case study: collaborative crop research in action · 2018. 1. 2. · cop community of practice...

Case Study: Collaborative Crop Research in Action The McKnight Foundation Support for Andean Grains Research and Development in Bolivia and Ecuador By Douglas Horton

Commissioned by The McKnight Foundation July 2014

| Case Study: Collaborative Crop Research in Action

Foreword

The McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) funds collaborative crop research between smallholder farmers, leading local researchers, and development practitioners to explore solutions for sustainable local food systems. Currently the CCRP funds 120 grantee organizations in 70 research projects in 12 countries.

In 2012, the program decided to undertake a series of case studies to better understand the impact and lessons of their interventions and those of selected grantees over the years. The case study method was chosen to combine qualitative and quantitative data in a format focused on utilization. The program, grantee, and larger community can subsequently learn and improve research for development outcomes going forward. This Andean Grains case study is the first in the series and is an excellent example of how this approach can provide insightful evidence and analysis that informs various hypotheses about how best to undertake more relevant and rigorous research. Ultimately, the goal is to embolden small-scale farmers in the Andes to improve their livelihoods. The report affirms the benefits of the flexibility, support, and capacity strengthening the CCRP provides, as well as the power of its collaborative and participatory approaches. It points to the need to more fully engage outside actors in the quinoa sector in Bolivia and the Andean grains sectors in Ecuador to better understand how these two research programs fit into the larger market and consumption trends. Finally, it reveals the need for more systematic project level data on the impact and reach of seed and other technologies to better inform future case studies.

Jane Maland Cady, International Program Director The McKnight Foundation

Rebecca Nelson, CCRP Scientific Director

Cornell University


Contents

Acronyms & Abbreviations .........................................................................................4

Summary ....................................................................................................................5

1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................7

2. The Andean Grains Programs .............................................................................. 11 Andeangrains:theirnatureanddynamicsinthecontextofagriculturaldevelopment................................11 DevelopmentofthenationalAndeangrainsprograms................................................................................................17

3. Results of the Andean Grains Programs .............................................................. 23 Productsproducedandservicesrendered........................................................................................................................23 Contributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies................................................................................................27 Lessonslearned.............................................................................................................................................................................31

4. The CCRP Approach to Supporting Andean Grains R&D ...................................... 32 TheMcKnightFoundation’sCollaborativeCropResearchProgram.......................................................................32 EvolutionofCCRPsupport.......................................................................................................................................................33 CCRPcontributionstoprogram‐levelcapacityandperformance............................................................................36 LessonsfortheCCRP...................................................................................................................................................................40

References ................................................................................................................ 41

About the Author ..................................................................................................... 43


Acronyms & Abbreviations

AEI AgroecologicalintensificationAPROSANAMY AsociacióndeProductoresdeSemillasyAlimentosNutricionalesAndinos,

MushukYuyay(AssociationofProducersofSeedandNutritiousAndeanFoods,“NewThinking”),Cañar,Ecuador

BYU BrighamYoungUniversityCABOLQUI CámaraBolivianadeExportadoresdeQuinuayProductosOrgánicos(Bolivian

ChamberofExportersofQuinoaandOrganicProducts)CADEQUIR CámaraDepartamentaldelaQuinuaRealdelDepartamentodePotosí

(DepartmentalChamberforQuinoaReal,DepartmentofPotosi),BoliviaCCRP CollaborativeCropResearchProgramCGIAR ConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchCIAL LocalAgriculturalResearchCommittee(ComitédeInvestigaciónAgrícola

Local)CoP CommunityofPracticeCORPOPURWA CorporacióndeProductoresdeLeguminosasyGranosAndinosdelPueblo

Puruwa(AssociationofProducersofLegumesandAndeanGrainsoftheVillageofPuruwa),Chimborazo,Ecuador

DANIDA Danish InternationalDevelopmentAgencyFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFAOSTAT OnlinestatisticaldatabaseoftheFAOFFS FarmerFieldSchoolIBTA InstitutoBolivianodeTecnologíaAgropecuaria(BolivianInstitutefor

AgriculturalTechnology)IFAD InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentIMEP Integratedmonitoring,evaluation,andplanning:systemdevelopedbythe

CCRPtofosterlearningandprogramimprovementINIAF InstitutoNacionaldeInnovaciónAgropecuariayForestal(NationalInstitute

forAgricultural,Livestock,andForestryInnovation),BoliviaINIAP InstitutoNacionalAutónomodeInvestigacionesAgropecuarias(National

AutonomousInstituteforAgriculturalandLivestockResearch),EcuadorIPM IntegratedpestmanagementNGO Non‐governmentalorganizationPROINPA FundaciónparalaPromocióneInvestigacióndeProductosAndinos

(FoundationforInvestigationandPromotionofAndeanProducts),BoliviaR&D ResearchanddevelopmentSDC SwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation


Summary

TheMcKnightFoundationcommissionedacasestudyofitssupporttoAndeangrainsresearchanddevelopment(R&D)inBoliviaandEcuadorthroughtheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP).Takingasystemsperspective,thestudywasdesignedtoassessthedevelopmentandresultsofthenationalAndeangrainsprograms,learnaboutCCRPcontributionstotheseprograms,andformulatelessonsforimprovingthenationalprogramsandfutureCCRPsupport.Thestudyconcludedthat,althoughmostofthefactorsinfluencingAndeangrainsproductionandusearebeyondthecontrolofnationalR&Dprograms,theyhavemadeimportantcontributionstoinnovationwithAndeangrainsinBoliviaandEcuador.Theprogramshave:

• Releasednewvarieties,workedwithfarmerstoimproveseedquality,andidentifiednewwaystomanagepestswithminimaluseofchemicalpesticides;

• Generatedanddisseminatedinformationonwaystoimproveproductionanddiversifyusesofquinoa,lupine,andamaranth;

• Influencedpublicpoliciesand,throughimprovedrelationshipsandnetworksinvolvingeconomicactorsandagriculturalserviceproviders,facilitatedinnovationprocessesandstrengthenedthecapacityforinnovationwithAndeangrainsinthetwocountries.

SincetheproductionandmarketingconditionsforAndeangrainsareconstantlychanging,nationalprogramsneedtodevelopsustainableR&Dcapacitiestorespondtochangingneedsandopportunities.Criticalisdevelopingeffectivecapacitiesfornetworkingandbrokeringinnovationprocesses.Byemphasizingsystemschangethroughcollaborativeresearch,knowledgesharing,andcapacitybuilding,theCCRPhasmadeimportantcontributionstodevelopingsuchcapacitiesinthetwocountries.Agrowingconcernforthenationalprogramsisdevelopingsustainablefinancialstrategiestoreducetheirdependenceonexternaldonorsaswellasonthenationaltreasury.


1. Introduction TheMcKnightFoundationbeganfundingcropresearchwiththePlantBiologyProgram,whichranfrom1983to1992.ThefollowingyearitlaunchedtheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP)toprovidesupportforagriculturalresearchindevelopingcountries.McKnighthascommissionedaseriesofcasestudiestobetterunderstandtheCCRPapproachanditsresultsinAfricaandtheAndeanregionofSouthAmericaandtoimprovefuturegrantmaking.TheAndeancasestudy,thefindingsofwhichfollow,focusedonMcKnight’sR&DsupportofAndeangrainsinBoliviaandEcuador.Theterm“Andeangrains”referstograinsandgrainlegumesthathavebeendomesticatedintheAndesandhavelongbeenconsideredneglectedandunderutilized.McKnighthassupportedquinoaresearchinBoliviaattheFoundationforInvestigationandPromotionofAndeanProducts(PROINPA),andquinoa,lupine,andamaranthresearchinEcuadorattheNationalInstituteforAgriculturalandLivestockResearch(INIAP)throughtheirlegumeandAndeangrainsprograms.Begunin2001theBolivianprojectisthelongest‐runningCCRP‐supportedprojectintheAndes.TheEcuadorianproject,whichbeganin2005,ispartofthesecondcohortofCCRPprojectsintheAndes.Bothhaveengagedinawiderangeofactivitiesovertheyears,including:

• Germplasmcollection,characterization,conservation,anduseinthedevelopmentofnewvarieties;

• Developmentandpromotionofimprovedpracticesforcultivation,pestmanagement,andharvestandpost‐harvestoperations;

• DiversificationofusesofAndeangrains,publicawareness,andpolicyinfluence.ThesearetheonlytwoprojectsintheCCRPAndesportfoliothatincludegeneticimprovementandthereleaseofnewcropvarieties.AlthoughtheinitialmotivationforanalyzingMcKnight’ssupportforAndeangrainsR&DcamefromwithintheFoundation,thestudywasalsotobeofusetomembersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsandtoPROINPAandINIAPseniormanagementforimprovingtheirR&Defforts.Inthissense,itisa“utilizationfocusedevaluation”doneforandwithspecificintendedprimaryusersforspecific,intendeduses(Patton,2012).ItwasexpectedthatthestudywouldalsobeofusetoindividualsandorganizationsconcernedwiththeuseandconservationofAndeangrains,alongwithotherneglectedandunderutilizedspecies,toimprovefoodsecurityandpromotesustainabledevelopment.Theseprioritieswereexpressedinthestudy’sthreeobjectives:

1. ToassessthedevelopmentandresultsoftheAndeangrainsR&Dprogramsinthetwocountries

2. ToassessthecontributionsoftheCCRPtoAndeangrainsR&Dinthetwocountries3. ToformulatelessonsforimprovingtheAndeangrainsprogramsaswellasfutureCCRP

support


FollowingHargreaves(2010)andPatton(2011),thestudytookanapproachthatreflectedsystemsthinking.TheCCRP’sworkintheAndeswasviewedasa“systemschangeintervention”thataimstobringaboutchangesinnationalAndeangrainsR&Dprograms.Thesechanges,inturn,areexpectedtocontributetochangesintheproductionandconsumptionofAndeangrainsand,ultimately,topovertyreduction,foodsecurity,andconservationofagrobiodiversityandothernaturalresources.AchievingtheAndeangrainsprograms’goalswouldrequiretargetingmanydifferentsystems:farming,marketing,policy‐making,publicopinion,andhouseholdconsumption.Hence,thestudywasconcernedwithnumerousinteractingand“entangled”systems,whichincludedtheCCRP,thenationalAndeangrainsprograms,theirhostorganizations,andthebroaderinnovationandfoodsystemsofwhichtheyformpartsandseektoinfluence.Thiscasestudywasnotintendedtobean“impactevaluation”inthetraditionalsense.ItdidnotseektoassesstheimpactsoftheCCRPortheAndeangrainsprogramsondistantsocioeconomicvariablessuchasruralwelfare,foodsecurity,ornaturalresourceconservation.Rather,inthespiritofcontributionanalysis(Mayne,2013),thestudysoughttounderstandthecontributionsoftheCCRPtothecapacityandperformanceofAndeangrainsR&DinBoliviaandEcuadorandtheinfluencesoftheseprogramstochangesinpublicperceptions,policies,andtheproductionanduseofAndeangrains.Thestudywasbasedoncasestudyresearchmethods(Yin,2009)anddrewonfourmainsourcesofinformation: 1. PrintedanddigitalpublicationsandinformationonAndeangrains 2. UnpublishedreportsontheCCRPandtheAndeangrainsprograms 3. Visitstofieldsitesandkeyinformantinterviewswithprogramstakeholders

4. Participatoryreviewworkshopsconductedatthebeginningandendofeachcountryvisit

InthisstudywedistinguishedR&Dfrominnovation.WhereasR&Dinvolvesthegenerationanddisseminationofscientificknowledge,innovationisabroaderconceptconcernedwith“theuseofnewideas,newtechnologies,ornewwaysofdoingthingsbypeopleandinplaceswheretheyhavenotbeenusedbefore”(Barnett,2004:1,emphasisadded).Aninnovationsystemextendsbeyondthecreationofknowledgetoencompassthefactorsaffectingdemandforanduseofnewandexistingknowledgeinnovelways(WorldBank,2007:6‐7;2012).Manypeoplehavecontributedtotheplanningandexecutionofthisstudy.Ithankthefarmfamilies,businesspeople,researchers,anddevelopmentprofessionalswhometwithmeinEcuadorandBoliviaandwhogavegenerouslyoftheirtimeandknowledge.EduardoPeraltaandthemembersofINIAP’slegumesandAndeangrainsprogramandAlejandroBonifacioandthemembersofPROINPAinBoliviamadeexcellentarrangementsforthecountryvisits;preparedusefulpresentationsonanddocumentationoftheirwork;organizedmyvisitstoresearchfacilities,farmingcommunities,andmarkets;wereexcellenthostsduringmyvisitstoEcuadorandBolivia;respondedtonumerousrequestsforadditionalinformationand


clarificationsafterthefieldwork;andprovideddetailedcommentsandsuggestionsforimprovingthisreport.TheseniormanagementteamsofINIAPandPROINPAactivelysupportedthestudyandtookthetimetomeetwithmeanddiscusstheirorganizations’workandviewsonAndeangrainsR&D.ClaireNicklinandCarlosPerez,CCRP’sregionalrepresentativeandliaisonscientistintheAndes,respectively,providedabundantinformationandusefulinsightsontheCCRPanditsworkinEcuadorandBolivia.Clairealsocoordinatedtheoverallstudy,greatlyfacilitatingmywork.Theprogram’sleadershipteamparticipatedactivelyinplanningthestudyandprovidedusefulcommentsonapreliminaryversionofthefinalreport.


2. The Andean Grains Programs

Andean grains: their nature and dynamics in the context of agricultural development

TheAndeanregionofSouthAmericaisoneoftheworld’smajorcentersofplantdomestication.IndigenouspeoplesdomesticatedanumberofcropsknownasAndeangrains,includingquinoa(Chenopodiumquinoa),amaranth(Amaranthuscaudatus,A.quitoensis),lupin(Lupinusmutabilis),andkañiwa(alsoknownascañihuaorcañahua)(Chenopodiumpallidicaule).PriortotheSpanishconquest,thesecropswerehighlyprizedfortheirrusticity,adaptationtohighlandgrowingconditions,andnutritionalquality.However,duringtheColonialandRepublicaneras,thesecropswerefrequentlydisparagedas“foodforIndians.”Asothercropswereintroduced,thecultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrainsdeclined,practicallydisappearingfromcitiesandmanyfarmingcommunities(NationalResearchCouncil,1989).AndeangrainsarestillminorcropsinmostoftheAndes.Nevertheless,growinginterestinquinoaandamaranthashealthfulfoodsandinlupines1asatastysnackfoodandingredientinmoderndishesisdrivingincreasesintheirproductionandconsumptionthroughouttheAndes.Thereisstrongexternaldemandforquinoa,particularlyorganicquinoa,butlimitedproductionandR&Dtosupportsuchproduction.Stronginternationaldemandalsoexistsfororganicamaranth,butproductionandmarketdevelopmentinEcuadorandelsewhereintheregionareextremelylimited.Domesticdemandisrelativelystrongforlupines,asignificantsumofwhichissatisfiedbyPeruviansuppliers.InEcuador,quinoaandamaranthwereimportantinthefarmingsystemsanddietsofindigenouspeopleinthehighlands.However,theirimportancedeclinedsignificantlyinColonialandRepublicanerasand,inmanyareas,theyhavepracticallydisappeared.Manyfarmershavelostboththeiramaranthnativevarietiesandthepracticalknowledgeassociatedwiththeircultivation.Recentinternationalinterestinthesecropshasstimulatedlocalinterestintheircultivation.Anumberofnon‐governmentalorganizations(NGOs)havebeguntoworkwithsmallfarmerstoexpandcultivationandexportationofquinoa.Whilelocalquinoaconsumptionremainslow,theintroductionofprocessedquinoaproductshasstimulatedlocalconsumptionsomewhat.Marketagentshavereceivedexpressionsofinterestinamaranth,buthavebeenunabletoidentifylocalsourcesofsupplytosatisfythepotentialinternationalmarketdemand.InBolivia,quinoahasbeenanimportantcropandfoodsourcesinceitsdomestication.Itisoneofthefewcropsthatflourishesinthecold,semi‐aridconditionsofthisuniqueecologicalregion.Quinoacultivationhasalwaysbeenmostimportantinthesouthernaltiplano,inthedepartmentsofOruroandPotosi,aroundtheUyunisaltflat2,aregionrangingfromabout3,500tomorethan4,000metersabovesealevel.Here,anumberoflandraces(ecotypes)ofQuinuaRealflourishandproducelargegrainsthatarepreferredbybothBolivianandforeignconsumersandthatfetchhighpricesoninternationalmarkets.StrongdemandfororganicquinoainEuropeandother

1LupinisknowninEcuadoras“chocho,”inPeruandBoliviaas“tarwi”or“tarui,”andlupinorlupinebeanincommonEnglish.2TheSalardeUyuniistheworld’slargestsaltflat.


foreignmarketsoverthepastdecadehasunchaineda“quinoaboom”inBolivia’ssouthernaltiplanobutalsoarapidexpansionofquinoacultivationinnewareas,bothinthecentralandnorthernaltiplanoandinvalleysatlowerelevations.Inthetraditionalfarmingsystemsofthesouthernaltiplano,beforethequinoaboom,fewpestsaffectedthequinoacropandfarmersdidnotapplychemicalpesticides.Quinoawaspartofanagropastoralsystemthatincludedllamas.Theboomhasledtoreducedcroprotation,fallowing,andllamaherding,whileintensifiedproductionhasresultedinincreasedpestproblems.Thesechangesinfarmingpracticesalsoappeartobeleadingtoreducedsoilfertilityandincreasedwinderosion,andsomeobserversfearthatthequinoaboomisconvertingthesouthernaltiplanointoanunproductive“dustbowl”andjeopardizingthelivelihoodsoflocalpeople(Jacobsen,2011).Suchfearshavebeenwidelyreportedinnewsoutlets,includingTheGuardianandMotherJones.However,asWinkelandcolleagues(2012)note,theenvironmentalanddietaryimpactsofthequinoaboomarefarlessclear‐cutandnegativethaninitialreportshaveindicated.Theavailablequinoastatistics(Figures1–3)indicatethatPeruwasthelargestproducerinthe1960s,withBoliviadominatingsince.Recently,estimatedquinoaproductionhasincreasedmorerapidlyinPeruthanBoliviaand,ifthecurrenttrendscontinue,PeruwillsurpassBoliviaasthelargestquinoaproducerinthenearfuture.3Ecuador’sannualquinoaproductionhasremainedsmall:around1,000tonsthroughouttheperiod.Inbothcountries,themainforcedrivingquinoaproductionhasbeenchangeintheareaharvested.Quinoayieldshavegenerallyfluctuatedbetween400kgand1,000kg/hawithnodiscernibletrend,exceptinPeru,whereyieldshavebeenincreasingsincethe1990s.

3Itisimportanttonote,however,thatanunrecordedandunknownbutpresumablysignificantamountofquinoaenterssouthernPerueachyearfromtheBolivianaltiplano.


Figure1.Quinoa:Productionbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)4

Figure2.Quinoa:Harvestedareabycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

Figure3.Quinoa:Yieldsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

4ThesourceisFAOSTAT,theonlinedatabaseoftheFAO,whichincludestimeseriesandcrosssectionaldatarelatingtofoodandagriculturefor245countriesandterritoriesfrom1961tothemostrecentyear(accessedJune13,2013).ForFigures1–9,FAOSTAT’sannualestimateswereusedtocalculateandplotthree‐yearmovingaverages.Theyearsindicatedonthehorizontalaxisofeachfigurecorrespondtothemidpointofeachthree‐yearmovingaverage.


AvailablequinoatradestatisticsshowthecleardominanceofBolivianexportsandthedramaticrun‐upinthevolumeandespeciallythevalueofquinoaexportsoverthelastdecade.Since2000,thevolumeofBolivianquinoaexportshasincreasednearlytentimesand,since2005,thepricehastripled(Figures4–6).

Figure4.Quinoa:Volumeofexportsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)averages)

Figure5.Valueofexportsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

Figure6.Quinoa:Exportpricebycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

AvailablelupinestatisticsindicatethatEcuadorwastheleadinglupineproducerinthe1960sbutitsproductionhassincebeenoutstrippedbyPeru’s.Peruvianlupineproductionfellduringthe


1980swhenterrorismdisruptedagriculturalproductionbuthasincreaseddramaticallysincetheearly1990s.InPeru,lupineyieldsfellduringthe1960s,1970s,and1980s,recoveringsomewhatoverthelasttwodecadestojustover1t/ha.Ecuador’syieldsfelluntilthemid‐1970s,thenincreaseddramaticallyuntilthemid‐1980s,andthenfellagaintoaround500kg/ha.InBolivia,lupinesareproducedinthenorthernaltiplanoandinhighlandvalleys.AnunknownbutpresumablysignificantamountofBolivia’slupinesisexportedtoPeru,withsomeshippedtoEcuador.RecentlupinepriceshaveincreasedinBolivia,stimulatinginterestincultivatingthecrop(Figures7–9).

Figure7:Lupin:Productionbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

Figure8:Lupin:Harvestedareabycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)

Figure9:Lupin:Yieldsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)


“OurgrandparentsplantedquinoaandothercropsinAugust.Butnowtherainsdon’tcomeuntilNovember.Climatechangeisveryrealforushere.”

—ElíasVargas,smallfarmer,enCachilaya,northernaltiplano,Bolivia

“Wewanttorelivetheagriculturethatwasfromour‘taitas’[Quechuawordforparents]andtoprotectthepachamama[QuechuawordforMotherEarth].”—Member,APROSANAMYfarmerorganization,Ecuador

“Weareworkingwithaproduct[quinoa]thathaschangedthelivesofmanypeople…

Butunfortunatelymanyproducershaveashort‐termmentalityandthink,‘I’dbettergetrichnoworIneverwill.’”

—PaolaMejía,generalmanager,CABOLQUI,Bolivia

“Farmlandisn’tboughtorsoldhere;itbelongstoeveryoneinthecommunity,butsomepeoplewholeftthecommunityarenowreturningwithmoneyandtheywanttograballthelandtheycanto

growquinoa.Thisupsetsourwayoflife…Thosewholiveherehavetheirquinoaandtheirllamas.Butthosewhoreturndon’thavellamasanddon’twantthemeither.

Theyjustwanttomakemoneyfastgrowingquinoa.”—SandroLópez,CADEQUIR,Uyuni,Bolivia

“Inmyvillagethereareonlyoldpeoplenow.Oncekidsgotoschoolintowntheyarenotgoingto

comebacktothevillagetoherdllamas.Theywanttoapplywhattheyhavelearnedinsomeway…Youcanmakemoneyfastwithquinoa,butnotwithllamas.Youhavetotakecareofallamaforfour

orfiveyears,andifyoudon’ttakegoodcare,awolforamountainlionwilleatit...[Concerningyields]thekeyfactorisrainfall.Whenitrains,yougetgoodyieldsevenonbadfields.Butifit

doesn’train,itdoesn’tmatterhowgoodyourseedisorhowmuchfertilizeryouputon;theyieldwillbebad.”

—Receptionist,HotelGirasoles,Uyuni,Bolivia

“Withoutrealizingit,wehavedonealotofdamage…Wehaveexterminatedthellamasandalpacas…Wearealsoeatingfewerpotatoesandlessquinoaandmorenoodlesandrice…Asfieldsarecultivated,theyieldsdefinitelyfallovertime.Fieldsthathavebeencultivatedtwentyormore

yearshavesmallerplantsandloweryields.”—WilderYucra,Chacala,Uyuni,Bolivia

“Thequinoacropisabitmysterious.Howcanitbegrowninsucharidareas?…Butitisn’ttruethat

quinoaconsumptionhasdroppedbecausemorequinoaisexported.Thetruthisthatquinoaproductionandsaleshavegrownalotandthatproducersstillkeeppartoftheirquinoatoeat…It’s

importanttorealizethatquinoahasneverbeenconsumedinthecity,exceptonholidayslikeChristmas.Wecitypeoplearenevergoingtoeatquinoaeveryday.Andit’salsoaliethatyieldsarefallingdramatically…Theagriculturalfrontierisbeingextended,butwhereisthedesertification?”

—DavidSoraide,director,FundaciónAUTAPO,Oruro,Bolivia


“Quinoaisnowaluxury.It’snolongeraccessibletopeoplewithlowincomes.”—VíctorPacosillo,ownerandmanagerofaquinoaexportfirm,ElAlto,Bolivia

Development of the national Andean grains programs

Institutional setting of Andean grains’ research and development

InBolivia,quinoageneticbreedingbeganinthePatacamayaExperimentStationin1965basedonanagreementbetweenOXFAM/FAOandthegovernmentofBolivia(Gandarillas1986).Bythe1990s,asolidprogramhadbeendevelopedwithinthenewlyestablishedBolivianInstituteforAgriculturalTechnology(IBTA)thatincludedgermplasmcollection,breeding,pestmanagement,andagronomy.Overtheyears,IBTAreleasedanumberofnewvarietiesofquinoa.In1998,whenBoliviadecentralizedadministrativeresponsibilityformanyofitspublicservicesanddisbandedIBTA,thequinoaprogramwasleftwithoutaninstitutionalhome.In1999,theprogramwasassimilatedintothePROINPAFoundation.PROINPA5tookupthemandateforquinoaR&Dand,overtime,reconstitutedandfurtherdevelopedtheprogramimplementedearlierbyIBTA.Sinceitsinception,AndeangrainsR&DinPROINPAhasfocusedonquinoa,withcropssuchaskañiwaandamaranthreceivingminorattention.PROINPAisanindependentfoundationdedicatedtoagriculturalR&DinhighlandBolivia.ThefactthatquinoaresearchisundertakenbyanindependentfoundationishighlyinnovativeintheLatinAmericancontext(Gandarillasetal.2007).Establishedin1989,PROINPAhasitsinstitutionalrootsinprojectsfundedbytheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC),whichsoughttoestablishasustainablecapacityforpotatoR&Dinthecountry.TheMcKnightFoundation’ssupportofPROINPA’squinoaresearchstartedin2001withfundingforthesustainableproductionofquinoaproject,acollaborationbetweenresearchersfromPROINPAandBrighamYoungUniversity.ItssupportforquinoaresearchcontinuesandhasbeendecisiveforreconstitutingandconsolidatingBolivia’squinoagermplasmcollectionandlaterforexpandingthecollection,characterizingandevaluatingit,anddevelopingprotocolsforthecollection’sconservationandmanagement.ItprovidedPROINPA’sandBolivia’scorequinoaresearchfundinguntil2010,whentheBoliviangovernmentestablishedtheNationalInstituteforAgriculturalandForestryInnovation(INIAF).Atthattime,responsibilityformaintainingthenationalquinoagermplasmcollectionpassedfromPROINPAtoINIAF,whichalsobeganthedevelopmentofacomprehensivequinoaresearchprogram.However,developmentoftheINIAFresearchprogramhasbeenslow,andPROINPAcontinuestobethecountry’srecognizedleaderinquinoaresearch.Recently,PROINPAandINIAFsignedacooperativeagreementforconductingR&Donquinoa,potato,andwheat.In1962,EcuadorestablishedtheNationalAgriculturalResearchInstitute(INIAP)asasemi‐autonomousentityattachedtoEcuador’sMinistryofAgricultureandwithacorebudgetfromthe

5PROINPAstartedin1989asthecontinuationofthedefunctIBTAsPotatoResearchProgram(ProgramadeInvestigacióndePapa)withtechnicalandmanagerialsupportfromtheInternationalPotatoCenter(CIP)andfundingfromtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC).In1998itbecametheprivateFoundationforthePromotionandResearchofAndeanProducts(FundaciónPromocióneInvestigacióndeProductosAndinos)andexpandeditsrangeofresearchedcropsbeyondpotatoes(Gandarillasetal.2007).


nationaltreasury.INIAPhasbenefittedfromanumberofinstitutionalstrengtheningloansfromtheInter‐AmericanDevelopmentBankandothermultilateralandbilateralfundingagencies.Inrecentyears,agriculturaldevelopmenthasnotbeenanationalpriority,andresourcesforINIAPfieldoperationsneedtobegeneratedbyprogramsthroughexternallyfundedprojectsorthesaleofproductsandservices.INIAP’sAndeancropresearchactivitiesthereforerelysignificantlyonexternalsourcesoffunding.INIAPdidnotcarryoutresearchonAndeangrainsuntilthelate1980s,whenworkonlupinbeganintheAndeancropsprogram,whichwasdismantledinthelate1990s,transferringworkonlupintoINIAP’slegumesprogram.Later,quinoawasaddedand,mostrecently,amaranth.FewuniversitiesororganizationsconductresearchonAndeangrains,andINIAPcontinuestobetheleadorganizationinthisfield.McKnight’sinitialsupportforINIAP’slupin/quinoaprojectdatesfrom2005andcontinuestoday.

How have the programs evolved over time?

Bothcountryprogramsarerelativelysmall.Annually,PROINPA’squinoaprogramemploysabout7.5person‐yearsofscientificstaff,whileINIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramemploysabout3.3person‐years.TheBolivianprogramhasmorehighlytrainedresearchersandattractsseveralstudentsforthesisresearcheachyear,augmentingitsresearchcapacity.Overthepastdecade,toexpanditsimpactsandenhanceitsrelevance,theBolivianprogramhasbroadeneditsscopefromgermplasmcollectionandbreedingtoincludeintegratedcropandpestmanagement,diversificationofquinoauses,and,mostrecently,soilconservationandnaturalresourcesmanagement.Meanwhile,tobringitsscopeofactivitiesinlinewithavailableresources,theEcuadorianprogramhasovertimenarroweditsfocus.Inrecentyears,toimprovethelinkageofresearchwithdevelopmentefforts,disseminateresearchresults,andachievemorewidespreadimpacts,bothprogramshaveintensifiedtheirpartneringandaddressedissuesbeyondthefarmlevelandalongthemarketchain.Bolivia’squinoaprogramhasrespondedtostrongcommercialdemandfororganicallycultivatedQuinoaRealandthethreatofenvironmentaldegradationbymovingaggressivelyintoR&Daimedatimprovingfoodsecurity,expandingthedevelopmentanduseofbio‐inputstomanagequinoapestsandimprovesoilfertility,andreintroducingnativeshrubstoprotectsoilsonthealtiplanofromwinderosionandserveashostsforbeneficialinsectpopulations.IncontrasttothePROINPAprogram,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramhasnotyetbegunR&Dworkonorganiccultivationmethods.ThisreflectstheinstitutionalpositionofINIAP,whichisskepticalofthefeasibilityoforganiccultivationinEcuadorianfarmingsystems.Consequently,thereislittlecommunicationbetweenINIAPandorganicproducersandtheNGOsthatsupportthem.Throughouttheirhistories,bothPROINPAandINIAPprogramshavesoughtnotonlytoimprovecultivationbutalsotoexpandconsumptionofAndeangrains.Oneverysignificantchangeisthat,overtime,bothprogramshavebecomemuchmoreexplicitlyparticipatoryandclient‐andsystems‐oriented.When,beginningin2000,thequinoaprogramwasincorporatedintoPROINPA,itwasguidedby


atraditional“GreenRevolution”modelofinnovationthatcenteredonbreedingandgenetics(VanloquerenandBaret,2009).Theinitialprioritywastoreconstitutethegermplasmcollection,whichwouldformthebedrockofthequinoa‐breedingprogram.CollaborationwithBrighamYoungUniversity(BYU),financedinpartbyMcKnight,playedacrucialroleincharacterizingtheBoliviangermplasmcollectionandestablishingacorequinoacollectionbasedonagro‐morphologicalcharacters,geographicorigin,andmolecularmarkers.Initially,PROINPA’squinoageneticimprovementprogramusedBolivianresearchfacilitiesbelongingtotheBensonInstituteofBYUforresearchondroughttoleranceandsaltstress.TheleaderofBolivia’squinoaprogram,AlejandroBonifacio,obtainedaPhDfromBYU,andAmaliaVargasandcompletedaMScdegreeatBYUwithathesisonquinoa.BYUplantpathologiststraveledtoBoliviatoscoresegregatingpopulationsformildewresistanceandcollectfungalisolatesfromthesepopulations.WorkatBYUalsoaidedbreedingeffortsinBoliviabyevaluatingstarchcontentinquinoagermplasmanddevelopingmethodsforusinggeneticmarkerstoassistinselectionofgeneticlineswithspecifictraits.ThroughworkatBYU,amethodwasdevelopedforreducingthemoisturecontentofquinoaseedsforlong‐termstorage.Asthegermplasmcollectionbecameestablishedandcharacterized,programprioritiesshiftedtovarietalimprovement,seedproduction,anddistribution,aswellastointegratedcropandpestmanagementandfarmertraining.Whentheproductionoforganicquinoaforexportbecameanationalpriority,PROINPArespondedbyintensifyingitsworkonintegratedpestmanagementandbio‐inputs.Duetoemergingenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwiththequinoaboom,theprogram’sperspectivehasbroadenedfromafocusonthequinoacropinisolation,tounderstandingandimprovingquinoacultivationinthecontextoflocalfarmingsystemsandecologies.Currently,theprogramisgrapplingwithissuesofagroecologicalintensification,withparticularattentiontosoilconservation.Itssystems‐orientedR&Dworkseekstoensurethatfutureexpansionofquinoaproductioninthecentralandnorthernaltiplanodoesnotleadtoenvironmentaldestruction.

“Inthecentralaltiplano,wewanttoavoidwhathappenedinthesouth…Whenyouworkwithlivingsystems—withcropsandtheirpestsanddiseases—youmustcontinuouslybeonguardfor

newproblemsandlookfornewsolutions.Thejobisneverdone…Toimprovesoilshere,it’snecessarytocombinescientificinformationwithlocalknowledge.Localpeopleclassifysoilsverydifferentlyfromthewayscientistsusuallydo.Farmersonthealtiplanogenerallyclassifysoilsby

theircapacitytoretainwater.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

FormanyyearsthePROINPAprogramcarriedoutparticipatoryresearchgroundedinworkwithsmallgroupsofreferencefarmers.Thisapproachwasimportantfortechnologydevelopmentbutinappropriatefortechnologydiffusion.Today,PROINPAisgoingbeyonditstraditionalworkwithfarmers.ItsemphasishasshiftedtoworkingwithNGOsandotherdevelopment‐orientedorganizationstoexpandtheuseofresearchresultsandpromotefarmerinnovationthroughaninitiativeknownas“scalingup”(“escalamiento”).Ithasalsobeguntoaddresstechnicalissuesthatemergethroughoutthemarketchainsprocesses(e.g.,pestproblemsinstorage,industrialqualityofdistinctquinoaecotypesandvarieties,andtracingthesourcesofpesticideresiduesinexportshipments).WhereasinitiallyPROINPAvieweditselfasaresearchorganization,increasinglyitisfunctioningasaserviceorganizationthatservesnotonlyagriculturalproducers


butalsoabroadrangeofstakeholdersconcernedwithproduction,marketing,andutilizationofquinoaandpotatoes.InEcuador,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprograminitiallyaddressedawiderangeoftopics,includingvarietalimprovement,seedsystems,agro‐industry,strengtheningfarmers’researchcapacity,andpromotionofmicro‐enterprises.Since2005,theprogramhasreduceditsworkonagro‐industryandmicro‐enterprises,focusingmoreonvarietalimprovement,integratedpestmanagement(IPM),non‐conventionalseedsystems,andpromotionofconsumption.Initially,atraditionalresearch‐and‐technology‐transferinnovationmodelguidedtheprogram.Nonetheless,overtimeithasexpandedtheinvolvementoffarmersandmarket‐chainactorsinitsreviews,planning,andresearchoperations.ThisisreflectedintheuseofLocalAgriculturalResearchCommittees(CIALs)inselectionofvarietiesandintheinvolvementofstakeholdersinannualprogramreviews.Initsworkinthreepartsofthehighlands(communitiesintheprovincesofCotopaxi,Chimborazo,andCañar),theprogramhasappliedanintegratedapproachforpromotingbothcultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrains.BuildingoninnovativeworkinEcuadorandelsewhere,theprogramhasworkedwithcommunity‐basedorganizationstodevelopnon‐conventionalseedsystemsthatcanprovidegood‐qualityseedwithoutresortingtothecomplexandcostlyproceduresofformalseedcertificationsystems,whichhavenotprovedfeasibleforminorcropssuchastheAndeangrains(Mazón,Peralta,andRivera,2012).Sincethebeginning,theAndeangrainsprogramhasaggressivelyandsuccessfullypromotedtheconsumptionofAndeangrainsatboththecommunitylevelandonthebroadernationalstage.TheAndeangrainsprogramsofBoliviaandEcuadordependheavilyonprojectfundingfromnationaland(mainly)internationalfunders.PROINPAfinancesaportionofitscorecostsfromanendowment,butvirtuallyalloftheoperationalexpensesofitsresearchprograms,includingsalaries,arefinancedthroughprojectsbasedonexternalsourcesoffunding.Asmallamountisalsogeneratedthroughsaleofproductsandservices.InINIAP,researchers’salariesandexpensesassociatedwithbasicinfrastructurearepaidfromthepublictreasury,butvirtuallyallexpensesdirectlyassociatedwithresearchoperations(e.g.,transportation,inputs,labor,anduseofequipment)mustbepaidfromfundsacquiredthroughprojectsor(secondarily)thesaleofproductsorservices.SinceMcKnightbegansupportingtheAndeangrainsprograms(in2001inBoliviaand2005inEcuador),ithasprovidedthemostcontinuouslong‐termsupportofanyfundingagency,providingtheseprogramswithmorethanhalf(59percentoftotalprojectfundinginBoliviaand54percentinEcuador)oftheirprojectfundingoverthesameperiod.

Program personnel and facilities

PROINPA’squinoaprogramhasatotaloftwelvetechnicalstaffmembers,includingoneindividualwithaPhDingenetics,sixwithMScdegrees,fouragriculturalengineers,andonetechnician.Sixoftheseindividualsworkfull‐timefortheprogramwhilefiveworkpart‐time.Theprogram’stotalscientificstaffingequals7.45person‐years.INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramhasatotalofsixtechnicalstaffmembers,fourofwhomhaveMScdegrees,andtwoagriculturalengineers.Allworkpart‐timeonAndeangrains.Theprogram’s


totalscientificstaffingamountsto3.3personyears.Eachyear,PROINPAstaffmemberssuperviseanumberofstudentsworkingonMSctheses,augmentingtheprogram’sresearchcapacityconsiderably.AllcurrentmembersoftheEcuador’sprogramarerelativelysenior.INIAPhasdifficultyattractingandretaininghighlytrainedyoungprofessionals,includingthesisstudents.Incontrast,thePROINPAprogramhasamoreage‐diversestaff,withyoungprofessionalsassumingimportantrolesintheprogramandprovidingbetterprospectsforrenewalofprogramstaffovertime.PROINPAhasaresearchcenterwithabouttwentyhectaresoflandinQuipaquipaninearLaPaz,wheretheyconductquinoaresearch.Mostoftheprogram’sresearchisundertakenwithfarmercollaborators.InadditiontoitsheadquartersatQuipaquipani,theprogramhasofficesinOruroandUyuniinthecentralandsouthernaltiplano.InEcuador,becausetheSantaCatalinaexperimentalstationisnotideallysuitedforAndeangrainsresearch,theprogramconductsmostofitsfieldresearchonfarmers’fieldsandonlandattheSimonRodriguezTechnicalInstitute.Conductingmostoftheirresearchonfarmshastheadvantageofbringingresearchersintofrequentcontactwithfarmersandtheconditionsunderwhichtheyoperate,helpingresearchersdevelopadeepknowledgeofthediversefarmingsystemsandmarketenvironmentsinwhichAndeangrainsarecultivatedandutilized.Ontheotherhand,thelackofdedicatedresearchfacilitieslimitstheprograms’abilitytoconductsometypesofadvancedresearchundercarefullycontrolledconditions.ItisworthmentioningthatPROINPA’spartnerBrighamYoungUniversitydoeshavecontrolledgreenhouseconditionswhereresearchersdodrought‐stressandsalt‐tolerancebreedingwork.

Partnerships

Multi‐organizationalcollaborationisrareinEcuadorandBolivia,andtherearefewexamplesofsuccessfuljointeffortstolinkagriculturalR&Dactivities.Itisnosurprisethenthat,initially,bothprogramstendedtoworkinisolation.Overtime,astheprogramspursuedmoreclient‐orientedapproachesanddemandsescalatedtoscaleupresultsanddemonstratelargerimpacts,theprogramsfounditusefultostrengthentheirworkingrelationswithotherserviceprovidersaswellaswithfarmerorganizationsandmarketagents.InBolivia,threerecentinitiativeshavehelpedlinkPROINPAwithotherserviceproviders:

Aconcertedeffortbythequinoaprogramtoscaleupimpacts AnefforttoidentifythesourceofpesticideresiduesinaquinoashipmenttoEurope CollaborationinplanningandexecutionofavisittoBoliviaofmajorquinoabuyersfrom

aroundtheworldInitseffortstoscaleuptheuseofitsvarietiesandotherresearchresults,PROINPAnegotiatedcollaborativeagreementswithseveralbusinessesandNGOs.Inthesecondinitiative,PROINPAworkedwiththefourorganizationsthatcertifyorganiccultivationpracticesandwiththecountry’smainquinoaexporters.Theirgoalwastoidentifypossiblesourcesofpesticideresiduesandmeasurethatcouldlimitthepossibilitythatpesticide‐contaminatedshipmentsofquinoawerecertifiedasorganic.Inthethirdinitiative,ledbytheBolivianChamberofQuinoa


Exporters(Cabolqui),PROINPAstaffmembersprovidedtechnicalinputsandcontactsforfieldvisits,organizedavisittoPROINPA’slaboratoriesandplantforproducingbio‐inputsinCochabamba,andaccompaniedthegroupduringtheirvisittothecountry.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentofeachoftheseactivitiesrequiredcloseworkwitharangeofstakeholders,whichledtoexpandedandstrengthenedworkingrelations.From2005to2009,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramworkedwithaNGOtointegratelocalAndeangrainsR&DeffortsintotheNGO’sbroaderprogramfornutritionalimprovementandeducation.Theresultsweredisappointing.TheNGOdidnotprovetobecommittedandeventuallywithdrewfromthearea.Sincethen,theprogramhasworkeddirectlywithcommunity‐levelorganizationsinthreepartsofthecountrytoimprovethecultivationandprocessingofAndeangrainsandexpandconsumption.


3. Results of the Andean Grains Programs

Traditionally,programplanningandmonitoringfunctionshavebeenweakinagriculturalresearchorganizationsingeneral,withevaluationbeingespeciallyweak(HortonandBorges‐Andrade,1999).Overtime,attributedinparttotheurgingandsupportofMcKnight,theAndeangrainsprogramshaveimprovedthesefunctionsconsiderably.PROINPA’stechnicalmanagerhasplayedakeyroleinstrengtheningplanning,monitoring,andevaluationprocessesinthatorganization.InEcuador,twosignificantimprovementshaveincludedtheformulationofmorerealisticprogramobjectivesandtheinitiationofannualreviewmeetingsatwhichprogramstaffandstakeholdersreviewtheyear’saccomplishmentsandidentifyareasforimprovement.Inbothprograms,theelaborationofa“theoryofchange”(Vogel,2012)hashelpedprogramstaffunderstandmoreclearlythevariouschangesthatwouldneedtobebroughtabout—bytheprogramonitsownorincollaborationwithothers—toidentifyactionprioritiesandforthedesiredoutcomestobeachieved.Bothprogramshaveproducedanumberofvaluableproducts.Theyhavealsocontributedtopublicawarenessandpolicies,innovationcapacity,and,tosomeextent,changesinproductionanduseofAndeangrains.

Products produced and services rendered

BothprogramshavecollectedlandracesandwildspeciesofAndeangrainsandhavedevelopedexsitugermplasmcollections.Boliviahasafull‐fledgedquinoa‐breedingprogram—oneoffewandperhapsthemostproductiveintheworld.TheBoliviancollectionhasnearly3,200quinoaaccessions,800accessionsofcañahua(Chenopodiumpallidicaule),andbetweentwelveand224accessionsofsixotherAndeangrainsandlegumes.PROINPAhasafull‐fledgedquinoa‐breedingprogramthathasreleasedsevennewvarietiessince2003duringtheperiodofMcKnightsupport.ThePROINPAprogramisnowthemostcomprehensiveandproductivequinoa‐breedingprogramintheworld.Theprogramalsoevaluatestraditionalquinoavarietiesandhasselectedseveralpromisingonesfordistributiontofarmers.Mostvarietiesareintendedforuseinthecentralandnorthernaltiplano,buttwonewvarietieshavebeenselectedforthesouthernaltiplano.TheBolivianprogramisnowworkingonvarietiesthatareadaptedtogrowingconditionsatlowerelevationininter‐Andeanvalleys.Furthermore,theprogramnowhassevenadditionaladvancedlinesthathaveresistancetomildewandareadaptedtocultivationatlowerelevations.Between2001and2010,PROINPAworkedtocharacterizethegermplasm(usingagro‐morphologicalandmolecularvariables),distributepromisinggermplasmtofarmers,anddevelopa“nucleargermplasmcollection”foruseingeneticimprovement.ThesupportandcollaborationofBrighamYoungUniversityhasbeencritical,especiallyinmappingthequinoagenomeandindevelopingmethodsforgenetic‐marker‐assistedselectionforspecifictraitssuchassaponincontent.In2010,PROINPAturnedthegermplasmcollectionovertoINIAF,whichhasthenationalmandateforgermplasmcollection.PROINPAmaintainsanuclearcollectionforuseinquinoabreeding.


Ecuador’sprogramhasabout600quinoaaccessions,480lupinaccessions,and434amaranthaccessions.TheEcuadorianprogramhasnotreleasednewlybredvarietiesbuthasidentifiedandrecommendedtofarmersvarietiesthathavebeenselectedfromexistinggeneticmaterials.Varietalselectionhasbeenledbygeneticistswithactiveinvolvementfromfarmercollaborators.Todate,theEcuadorianprogramhasnamedandrecommendedfivequinoavarieties,oneduringtheperiodofMcKnightsupportandfourpreviously.Similarly,ithasrecommendedtwolupinevarieties—onewithMcKnightsupport—andonevarietyofamaranth.Aquinoa‐breedingprogramisbeingestablishedandexpectstobeginreleasingnewvarietiesinthenearfuture.Overthelastfewyears,withthesupportfromPROINPA,INIA‐Chilebreeders,andMcKnight,INIAPhasstartedaquinoaandlupinebreedingprogram,anditexpectstobeginreleasingnewvarietiesinthenearfuture.Bothprogramshaveworkedtoproduceseed,improvethequalityoffarmers’plantingmaterial,anddisseminateimprovedcropvarieties.Ecuador’sworkwithnon‐conventionalseedsystemsisparticularlyinterestingandmayhaveapplicationsinothercountries.PROINPAwasamongthefirstsuppliersofcertifiedorganicquinoaseedandcontinuestoproducehigh‐qualityseed,includingcertified,incollaborationwithsmall‐scaleproducers.AccordingtoPROINPAreports,since2002,Bolivia’squinoaprogramandfarmercollaboratorshaveproducedaboutthirtytonsofimprovedquinoaseedthatwasdistributedtofarmersinseveralregionalmarketsand,morerecently,throughcollaboratingNGOsineffortstoscaleuptheuseofnewvarietiesandbetter‐qualityseeds.AccordingtoINIAPrecords,since2005,Ecuador’slegumesandAndeangrainsprogramanditsfarmercollaboratorshaveproduced5.9tonsofquinoaseeds,21.3tonsoflupinseed,and285kgofamaranthseed.PROINPAhasaspecializedteamworkingonintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)thathasgatheredandsystematizedbasicinformationonquinoapests,beginningwiththetaxonomicidentificationofthemainpestsstudyoftheinsects’lifecycleduringthecroppingseasonandfallowperiods.InEcuador,McKnightfundinghasallowedtheUniversityofGreenwich’sNaturalResourcesInstitute(NRI)tosupportstudyatINIAPonlupinpests.Tables1and2presentasummaryofthemostimportantproductsgeneratedandservicesrenderedbythetwoprograms.


Table1.PROINPA’smainAndeangrainsproductsgeneratedandservicesrendered

Germplasmcollection,conservation,andutilization

RescueofIBTA’squinoagermplasmcollection(1999–2000),whichwasindangerofbeinglost Consolidation,exsituconservation,evaluation,andutilizationoftheNationalGermplasmBankfor

AndeanGrains(2001–2010)o Developmentofprotocolsforcollectinggermplasmo Agro‐morphological,molecular,nutritional,andagro‐industrialcharacterizationo Developmentofaprotocolforlong‐termstorageofaccessionso PromotionoftheNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanGrainso Distributionofpromisingaccessionstofarmerso Developmentofanucleargermplasmcollectionanditsuseforbreeding

DeliveryoftheNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanGrainstoINIAF(2010)aftertenyearsofbuildingupandconservingthegermplasmcollection

Continueduseofthenuclearcollectionforbreeding(2010+) Insituconservationofquinoageneticdiversity(2010+) PublicationofcataloguesoftheecotypesofQuinoaReal(2003and2012)

Breedingprogram

Developmentofoneofthemostadvancedquinoabreedingprogramsintheworld(late1960s–present)

FourteennewvarietiesreleasedbyIBTA(1970–1988) SevennewvarietiesreleasedbyPROINPA(2003–2011)(mainlyadaptedtogrowingconditionsin

Bolivia’snorthandcentralaltiplano,someadaptedtocultivationinlowervalleys) Sevenadvancedlineswithmildewresistanceandadaptedtocultivationinlower‐elevationareas

Seedproducedanddistributed

Thirtytonsofseedproducedanddistributedinthenorthernandcentralaltiplanosince2002.Improvedseedisnowestimatedtocoverbetween60and75percentofthequinoaintheseregions.

Integratedpestmanagement

Basicinformationonmaininsectpests,includingscientificidentification,lifecycles,andnaturalenemies

Managementoptions(includingpheromonesandeco‐insecticides)identifiedordeveloped,tested,andcombinedinastrategyfor“ecologicalpestmanagement”

DevelopmentwithU.S.andDutchpartnersofpheromonesforthequinoaarmyworm,andassociatedtrapsandguidelinesfortheiruse,nowappliedon8,000hainthesouthernaltiplano

Inputs

DevelopmentwithcolleaguesinPROINPAofbio‐inputsforquinoacultivationnowusedon10,000hainthesouthernaltiplano

Small‐scaleequipmentforthreshingandcleaninggrain,widelyusedbyfarmersInformationdisseminated

Topicscovered:Improvedvarieties,qualityseed,EPM,harvestandpost‐harvesttechnology,utilization,recipes

Formofdistribution:FFS;trainingcourses;fielddays;participationinscientific,developmentandpublicconferencesandfairs;partnershipsforscalingupwithdevelopmentorganizations;salesofseed;pheromones,andbio‐inputs


Table2.INIAP’smainAndeangrainsproductsgeneratedandservicesrendered

Germplasmcollection,conservation,andevaluation

608quinoaaccessions 481lupineaccessions 434amaranthaccessions

Breedingandvarietalselection

Fivequinoavarietiesselected(onewithMcKnightsupport) Twolupinevarietiesselected(onewithMcKnightsupport) Oneamaranthvarietyselected

Integratedpestmanagement

Studyofthelifecycleofamajorlupinpest(Deliaplatura)andestimationofdamagecausedSeedproduction,2005–2012

Quinoa:5,934kg Lupine:21,280kg Amaranth:285kg

Informationdissemination

Topicscovered:Varietiesandcultivars,non‐conventionalseedsystems,agronomicpractices,harvestandpost‐harvesttechnology,nutritionalcompositionandquality,dietaryuses

Formofdistribution:recommendations,guidelines,extensionbulletins,recipebooks,printandelectronicpublicationsonINIAPwebsite,radiospots,shortcourses,workshops,conferences,responsestoindividualrequests

Tosupportfarmerstoproducequinoawithoutresortingtochemicalfertilizersorpesticides,PROINPAhasestablishedaprivatefirm,Biotop,whichmarketsbio‐inputsfortheorganiccultivationofquinoaandothercrops.Thebio‐inputsencompassuseoffungi,bacteria,plantsubstances,pheromones(producedinpartnershipwithaDutchcommercialfirm),andothernaturalingredientstostrengthenplants,improvesoilfertility,andmanageinsectpests.In2011and2012,Biotopmarketedpheromonesandotherbio‐inputsthatwereusedon8,000hectaresofquinoa,i.e.approximately15percentoftheareaplantedtoquinoainthesouthernaltiplano.Biotopiscurrentlytheprincipalcommercialsourceofbio‐inputsinBolivia.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentandwidespreadapplicationofbio‐inputsinBoliviareflectspositivelyonPROINPA’sforesightandproactiveapproachinrespondingtoemergingdemands.TwotopicsthatstandoutinPROINPApublicationsaregermplasmandeco‐managementofpests.AcatalogueofthequinoacollectionintheNationalBankofAndeanGrainswaspublishedin2001.Ethno‐botanicalcataloguesforBolivianQuinuaRealwerepublishedin2003and2012.Inrecentyears,anumberoffliersandextension‐typebulletinshavebeenpublishedontheuseofpheromonesandtrapsformonitoringquinoamoth(ticona)populations,disruptingmating,andreducingpopulations.


Contributions to networking, innovation, and policies

Traditionally,membersoftheAndeangrainsprograms,likeotherprofessionalsinPROINPAandINIAP,playedtheroleofresearcher/expert.Recently,theyarealso“networker”and“innovationbroker”(Table3).PROINPAhasworkedwithtraders,processors,andfirmsthatcertifyorganiccropstofindwaystoavoidpesticidecontaminationinquinoaexports.PROINPAhasalsoworkedwiththeChamberofBolivianQuinoaExporterstofacilitatecommunicationamongmarketchainactorsandagriculturalserviceproviders,articulatedemandsforinnovation,andfosterinnovationprocesses.Additionally,PROINPAhasusedapromisingnewvehiclefordisseminationoftechnicalinformationinBolivia,workingwitheightdevelopmentorganizations.Whereaspreviouslytheprogramusuallyworkeddirectlywithfarmersandtheirorganizations,inthisinitiative,staffmemberstrainedNGOpersonnelwholaterwereresponsibleforthefrontlineworkwithfarmers.Lastbutnotleast,PROINPAissupportingthegovernment’seffortstodefinestandardsfororganicproductionofquinoaandothercrops.Additionally,governmentofficialsfrequentlyconsulttheprogram’smembersontechnicalissues,andPROINPApreparedthescientificpaperthatsupportedthegovernment’sproposaltotheUnitedNationstodeclare2013astheInternationalYearofQuinoa.

“PROINPAhasdonealotofresearchandhasdevelopedmanynewtechnologies.Buttheseareuselessunlessthepeoplewhoneedthemusethem.Unfortunately,therehasbeenalotof‘research’butlittle‘innovation’onfarms…Timeisshort.Quinoahasmanyproblemsthatneedsolutionsnow.”

—PaolaMejia,generalmanager,CABOLQUI,Bolivia

“PROINPA’sresearchandbio‐inputshavebeenveryimportantforus...butwewantPROINPAtoproduceresultsquicker.Weneedtoshortenthetimeneededforresearch

toyieldpracticalresults.”—SandroLopez,CADEQUIR,Uyuni,Bolivia

“Wenowseemoreclearlyhowimportantitisforresearchtoproducetangibleproducts.Wealsoseetheimportanceofworkingonalargescale.Before,wethoughtweshouldcontinuetoworkonasmallscaleuntilwehaddeterminedthesuperiorityofanewtechnology.Nowweseetheimportanceofbeginningtoworkearlieratalargescale[todeterminethefeasibilityand

performanceofresearchresultsunderreal‐lifeconditions].”—Member,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

“Bythe1970s,quinoahadpracticallydisappearedandwasforgotten.Now,withthenewvarieties

andseedfromINIAP,wearebeginningtocultivateandconsumeitagain.”—Member,APROSANAMY,Ecuador

“Whateveryoudo,don’tlettheAndeanGrainsProgramdie.”

—NellyMoreno,owner,Granmolino,afirmthatprocessesandpackagesamaranthus,Ecuador


“ThesuccessofourorganizationisdueentirelytotheAndeanGrainsProject…OfalltheprogramsatINIAP,theLegumesandAndeanGrainsProgramistheonethatworksmostwithsmallfarmers.Inotherprojectsmostresearchersarefromthecityandtheydon’tknoworunderstandourlives

here.Theygiveusresourcesbutthereisnofollow‐up”.—Member,CORPOPURUWA,Ecuador

INIAPhasworkedwithanascentassociationofEcuadorianquinoaexporterstohelpconsolidatetheorganization.INIAP’spromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingquinoa,amaranth,andlupine—includingradiospots,recipebooks,workshopsdemonstratingdiversefoodpreparations,andparticipationinconferenceandfairs—appeartohavestimulatedpublicinterestinAndeangrainsashealthfulfoods.Inthepolicysphere,programmembershavecontributedtodevelopmentofanewlawandaccompanyingregulationsthatrecognizeandpromotedevelopmentofnon‐conventionalseedsystemsthat,inmanycases,aremoreappropriateforsmallfarmersgrowingAndeangrains.Theyhavealsoprovidedtechnicalinputsforthedevelopmentofthegovernment’squalitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains.Table4reviewsINIAP’ssupportofnetworkingandpolicydevelopment.


Table3.PROINPA’scontributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies

NetworkingandinnovationbrokerageProgrammembershave:

Ledaparticipatorystudytoimprove“traceability”throughoutthequinoamarketchaininordertoensurehighproductquality,foodsafety,andapplicationofnormsforcertifiedorganicquinoacultivationandhandling

Activelyparticipatedinorganizingthe2013visitofmainimportersofBolivianquinoafromaroundtheworld

ContributedtotherecentdevelopmentofamutualfundforfinancingquinoaproductioninBoliviaPublicawareness

Participatedinfairsandexhibitionsanddisseminatedinformationonthenutritionalvalueofquinoaandinnovativeusesforandpreparationsofit,generatingrenewedinterestinquinoa

Publicpolicies

PreparedthetechnicaldocumentfortheInternationalYearofQuinoa

Contributedtodevelopmentofqualitynormsandstandardsfororganicproducts,includingquinoa

Contributionstoinnovationcapacity

Throughthetraceabilitystudy,PROINPAhashelpedstrengthenrelationsamongproducers,traders,processors,andothersinvolvedinthequinoamarketchain,andalsowithexternalserviceproviders(e.g.,organizationsinvolvedincertification,research,anddevelopmentactivities)

Establishedanumberofpartnershipswithdevelopmentandcommercialorganizationstoscaleupuseofnewtechnologies

Providedleadershipindevelopmentofpheromones,eco‐insecticides,andotherbio‐inputsandsupportforproductionofbio‐inputsinPROINPA’sCochabambaplant

Supervisedprogramstaffmembers’MSctheses,strengtheningstudents’appreciationoftheimportanceoflinkingresearchtopracticalproblemsandillustratingpracticalwaystodoso

ThroughparticipationinsuchprojectsasNUSIFAD,programmembershavehelpedconnectresearchers,developmentorganizations,farmingcommunities,andentrepreneursinthequinoamarketchain


Table4.INIAP’scontributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies

NetworkingandinnovationbrokerageProgrammembershave:

Workedwithcommunityleaderstolinkwithserviceproviders,donors,andmarkets CommunicatedviaInternetwiththe“FriendsofAndeangrains”network HelpedlinktradersandprocessorstopossiblesupplysourcesofAndeangrains Assistedinstrengtheningnascentassociationofquinoaexportersaswellasfacilitatingtechnical

andinstitutioninnovationprocessesNovelR&Dapproaches

Modelfornon‐conventionalseedsystems Modelforintegratedproduction‐and‐consumptionintervention

Publicawareness

StagedpromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingAndeangrains LedorfacilitatedtheFourthWorldCongressonQuinoa,theInternationalSymposiumonAndean

Grains,andotheractivitiesassociatedwiththeInternationalYearofQuinoa,raisingthepublicprofileofAndeangrains

PublicpoliciesProgrammembershaveparticipatedinthedevelopmentof:

Anewlawandregulationsonseeds,agroecology,andagrobiodiversity QualitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains

INIAPhasmadeespeciallyeffectiveuseofradiospotsonlocalandnationalradiostationsthatpromotethecultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrains.Theprogramhasalsocontributedtoaseriesofwidelydisseminatedrecipebooks,co‐publishedbyNestleandINIAP,whichincluderecipesemployingAndeangrains(Nestle,2012).Anotherinnovativeformofinformationdisseminationhasbeentheco‐publicationwithafarmerorganizationofexperiencesandapproachesfornon‐traditionalseedsystemsforAndeangrains(CORPOPURUWA,2011).

TheAndeangrainsprogramshavedevelopedandappliednovelR&Dapproachesthatareatdifferentstagesofsystematizationandcouldbeofpotentialuseinothersettings.Mostnotablearethefollowing:

Anintegratedapproach,developedbyINIAP,forpromotionofAndeangrainscultivationandconsumption

Amodelfornon‐conventionalseedsystemsdevelopedbyINIAP Amodel,developedbyPROINPA,forworkingwithdevelopmentorganizationstoscaleup

theuseofresearchresults Afarming/landscapesystemapproach,developedbyPROINPA,centeredonquinoa,

whichemploysnativevegetation(legumes,shrubs,andpastures)inestablishingmulti‐purposestripsaswellasmulti‐cropping

Public awareness and policy influence

InEcuador,INIAP’spromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingAndeangrainsappeartohavehelpedshiftpublicopinioninfavorofAndeangrains.Inthepolicysphere,


programmembershaveparticipatedinthedevelopmentofanewlawandregulationspromotingtheuseofnon‐conventionalseedsystems.TheyhavealsoprovidedtechnicalinputsforthedevelopmentofqualitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains.InBolivia,participationbyprogrammembersinfairsandexhibitions,plusdisseminationofinformationonquinoa’snutritionalvalueanditsinnovativeuseandpreparation,appearstohavecontributedtorenewedinterestindomesticquinoaconsumption.Asanindependentfoundation,PROINPAhasnotoftenbeeninvitedtoworkwithgovernmentalagenciesonpolicyissues.However,programmembersarefrequentlyconsultedbygovernmentofficialsontechnicalissues.Notably,PROINPAwasinvitedtopreparethescientificpaperthatsupportedtheproposaloftheBolivianGovernmenttotheUnitedNationstodeclare2013astheInternationalYearofQuinoa.6INIAFalsoinvitedPROINPAtoformanallianceforconductingR&Dprogramsforquinoa,potatoes,andwheat.

Lessons learned

1. R&DprogramshavelittlecontrolovermostfactorsthatinfluenceAndeangrainsproductionanduse.Programsneedtocontinuouslyassesstheiroperatingenvironmentsandconcentrateonareaswheretheycanmakethegreatestcontribution.

2. Themulti‐pronged,multilevel“opportunistic”R&DapproachesusedbytheBolivianandEcuadorianprogramsareappropriateforinterveningincomplexsystemssuchasthoseofAndeangrainsproductionanduse.

3. Insomebutbynomeansallcases,theAndeangrainsprogramshaveplayedimportantrolesinfacilitatinginnovationprocesses.SuccessfulcasesshouldbedocumentedandassessedinordertolearnlessonsthatcanimprovefutureR&Dwork.

4. ProductionandmarketingconditionsforAndeangrainsareconstantlychanging.R&Dprogramsneedthecapacitytorespondeffectivelytochangingneedsandopportunities.

5. Thereareno“universalsolutions”totheproblemsofproducers,marketagents,orconsumers.Researchshouldlookfor"complementaryalternatives"andoptionsthatcanbeadoptedandadaptedbyuserstofitlocalconditionsandchangingcircumstances.

6. Collaborativeapproaches,goodworkingrelationships,frequentinteractions,andallianceshavebeenessentialforcapturingresearchdemandsandpromotingtheuseofresearchproducts.

7. Adaptivemanagementthatcombinesdiagnosticwork,frequentreview,andsubsequentadjustmentofimplementationplansisanappropriatemanagementapproachfortheAndeangrainsprograms.

6TheofficialwebsiteoftheInternationalYearofQuinoaishttp://www.fao.org/quinoa‐2013.


4. The CCRP Approach to Supporting Andean Grains R&D

The McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program

TheMcKnightFoundationassistsnonprofitorganizationsandpublicagenciestoimprovethequalityoflifeforallpeople,particularlythoseinneed.Throughgrantmaking,collaboration,andsupportforstrategicpolicyreform,theFoundationseekstobuildandmaintainvibrantcommunities,enrichpeople’slives,protectthenaturalenvironment,andpromoteresearchinselectedfields.Withassetsofaround$2billion,theFoundationgivesabout$91millioningrantsannually.AboutonequarteroftheamountoftheFoundation’sgrantssupportsimprovementsinrurallivelihoodsandfoodsecurityindevelopingcountries.McKnightbeganfundinginternationalcropresearchin1983withaPlantBiologyProgram.TheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP)begantenyearslaterwithabudgetof$12millionforsixyears.In2000,McKnightcommittedanother$41.5millionovernineyearsand,in2008,$47millionovertenyears.TheCCRPalsoreceived$26.7millionfromtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationtobeusedoverfiveyears.ThisfundingallowedexpansionofgrantmakinginAfricaandprovisionofregionalsupportandnon‐grantassistance.ThemissionoftheCCRPistosupportsmallholderfarmersworkingunderriskyandresource‐limitedconditionstoimprovetheirefficiencyandresiliencethroughtheflexibleapplicationofecologicalprinciplestoimprovetheirproduction,diets,andlivelihoods.CCRPgrantmakingreflectsfiveguidingvaluesrelatedtoinnovation,continuouslearning,balanceofR&D,respectforcultureandtheenvironment,andmutualrespect.TheCCRPsupportsclustersofprojectsinEasternandSouthernAfrica,WestAfrica,andtheAndes.Ineachregion,itbringsgranteestogethertooperateasaCommunityofPractice(CoP)thatcollectivelysupportsagroecologicalintensification(AEI).TheCCRPapproachpromotesAEIinlocalfarmingsystemsbybuildinglocalcapacityandpromotingintegratedinterventionsthataddressproduction,nutritional,andenvironmentalgoalsinlocallyappropriateways.Ineachregion,theCoPtargetsconstraintstofoodandnutritionalsecuritythroughappliednaturalandsocialscienceresearchrelatedtospecificcropsandvaluechains.TheresearchagendaisrefinedovertimetocontributetoAEIinwaysthatpromotebetterlivelihoods,sustainability,andnutrition.CoPsaimtostrengthenthecapacityofR&Dorganizationstogenerateknowledgeandfacilitateinnovationprocessesthatcontributetoagriculturalinnovation,farmers’foodsecurity,andfamilywellbeing.Theyseektofostertheuseofcollaborativeapproachesthatreinforcelocalinnovationcapacityandcollectiveaction,andtheyemphasizetheimportanceofunderstandinglocalcontext,harnessingAEIprinciplestoinformlocalchangeandtheneffectingchangeatscalethroughmultiplepathways.Regionalteamstranslatetheprogram’svaluesandprinciplesintopracticeinseveralways,including:

Strategicgrantmakinginsupportofaregionalstrategy Projectinceptionperiodsthatprovidetimeforrefiningprojectplans


Regularinteractionwithgranteesthroughrevisionofannualreports,sitevisits,andannualmeetings

Annualregionalmeetingsthatbringgranteestogethertointeractwithoneanother,theregionalteam,andexternalresourcepeople

Trainingandtechnicalassistanceinitiatedeitherbygranteesortheregionalteam Support(providedbystatisticiansfromReadingUniversity)forimprovingtheresearch

methodsusedbygrantees Useofintegratedmonitoring,evaluationandplanning(IMEP)approachesthatfoster

learningandprogramimprovement

Evolution of CCRP support

TheCCRPapproachhasevolvedconsiderablyintheAndeanregion.Whenthefirstprojects(includingsupportofBolivia’squinoaprogram)wereformulatedandapprovedin2001,theyreflectedatraditionalresearch‐centeredmodelofinnovation.ThefirstphaseofMcKnightsupportforquinoaR&DinBoliviafocusedonreconstitutingthequinoagermplasmcollectionanditsuseinbreeding.TheprojectwasacollaborativeinitiativeinvolvingthePROINPAFoundationandBrighamYoungUniversity(BYU).TheroleofBYUinsupportingPROINPA’sworkwascentraltotheprojectdesign.TheprincipalscientistsinPROINPAandBYUsignedtheprojectcontractandhad,togetherwiththeMcKnightrepresentative,considerableindependenceindecision‐making.TherewaslittledialoguebetweentheprojectteamandtheFoundationexceptduringprojectpreparationandinfrequentsitevisits.Duringthisphase,accordingtomembersofthequinoaprogram,theFoundationactedlikea“traditionaldonor.”DuringthesecondphaseofsupportfortheBolivianprogramandwhensupportforEcuador’sAndeangrainsR&Dbegan,McKnightpostedarepresentativewithadevelopmentbackgroundintheregion(inQuito)andascientificdirectorbasedatCornellUniversity.Theemphasiswasonappliedresearchandcross‐sectorcollaboration.AnAndeancommunityofpracticewasestablishedforgranteesintheregion.In2007,theCCRPregionalteams(threeinAfricaandoneintheAndes)werereorganizedaroundaliaisonscientistandaregionalrepresentative,supportedbyastatisticsspecialist.AnanthropologistintheU.S.joinedtheregionalteamasliaisonscientist,andastatisticianbasedattheUniversityofReadingintheU.K.providedgranteeswithsupportinresearchmethodsandstatistics.TheCCRPregionalteambegantoemphasizecapacitybuildingandsocialandinstitutionalinnovation.CommunicationbetweentheCCRPandtheprojectteamsbecamemorefrequentandsubstantive,asdidcommunicationamongprojectteams.Since2005,projectteamsintheregionhavemetannuallyasa“communityofpractice”(CoP)toreviewprogresswitheachproject,shareknowledgeandexperiences,anddiscussatopicofgeneralinterest,suchasindigenousknowledge,non‐conventionalseedsystems,andparticipatorymonitoringandevaluation.Inthepastsevenyears,theFoundationhasstressedexplicitlylinkingresearchwithdevelopmentprocessesandimprovingprogramsonthebasisoflessonslearnedfromexperience,inordertoensurethatprogramsproduceusefulresultsthatbenefitalargenumberofpoorpeople.Tothisend,theregionalteamhasworkedwithlocalprojectteamstoprepare“theoriesofchange”foreachprojectandtoimplementasystemforintegratedmonitoring,evaluationandplanning(IMEP)(CCRP‐Andes,2011).McKnighthasencouragedprojectteamstogobeyondanarrowfocusonspecificproductionconstraintsandseekwaystoimprovethe


systemsinwhichAndeangrainsareproduced,marketed,andconsumed.TheFoundation’ssupporthashelpedlegitimizeresearchandevidenceanalysisasplatformsforsounddevelopmentpractice.Ithaslikewisesupportedinnovationandbiologicalandsocialexperimentationascomponentsinthedevelopmentofcollaborativestrategiesforlinkingresearchanddevelopmentinitiatives,achievinglarge‐scaleimpacts,andcontributingtoglobalknowledgeviatheproductionof“publicgoods.”TheMcKnightFoundationhascontributedsignificantlytothecapacityoftheAndeangrainsprogramsinBoliviaandEcuador.HaditnotbeenforMcKnight’ssupport,AndeangrainsR&Dwouldlikelybeashadowofitcurrentpresenceinthetwocountries.PROINPAleadersstateemphaticallythat,withouttheFoundation’ssupport,PROINPAwouldnothaveaquinoaprogram.Moreover,INIAPprobablywouldnotbedoinganyresearchonquinoaoramaranth.CCRPsupporthasalsohelpedlegitimizeR&DworkwithAndeangrainsinbothcountriesandbolsteredthehostinstitutionsinestablishingtheircurrentleadershippositioninAndeangrainsintheR&Dworld.TheCCRPhascontributedtoindividuals’capacitiesbyprovidingopportunitiesforshort‐termprofessionaltraining,advanced‐degreeeducation,networking,andknowledgesharingamongprofessionalsfromdifferentorganizationsandcountries.TheCCRPhasalsocontributedtothecapacityandperformanceoftheAndeangrainsprogramsbyencouragingandprovidingresourcesforthemto:

• Improveplanning,programformulation,andlearningfromperiodicreviews;• Workwithotherdevelopmentpartnersinscalingupactivities;• Serveasinformationhubsandinnovationbrokersthatstimulateandfacilitateinnovation

processeswithAndeangrains.ProgrammembersgreatlyappreciatetheflexibilityoftheCCRP’sprojectmanagementduringimplementation.Resourceshavebeenmadeavailable,onflexibletermsforoperations,consultancies,andtraining.InEcuador,flexibilityingrantdisbursementsisespeciallyappreciatedbecauseoffrequentdelaysingovernmentfunding,whichcandisruptfieldoperationsandcauseexperimentstofail.Recently,theCCRPadoptedanapproachthatrecognizesthatnoplanisperfect,allowingforprojectstoexperiment,correct,adapt,andrefineprojectplansduringinceptionperiodsthatrangefromafewmonthstooneyearafterprojectfundingisapproved.Thisapproachallowsforflexibility,innovation,andfreedomtotry,makemistakes,andlearnfromtheexperience,allofwhicharegreatlyappreciatedbyprojectteams.

“Aunique,andveryimportant,featureofTheMcKnightFoundation’ssupportisitsopennessandflexibility.Thisallowsprojectstoadaptovertimeandfocusbetteronrealneeds.TheFoundation’sflexibilityallowsprojectteamstoadjusttheirplansandactivitiesastheylearnfromthefield.Most

otherdonorsinsistthatprojectsimplementtheiroriginalplans,withoutchanges.Thismakesitimpossibletolearnandchange.

—VivianPolar,biologicalandsocialscientist,PROINPA“OneuniquefeatureofTheMcKnightFoundationisitsflexibility.Thisallowstheprojectstoevolve


overtime.Withotherdonors,afterprojectsareplanned,theyareimplemented,thefinalreportissubmitted,andtheydie.”

—EdsonGandarillas,technicaldirector,PROINPA

“WithTheMcKnightFoundation,wehaveimprovedourprojectreviewandplanningverymuch…Ourplanninghasbecomemorerealistic;itreflectsnotonlyourownaspirationsbuttheviewsof

farmersandotherswhoweconsultinplanningandreviewmeetings.”—Member,legumesandAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador

“TheMcKnightFoundationhasanamplevision,butseesthingsupclose,too.

Whereasotherdonorsprovidefundingandthenonlywantafinalreport,TheMcKnightFoundationalsowantstoknowwhythingswentwell,orwhytheydidn’t,andhowtoimprovefuturework.

—AmaliaVargas,plantbreeder,PROINPA

“TheMcKnightFoundationunderstandsresearchprocesses.Theyarenotlikeotherdonorsthatmakegrantsforshort‐termprojectsandexpectquickresults…Additionally,nootherdonor

providesmoneyforgeneticimprovementforcropsoutsidetheCGIARcenters.”—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPA

“TheMcKnightFoundationisverydifferentfromotherdonors.Oneimportantdifferenceisthattheywantustodevelopourpersonalcapacitiesandalsohaveaccesstothetoolsandmethodsneededtodoourworkwell—thingslikestatistics,technicalwriting,GPS,andfacilitationofmeetings.Theyhaveprovideduswithtrainingandresourcesforallthesethingsoutsideoftheprojectbudget.”

—Member,Andeangrainsproject,INIAP

TheMcKnightFoundationhasencouragednationalAndeangrainsprogramstoworkmoreactivelywitheconomicactorsandserviceproviderstopromoteinnovationprocesses,andhasprovidedresourcestosupporttheseactivities.Consequently,trusthasbuiltupamongdiversestakeholderswhoarenowworkingtogethermoreeffectively.InEcuador,theAndeangrainsprogramhasbrokeredinnovationprocessesinthreecommunities.Resultshavevaried,dependingonthelocalsetting.InBolivia,PROINPA’srecentworkwiththeChamberofExportersofQuinoaandOrganicProducts(CABOLQUI)andtheDepartmentalChamberforQuinoaRealinPotosi(CADEQUIR),aswellaswithdevelopment‐orientedNGOs,hashelpedtobuildtrustandestablishworkingrelations.ExpandingcollaborationamongeconomicactorsandagriculturalserviceprovidersaugerswellforstrengthenedinnovationcapacitieswithAndeangrainsinthetwocountries.Itwouldbeusefultoreviewtheseexperienceswithnetworkingandinnovationbrokerage,documentingthestrategiesemployedandidentifyinginfluentialfactors.

“BeforeweworkedwithTheMcKnightFoundation,eachofusworkedalone.WiththeFoundation’ssupport,wehavedevelopedateamandconsolidatedaprogram.”

—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPA


“ThankstothesupportofTheMcKnightFoundation,PROINPAnowhasaquinoaprogram—notaprojectbutaninstitutionalprogram.”

—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

“Before,itwasthoughtthattheknowledgeofindigenousfarmerswasworthless.Butnowwevaluethisknowledge.Inourworkwithfarmers,welearnagreatdealandsodothey.There’sa

constantexchangeofknowledge.”—Geneticresourcesspecialist,quinoaproject,PROINPA

“Wenowplanmoreinresponsetoconsultationswithstakeholdersandevaluationresults.”

—Member,Andeangrainsproject,INIAP

CCRP contributions to program‐level capacity and performance

Inbothcountries,individualsidentifyfourgeneralwaysinwhichtheirworkwiththeCCRPhascontributedtotheirpersonalcapacityandperformance.Ithas:

1. Increasedtheirmotivationforachievingpracticalresultsandbenefitsforpoorfarmers;

2. Improvedtheirappliedskillsintechnicalaspectsoftheirwork(e.g.,breedingandagronomy)andalsoin“new”areassuchasresearchmethods(surveysdesign,experimentaldesignandstatisticalanalysis,andqualitativeresearchandanalysis);participatoryplanning,monitoring,andevaluation;meetingfacilitation;geographicalinformationsystems;andpartneringandinnovationbrokering.Doingsoallowedforbetteruseofresearchtopromoteinnovationandsocioeconomicdevelopment;

3. Expandedtheirknowledgeofusefulin‐countryandregionalexperienceswithR&Dandinnovationprocesses;

4. Broadenedtheirprofessionalnetworkswithintheirowncountries,acrosstheregion,andwithkeyindividualsoutsidetheregion.InBolivia,twoindividualshaveobtainedpartialsupportfromtheCCRPtoobtainPhDdegrees,andthreeothershaveobtainedMScdegreesabroad.ThePhDshavereceivedtheirdegreesatBrighamYoungUniversity,animportantstrategicpartnerofthePROINPAbreedingprogram.AlloftheseindividualshavereturnedtocontinuetheirworkwithPROINPA.

Inbothcountries,theCCRPsupportprovidedasenseofprogramlegitimacyandabasefromwhichtheycouldobtainadditionalprojectfunding.CCRPsupportinresearchmethodshelpedbothprogramsimprovetheirplanning,researchprotocols,dataanalysis,andreporting,contributingtothequalityofresearchdesignsandresults.Theemphasisonpartneringwithdevelopmentorganizations,theworkwithIMEP,developmentoftheoriesofchange,andemphasisonachievingconcreteresultsatthecommunitylevelhavecontributedtothe“impactorientation”oftheprograms,therelevanceoftheresearch,andtheoutcomesachieved.

“ThecontributionsofTheMcKnightFoundationtoPROINPAhavebeenfundamental.Withoutthe


Foundation,theresimplywouldbenoquinoaprogram.NorwouldtherebearesearchcenteratQuipaquipani.ThecontinuityoftheFoundation’ssupporthasbeenessentialforthecontinuityofquinoaresearch.Moreover,withoutthesecuritythattheFoundation’ssupporthasgivenus,we

wouldnothavebeenabletodeveloptheotherprojectsthatmakeuptheprogramtoday.”—EdsonGandarillas,technicaldirector,PROINPA

TheFoundation’ssupporthasallowedthereconstitutionandfurtherdevelopmentofBolivia’sNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanCropsandthedevelopmentofaNuclearGermplasmCollectionforuseinplantbreeding,whileensuringthecontinuationofthequinoaprogramoverthepasttwelveyears.AnadditionalBoliviahighlightisencouragementandsupportforexperimentationinemergingfieldssuchastheuseofgeneticmarkersinbreeding,developmentanduseofpheromonesandbio‐inputsinorganiccultivation,andre‐establishmentofnativeplantsforsoilconservationinthesouthernaltiplano.Finally,inBoliviatheCCRPhasprovidedmotivationandsupportforPROINPAtodevelopanumberofinter‐organizationalcollaborationstoscaleupinnovationprocessesandresults.WithoutMcKnightsupport,PROINPAwouldnothavehadtheresourcestoestablishaquinoaprogramortoconsolidatethegermplasmcollection,whichcurrentlyisthemostimportantcollectionofquinoagermplasmintheworld.InBolivia,CCRPsupporthasallowedPROINPAtoestablishitselfastheleaderinquinoaresearchinBoliviaandasoneofthisfield’sleadingresearchprogramsinternationally.IthasalsoallowedPROINPAtoworkwithleadingR&Dprofessionalsandinstitutesaroundtheworldinsuchareasastheuseofgeneticmarkersinquinoabreedinganddevelopmentofpheromonesformonitoringandcontrolofquinoapestpopulations.InEcuador,CCRPsupporthasensuredthecontinuityofAndeangrainsR&DwithinINIAP,andhashelpedlegitimizetheuseofcollaborativeandsystems‐orientedR&Dapproaches.

Broader system‐level contributions

InBolivia,CCRPsupporthashelpedstrengthentheroleofPROINPAastheleaderinquinoaresearchandasafacilitatorofinteractionsandpartnershipsthatledtoreal‐worldchangesinquinoaproduction,marketing,andconsumption.Arecentinitiativetotracepotentialsourcesofpesticidecontaminationinshipmentsof“organic”quinoaandimprovequalityassuranceinthefuturehashelpedimproveinter‐organizationalrelations.Distrustandcompetitivenesscontinuetocharacterizetheinstitutionalsetting,butrelationsareimproving,thanksinparttoMcKnight’sencouragementandsupportforPROINPAtoengagewithabroaderrangeofpartnersinaddressingemergingissues.CCRPsupporthasalsohelpedstrengthenlinksbetweenBolivianresearchersandleadingresearchersaroundtheworld,connectionsthathavealreadyledtopracticalimprovementsinquinoacultivation.InEcuador,CCRPsupporthashelpedraisetheinstitutionalprofileandenhancethelegitimacyofINIAP’sAndeangrainsprogram.Innovationcapacityappearstohavebeenstrengthenedinthecommunitiesthathavepartneredwiththeprogram.ThepartnershipwiththeSimonRodriguezTechnicalInstitute,supportedbytheCCRP,iscontributingtothepracticalorientationofeducationintheinstitute.Theprogram’sdynamicnetworking,encouragedandsupportedbyMcKnight,isstrengtheningrelationsamongpublicandprivateactors,withtheAndeangrainsprogramservingasinnovationbroker.


“WithTheMcKnightFoundation,wehavelearnedthatweareoneamongmanyactorsinalarger

innovationsystem,andwehavelearnedtovalueallianceswithotherimportantactors.”—MiltonPinto,researcher,geneticresources,PROINPA

“Weusedtothinkthattheonlyoptionwasforustoworkdirectlywithfarmers.Butnowwerealizethatwecanworkwithotherorganizationsthatmaybearebetterequippedtoreachlargenumbers

offarmers.Thisisbeenanimportantlessonforus.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA

Long‐term, dependable program support and a “different vision of development”

LeadersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsandseniorofficersatPROINPAandINIAPallnotethevalueofthecontinuous,dependablesupportprovidedbyMcKnight.TheCCRPhasprovidedmoreresourcesforAndeangrainsR&Dthananyotherdonor,anditssupporthasbeencontinuousoveralongerperiodthanthatofanyotherdonor.PeopleinbothorganizationsstressedthatthecontinuityoftheirAndeangrainsprogramshasdependeddirectlyonthecontinuityofsupportprovidedbyTheMcKnightFoundation.

“TheMcKnightFoundationiscommittedtosuccessoftheprojectsitsupports.TheFoundationmonitorswork,keepsintouchwithprojectteams,andallowschangesinplansiftheyarejustified.

Thereisajointcommitmenttoachieveresults.Theyexpectustomoveaheadtogether.”—Member,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

“TheMcKnightFoundationisadifferentkindofdonor.Theyknowhowtoguideinstitutionstoward

realisticgoalsandhowtodetectproblemsandrespondrapidly.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA

ProgrammembersfeelthattheFoundation’svisionofdevelopmentprocessesisuniqueinstressingtheimportanceofbothtechnicalandsocialinnovation,inemphasizingtheimportanceofbothproductionandconsumptionofAndeangrains,andinfosteringknowledgesharing,learning,anddevelopmentoflocalcapacityattheindividual,program,andinnovationsystemlevels.Individualsinbothcountries—intheAndeangrainsprogramandseniormanagersinPROINPAandINIAP—notethatmembersoftheCCRPregionalteammakeagreaterefforttounderstandthelocalsetting,needs,andopportunitiesthanisthenormwithdonororganizations,andtheyappreciatethisconcernforidentifyingandaddressinglocalproblems.Arelatedpoint:ItwasnotedthattheCCRP’sregionalteamhelpsprojectteamsformulateappropriategoals,supportstheminachievingthem,andthenholdsthemaccountablefortheresults.

“Therearenouniversallyvalidformulasorrecipes.Ineachlocationweneedtounderstandthe

contextofthecropsandthecustomsofthepeople.”


—Member,INIAPAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador

“TheMcKnightFoundationisverycommittedtoresolvingrealproblemsintheAndes.Idon’tknowofanyotherdonorthatseesthingsinthesameway—thatlooksbeyondtheobjectivesandexpected

outputsofthespecificprojectstheyfund.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA

CCRPregionalteammembersareinfrequentcontactwithmembersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsthroughsitevisits,reviewsofannualreports,andannualregionalCoPmeetings.Programmembersconsiderthefrequentandsubstantive(incontrasttoadministrative)communicationwithmembersoftheCCRPasoneoftheCCRP’smostpositivefeatures.Thesepracticesdistinguishitfrommostofthefundingagencies(bothinternationalanddomestic)withwhichtheyhaveworked.“Normally,whenyoudeliveraprojectreport,that’stheendofit.ThedifferencewithTheMcKnight

Foundationisthattheyreadthereportsandsendcommentsandquestions.SometimestheFoundation’scommentsarestrongortheirquestionsaredifficult,buttheyarealwayspertinent

andmakeusthinkaboutourworkinnewways.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

Withmostdonors,thereislittlecommunicationasidefromthenegotiationofprojectdocuments,thedeliveryofperiodicreports,andtheoccasionalsitevisitorexternalevaluation.Opendialoguewithdonorrepresentativesisveryrare.WiththeCCRP,thereisfrequentcommunicationandinteraction,andtheregionalteamisopentonewideasandapproachesforachievingprojectobjectives.Someofthese(e.g.,anapproachforconductingasurveyorengagingfarmersinresearch)havebeencommunicatedtootherprojectteamsforassessmentandpossibleapplication.

“ThecaliberofTheMcKnightFoundation’sstaffisveryimportant.Theyarenotlikeotherswhocomeheretoimposetheirviewsorobligeustoaccepttheirgoalsandconditions.TheFoundation’s

representativesareopenandsimpleandinspirehorizontal,collegialcommunicationsandrelations.”

—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPATheCCRPprovidesopportunitiesforface‐to‐faceinteractionandopendialoguewithawiderangeofindividuals,includingthosefromtheregionwhoholddifferentexperiencesandperspectives,andexpertsinkeyareasfromotherpartsoftheworld.

“IntheCoPeverythingisdiscussedwitheveryone.Thatisveryvaluable.”—Member,INIAP’sAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador

“Itisveryusefulandstimulatingtodiscussimportantgeneraltopicslikeclimatechange.Weneverhavetheopportunitytodothatinournormaldailyactivities.Ireallylovethediscussionsofthese


‘new’topics.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA

ProgramstaffandseniormanagersatINIAPandPROINPAfeelthattheirprojectteamsareworkingwith(notfor)theCCRP,andthattheCCRPitselfisco‐evolvingwiththeprojects.Asaresult,thereisafeelingthattheresultsobtainedhavebeenco‐generatedbytheCCRPandtheprogramsworkingintandemwithfarmersandothermarketchainactors.

“Inourrankingofdonors,TheMcKnightFoundationisnearthetop.Somethingwevalueverymuch

isthatwelearnanddevelopthingstogetherwiththem.Wehaveveryrichdiscussionsandtheylistentous.”

—AntonioGandarillas,director,PROINPA

“IreallylikethewaytheFoundationworks,whichismuchlessformalthanotherdonors.TheFoundationdoesnothavearigidbureaucracy.Ithasrulesandisstrictinapplyingthem,butitalsotrustsgrantees…TheFoundationdoesnotdictatewhatpeopleshoulddo.Ithelpstheprojectteamsformulatetheirownobjectivesandthenitdemandsresults.Otherdonorstendtoimposetheirown

objectives…IparticularlyliketheCoP,whichmotivatescreativethinkingandactionandstrengthenstiesamongparticipants.AtCoPmeetings,theregionalteammoderatesdiscussionson

topicsofimportancetoparticipants.Forthatreason,participantsrespondfavorablytotheFoundation’sideas.”

—IvánReinoso,director,SantaCatalina,INIAP

Lessons for the CCRP

1. MembersofthenationalAndeangrainsprogramsvaluetheCCRP’scommitmenttocapacitybuilding,itsflexibilityandopennesstonewideas,theintensiveinteractionsbetweenprojectteamsandtheCCRPregionalteam,thecontinuityofCCRPsupport,andtheco‐developmentofpriorities,programs,andresults.

2. TheCCRPapproachalignswellwiththeneedsandpossibilitiesoftheAndeangrainsprograms,andprogrammembershavefewsuggestionsforimprovement.

3. AmajorconcernoftheAndeangrainsprogramsisthedevelopmentofsustainablefinancingstrategies,whichwouldrelylessonfundingfromexternaldonors.SupportfordevelopingsuchstrategiesshouldbeaCCRPpriority.

4. AnotherCCRPpriorityshouldbesupportingthesystematicevaluationofthecollaborativeapproachesusedbytheAndeangrainsprogramstofacilitatelearningandprogramimprovementandtogaugethepotentialutilityofsimilarapproacheselsewhere.

5. GreaterCCRPencouragementandsupportforthepresentationandpublicationofresearchresultsandlessonswouldbeusefulforthenationalprograms.

6. Projectteammembersconsiderthe“regionalCoP”tobeveryvaluable;however,itdoesnotfunctionasatraditionalCoPwithfrequent,spontaneousinteractionsamongthemembers.ItmightbeusefulforthecountryprojectteammembersandtheregionalteamtoreflectjointlyonCoP’sapproachesandexperiencesandexperimentwithoptionsforfurtherstrengtheningknowledgesharing,learning,andcollectiveactionamongtheparticipants.


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CORPOPURUWA.2011c.Sistemadebancoslocalesdesemillas,‘SemillasdelDesierto,”bases,principiosymanualdefuncionamiento.Guamote,Chimborazo,Ecuador:CORPOPURUWA.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Douglas Horton is an independent applied researcher and evaluator who works mainly on topics related to agricultural research and development, innovation, and capacity development. Doug earned BS and MS degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois and a PhD in economics from Cornell University. From 1975 to 1990 he led the Social Science Department of the International Potato Center based in Peru. He went on to be a senior officer at the International Service for National Agricultural Research in the Netherlands from 1990 to 2004. Doug has participated in more than fifty evaluations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe, and has written more than one hundred published articles, books, and research reports.

ABOUT THE McKNIGHT FOUNDATION The McKnight Foundation, a Minnesota-based family foundation, seeks to improve the quality of life for present and future generations. Through grantmaking, collaboration, and encouragement of strategic policy reform, we use our resources to attend, unite, and empower those we serve. Program interests include regional economic and community development, Minnesota’s arts and artists, early literacy, youth development, Midwest climate and energy, Mississippi River water quality, neuroscience, interntional crop research, and community-building in Southeast Asia. Our primary geographic focus is the state of Minnesota, with significant support also directed to strategies throughout the U.S. and in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Founded in 1953 and endowed by William and Maude McKnight, the Minnesota-based Foundation had assets of approximately $2 billion and granted about $86 million in 2013. In 2013, McKnight invested $6 million, or about 7% of total grantmaking, in efforts to explore solutions for sustainable, local food systems through the Collaborative Crop Research Program.

case study: collaborative crop research in action · 2018. 1. 2. · cop community of practice...

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