORMERS

MESSED UP WIRES ON THE POLES AND IN SOME HOUSES ALSO . LOW MAINTENANCE CAUSES SOME PROBLEMS .LIKE AS WE CAN SEE THE WIRES ARE BURNT BUT STILL IN USE.THESE WIRES CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUITS.STREET LAMPS ON THE POLES MAY BE AFFECTED DUE TO OPEN WIRES.MAINTAINANCE OF LAMPS ALSO AFFECTED BY LOW MAINTAINANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL WIRING. AND CAN BE HARMFUL TO HUMAN ALSO.

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

WIRES CONNECTED TO THE POLES .

TOWERS IN ZONE 8

SOURCE OF THAT SUPPLY IS TUBE WELLS OF DIA 10” , 600’ TO 900’ DEEP, THAT ARE LOCATED ON DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN VILLAGE.PVC AND CI PIPES ARE USED FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION UNDERGROUND FITTING IS BY CI PIPES . AROUND 100 SUBMERSIBLES HAVE ALSO BEEN INSTALLED BY PEOPLE IN THEIR HOUSES IN CONTRIBUTION OR SEPARATELYIN INITIAL TIMES HAND PUMPS WERE USED. BUT AS WATER LEVEL AHS DECREASED TO A GREAT EXTENT , NOW THEY ARE NOT SUCCESSFUL.LOCATION OF TUBE WELL- TUBE WELLS FEEDING MURTHAL ARE LOCATED :NEAR GIRL’S COLLEGENEAR GUMBAZ (WATER RESERVOIR OR HAUZ)NEAR BOYS COLLEGEAT KUMASPUR ROAD

DECREASING GROUND WATER LEVEL:BECAUSE OF THESE GROUND WATER HAS DECREASED AT RAPID RATE. THOSE TUBE WELLS ARE THE MAIN REASON FOR THE DECREASE IN THE GROUND WATER LEVEL OF NANDNUR WHICH HAS DECREASED FROM 15 FT TO MORE THAN 100 FT IN PAST 20 YRS. IN BETWEEN WHERE THE WATER LEVEL WAS 35 FT ONE PROBLEM THAT PEOPLE FACED WAS THAT THAT OIL CAME MIXED ALONG WITH WATER.MISUSE OF WATER IS ALSO ANOTHER PROBLEM. NO TAPS ARE USED IN SOME HOUSES.

SUBMERCIBLE DETAILS: COST OF INSTALLATION 18,000.AROUND 1 TO 1.5 HP MOTOR IS USED.DEPTH AROUND 120 TO 150 FEET AT THIS TIMEAROUND 130 SUBMERSIBLES IN TOTAL IN MURTHAL.45 SUBMERSIBLES ARE INSTALLED BY PANCHAYAT4” PVC PIPE IS USED IN SUBMERSIBLES.AFTER THAT 1 OR 1.5” GI PIPE IS USED.

USE OF ELECTRIC MOTORS TO FILL THE OVERHEAD STORAGE TANKS .

PIPE CONNECTED TO THE SUBMERSIBLE WITH A TAP AND ALSO TO THE OVER HEAD TANK.

TENTATIVE SKETCH SHOWING THE SECTIONAL DETAILS OF A SUBMERSIBLE.

WATER STORAGE TANKS: CONNECTED EITHER TO THE SUBMERSIBLE TAP OR TO THE GOVERNMENT WATER SUPPLY.THEY COULD BE ON THE GROUND OR OVER HEAD.

WATER SUPPLY:

CHARACTERSTICS

HOUSE 1(SANJIVE JI)

HOUSE 2(VIKAS SAGAR)

HOUSE 3(SANTLAL SAIN)

HOUSE 4(SAVITRI JI)

HOUSE 5(SHIV KUMAR JI)

YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION

2015 2006 2000 1995 1990

NO. OF MALE AND FEMALE

3 MALES1 FEMALES

3 MALES1 FEMALES

6 MALES3 FEMALES

2 MALES1 FEMALES

7 MALES4 FEMALES

SOURCE OF INCOME

FARMING+JAMIDAR

SERVICE SERVICE+FARMING FARMING BUSINESS+FARMING

NO. OF VEHICLES

1BIKE1TRACTOR

1CAR 1 BIKE 1 CYCLE 1CAR,2BIKES,2TRACTOR

BUILDING MATERIAL

BRICK/RCC BRICK/RCC BRICK/RCC MUD,BRICK,STONE,STEEL

KADI,TIMBER,BRICK

MEANS OF COMMUNICATIO

N

MOBILESNO LAN LINE

MOBILESNO LAN LINE

MOBILESNO LAN LINE

MOBILESNO LAN LINE

MOBILESNO LAN LINE

ANIMAL LIVE STOCK

2 BUFFALO _ 1 BUFFALO 1 COW 1 COW,1BUFFALO

+VE FACTORS SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED

-VE FACTORS _ _ IMPROPER SPORTS FACILITIES

_ HOSPITALS+CONNECTIVITY

MALESFEMALES

AUTOSBUSPRIVATE

HOUSE 5

HOUSE 1

HOUSE 2

HOUSE 3

HOUSE 4

SCHOOLING

UNDERGRADUATEPOSTGRADUATEILLITERATE

10

HOUSES

CHARACTERSITICS HOUSE 1[SANJEEV JI]

HOUSE 2VIKAS SAGAR

HOUSE 3SANTILAL JI

HOUSE 4SAVITRI JI

HOUSE 5SHIV KUMAR JI

HOUSE 6ATTIM JI

HOUSE 7 MANGLU RAM JI

HOUSE 8 RAM JI

HOUSE 9 NARANG JI

HOUSE 10GOPAL JI

YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION

2015 2006 2010 2009 2006 2008 1998 2004 1999 1996

NO. OF MALE & FEMALE

3 MEN 1 FEMALES

3 MALES 1 FEMALE

6 MALES2 FEMALES

2 MALES 1 FEMALE

7 MALES3 FEMALES

3 MALES2 FEMALES

1 MALE 1 FEMALE

2 MALES1 FEMALES

4 MALES2 FEMALES

1 MALE 2 FEMALES

SOURCE OF INCOME FARMING + JAMIDAR

SERVICE SERVICE + FARMING

FARMING BUSINESS FARMING

FARMING + JAMIDAR

SERVICE + FARMING

SERVICE FARMING BUSINESS FARMING

NO. OF VEHICLES 1 BIKE 1 TRACTOR

1 BIKE 1 CAR 2 TRACTOR

1 CYCLE 1 SCOOTER

1 BIKE + 1 CAR

1 BIKE 1 CAR + 1 CYCLE

1 CYCLE

BUILDING MATERIAL BRICK/RCC MUD, BRICK, SAND, STONE

BRICK/RCC BRICK/RCC

MUD, BRICK, STONES

BRICK/ RCC

MUD, BRICK, SAND, STONE

MUD, BRICK, SAND, STONE

BRICK/RCC MUD, BRICK, STONES

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES

ANIMAL LIVE STOCK 2 BUFFALO 1 BUFFALO _ 1 COW 2 BUFFALO

1 COW + 1 BUFFALO

1 BUFFALO + 2 COW

- - 2 COW

+VE FACTORS SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED

SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED

-VE FACTORS - MPROPER SPORTS FACILITIES

HOSPITALS

- MPROPER SPORTS FACILITIES

HOSPITALS

- HOSPITALS + CONNECTIVITY

- -

HOUSE SURFACE HOUSE1 * PLINTH LEVE-700MM * LINTEL LIVEL-2000MM * CILL LEVEL -1000MM * APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 250 SQ.YARD * SIMPLE FLOORING OF CONCRETE WERE MADE * BRICKS AND RCC WHERE CHEAF MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION * SEPRATE AREA FOR LIFE STOCK WERE GIVEN IN HOUSE ONLY * HANDPUMPS WHERE USED TO PUMP GROUND WATER AND WAS THE CHEAF SOURCE OF WATER

HOUSE2 * PLINTH LEVEL-600MM * LINTEL LEVEL-1800MM * CILL LEVEL -900MM * APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 200 SQ.YARD * TILES WERE USED ON OUTER WALL * HANDPUMPS WERE USED FOR PUMPING GROUND WATER

HOUSE 3 * PLINTH LEVEL-650MM * LINTEL LEVEL -2100MM * CILL LEVEL -850MM * APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 150 SQ.YARD * BASIC RURAL HOUSE WITH AATTACHED SHOP

HOUSE 5 * PLINTH LEVEL-400MM * LINTEL LEVEL -1800MM * CILL LEVEL -700MM * THIS WAS THE HOUSE PRADHAN OF THE VILLAGE * MOST DEVELOPED HOUSEFULL OF ALLBASIC RESOURES * POWERBACKUP WAS THERE * HANDPUMPS WAS THERE TOPUMP GROUNDWATER LEVEL * KADI,TIMBER,AND BRICK RCC WERE USED

COMMAN REVIEWS * VILLAGE HAD ALL BASIC RECUIREMENTS * MJORITY HOUSE HAD OPEN AREA LIKE A COUTYARD * AS AMOUT OF ANIMAL STOCK WAS THERE CONCIDRABLE STORAGE AREA WAS GIVEN

HOUSE4 * PLINTH LEVEL-600MM * LINTEL LEVEL-2100MM * CILL LEVEL - 850MM * HAD UNDER GROUND PIPEING SYSTUM AND POWER BACKUP SYSTUM * MUD,BRICKS,STONES AND STEEL WERE USED

SPACE ALLOCATIONREQUIREMENTS:•GUEST ROOM OR BAITHAK.•FODDER CUTTING MACHINE.•MACHINERY PLACE.•STORAGE SPACE.•RAW MATERIAL :-•COW DUNG•COTTON WOOD•FODDER.•COURTYARD•KITCHEN AND CHULHA•STAIRS•TOILETS AND BATHROOMS•WATER STORAGE•BEDROOMS•SEPTIC TANKS

FLOORING OF A PARTICULAR PLACE DEPENDS ON ITS FUNCTIONALITY. FOR E.G. :- WHETHER IT IS OPEN OR CLOSED USED FOR WET OR DRY AREA.CATTLE SPACE – EITHER NO FLOORING IS DONE, ONLY EARTH COMPACTION.GOOD FOR CATTLE.COURTYARD – BRICK FLOORING WITH POINTING, CEMENT FLOORING. FLOORING IS DONE SUCH THAT IT REQUIRES LOW MAINTENANCE.

THE CONSTRUCTION STARTS FROM FOUNDATION AND ENDS AT THE PARAPET.THE VERY FIRST STEP IS MAKING OF TRENCHES FOR FOUNDATION LAYING, FILLING BRICK BALLAST, COMPACTION AND FINALLY FOUNDATION FOOTING.THEN COMES THE DPC LEVEL. IN VILLAGES IN OLDER HOSES THERE WAS NO DPC.BRICK DETAILS : EARLIER THE BRICK SIZE WAS 1.5” X 3.5” X 5”.AS EARLIER BRICKS WERE MADE MANUALLY WITHOUT USING INSTRUMENTS , SOME VARIATIONS ARE ALWAYS THERE.NOW THE BRICK SIZE IS 4.5” X 3” X 9”.

PLANNINGIN MOST OF THE HOUSES THE PLANNING IS COURTYARD .THERE ARE MANY USES OF COURTYARD PLANNING

CATTLE SPACE : VERY IMPORTANT PART OF THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE.

CONSTRUCTION

SKETCHES SHOWING TYPES OF FLOORING

PLASTER DETAILS:BRICK POINTING:FOR ECONOMIC USE.HELPS IN PREVENTING THE WATER TO PENETRATE.CRUSHER PLASTERING:IMPROVES THE INSULATION QUALITY OF WALL.FOR AESTHETICS ALSO.NORMAL PLASTERING: ABOUT 12MM THICK PLASTER ON WALL OF RATIO 1:4 OF CEMENT WITH JAMUNA SAND.

WALL THICKNESSES:IN EARLIER STAGES THICK WALLS USED. THEY HELPED IN INSULATION .AND ALSO THEY WERE LOAD BEARING WALLS .THICKNESS VARIED FROM 9” TO 18”NOW SOME WALLS THAT ARE NOT LOAD BEARING ARE GENERALLY MADE UP OF LESS THICKNESS. LIKE 4.5”

BRICK JALI:VERY IMPORTANT PART OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE. CAN BE USED AS:VENTILATORWINDOWPARTITION WALLPARAPETIN CATTLE SHEDKITCHENFOR CHIMNEY.

CEILING DETAILS:4” X4” BATTENS AND WOODEN TILES WITH WOODEN BEAM ARE STEEL SECTIONS.INSTEAD OF WOODEN TILES SOMETIMES STONE SLAB OR CONCRETE SLAB IS ALSO USEDUSE OF PHUSKA WITH BAMBOO STICKS AND STEEL RODSMUD CEILING.NOW A DAYS RCC SLAB IS USED IN HOUSES.

WOODEN LOGS OVER WHICH BRICKS ARE LAID WITH MUD MORTAR

MUD PLASTER •MATERIALS:-MUD MORTAR + COW DUNG•PUT A VERY THIN LAYER BY HANDS (MANUAL).•NEEDS MAINTENANCE.• PROTECT WALL FROM RAIN.•HELPS IN INSULATION

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL