Case Study: Compost Facilities in Air Quality Non- Attainment Districts

2010 Pacific Southwest Organic Residuals SymposiumSeptember 14, 2010

Challenges Driving Biosolids Management

Regulations restricting or banning both the land application and use of Class B biosolids as ADCLocal restrictions (Solano & Kern counties, etc.)Limited landfill capacity (Especially in So Cal)Longer hauling distances to Class B sites

(greater than 300 miles one way to sites in Arizona) Increasing costs for Class B land application

(>$50/ton) Composting rules eliminating windrow composting San Joaquin Valley APCD Rule 4565 South Coast AQMD Rule 1133

But Why Regulate Compost?

The CAA requires EPA to set primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria air pollutants that pose public health threats. Currently, NAAQS exist for six criteria pollutants -

ground level ozone, Particulate Matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and nitrogen dioxide. NAAQS are defined as the levels of air quality that is

necessary to protect the public health.Ozone is formed by chemical reactions that require

heat, sunlight, NOx from combustion sources & VOCs. Ammonia combines with NOx and SOx to form nitrate

and sulfate particles, a component of PM pollution.

Compost Emissions

Emissions VOCs PM NH3

Links to the regulations http://www.arb.ca.gov/DRDB/SC/CURHTML/R1133-2.PDF http://www.arb.ca.gov/drdb/sju/curhtml/r4565.pdf

http://www.arb.ca.gov/DRDB/SC/CURHTML/R1133-2.PDF�http://www.arb.ca.gov/drdb/sju/curhtml/r4565.pdf�

Reason forVOCs beingimportant tobiosolidsregulations:

Map from http://www.arb.ca.gov/capcoa/dismap.htm

SCAQMD Rule 1133.2• Adopted January 2003• Requires Full Enclosure of Active Composting • 80% removal of VOC and ammonia SCAQMD

SJVAPCD

MDAQMD

SJVAPCD Rule 4565• Adopted March 2007• 80% removal of VOC• Implement BMPs

AVAQMD Rule 1133• Adopted March 2009• Same measures as

MDAQMD Rule 1133

MDAQMD Rule 1133• Adopted October 2008• Implement BMPs• Additional measures if

District is in non-attainment for PM2.5

AVAQMD

Composting Regulations in California

http://www.arb.ca.gov/capcoa/dismap.htm

Case Study Temescal Canyon – Corona, CA

Temescal Canyon (Corona, California)500 wet tons per dayOpen Windrow

Case Study South Kern Composting

Kern County (near Taft)500 wet tons per dayAerated Static PileEnclosed Receiving and MixingBACT for Air

Compost AQ Regulations

Pre-2003Primarily regulated for nuisance odor and dust.No biosolids composting sites had been permitted with

specific reduction requirements for VOC or NH3.Biofilters were utilized primarily for odor treatment

necessitating an enclosed facility or due to the compost technology chosen (i.e).

SJVAPCD Compost RegulationNone – at time of SKCMF permit application/issuance.BACT for VOC and NH3 at biosolids composting in the

SJVAPCD was set via the SKCMF projectSJVAPCD Rule 4565 adopted on March 15, 2007 with

requirement to reduce VOC emissions by 80%.

South Kern Compost Manufacturing Facility

Case Study --South Kern Composting

Kern County (near Taft)500 wet tons per dayAerated Static PileEnclosed Receiving

and MixingSignificant Community

Involvement and InvestmentUnanimously

Supported BACT for Air

Major Equipment/Processes

Enclosed Biosolids Receiving & Feedstock Mixing Operation

Aerated Static Piles (ASP)Vacuum applied

beneath ASPs

Major Equipment/Processes

Engineered Negative Aerated Static Pile Composting

Major Equipment/Processes

Process & Contact Stormwater Impoundment

Major Equipment/Processes

Screening Operation

Environmental Benefit

2009 Source Test Data

Total lbs. of VOC’s removed by biofilters per year is 539,432 lbs. Percent removal rate = 85% (permit requires 80%)

Total lbs. of Ammonia removed by biofilters per year is 162,494 lbs. Percent removal rate = 99.25% (permit requires 80%)

Impact (500 tons of biosolids/day)

Average distance to Corona was ~ 90 mi round-trip miles Average distance to SKIC is ~300 round-trip miles. Does not account for other quantities hauled to AZ due to Corona

closure, which would be even further…. SKIC cost $30M to construct, and $5M for the property/permit At least $20M is in the ASP system needs to comply with 4565 Electrical costs currently are primarily ASP/4565 related Management cost per ton Corona ~$28 ($5M/yr) Management cost per ton SKIC ~$65 ($12M/yr) Annual diesel consumption (RT) @25 tons/truck & 6 MPG

Corona 7,300 trips/yr X 15 gal/trip = 109,500 gallons/yr, 657,000 miles/yr SKIC 7,300 trips/yr X 90 gal/trip = 657,000 gallons/yr, 2,200,000 miles/yr

Emission Factors for On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks

HHDT-DSL (pounds/mile)(1,543,000mi/yr)CO 0.01195456 = 18,500 pounds/yearNOx 0.03822102 = 59,000ROG 0.00304157 = 4,700PM10 0.00183062 = 2,800PM2.5 0.0016008 = 2,500CO2 4.21120578 = 6,500,000

www.aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/onroad/onroadEFHHDT07_26.xls

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients for Electric Power

Factor - 0.61lbs CO2/Kwh (CA factor)

SKIC electrical consumption/month – 542,000Kwh

330,000 lbs CO2/mo

~4,000,000 lbs CO2/yr

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/pdf/EFactors1998-2000.pdf

UC Davis VOC Study

Study to determine whether the types of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from typical biosolids operations will react with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and form ozone.Current assumption that because VOCs are

being emitted, ozone will be formed. However, VOCs vary greatly in their reactivity and in their propensity to contribute to ozone formationThe assumption that a given source contributes

to ozone formation should to be evaluated before the implementation of new rules which will raise biosolids composting operating costs.

Thank You

Layne BaroldiProject DevelopmentSynagro TechnologiesLbaroldi@Synagro.com(714) 299-2943

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Slide Number 1Challenges Driving Biosolids ManagementBut Why Regulate Compost?Compost EmissionsSlide Number 5Slide Number 6Case Study �Temescal Canyon – Corona, CACase Study �South Kern Composting Compost AQ RegulationsSouth Kern Compost Manufacturing FacilityCase Study -- �South Kern Composting Major Equipment/ProcessesAerated Static Piles (ASP)Major Equipment/ProcessesMajor Equipment/ProcessesMajor Equipment/Processes Environmental BenefitImpact (500 tons of biosolids/day)Emission Factors for On-Road �Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients for Electric Power UC Davis VOC StudySlide Number 22Thank You