Causes of WW1

• M• A • I• N

Militarism

1. Building up armed forces getting ready for war

2. Glorification of the military

3. Increase in military spending

4. More input by military leaders in the government

Militarism

• Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.

• The British feared an attack on their Empire

•Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies

1880

1914Germany 1.3m 5.0mFrance 0.73m 4.0mRussia 0.40m 1.2m

Alliances

Agreements or promises to help or defend another country

Alliances

• By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.

• The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.

• Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

Alliances

• Central PowersGermanyAustria-Hungary Italy

• Triple Entente

(Allies)FranceRussiaGreat Britain

Imperialism

One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life

of another country

Imperialism

• All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.

• The British feared Germany in Africa.

• The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

Nationalism

Extreme love and pride in your country

Desire of people with the same nationality to form their own nation-state

Desire for freedom from foreign rule

Nationalism

• This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.

• In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.

Serbia’s national flag

Alliances

• Central Powers

(Axis)GermanyAustria-Hungary Italy

• Triple Entente

(Allies)FranceRussiaGreat Britain

Conflict in the Balkans

Large number of different religions and nationalities

Balkan Wars – struggle for control of the Peninsula

“Powder Keg of Europe”

Conflict in the Balkans

Assassination

• 28 June 1914• Heir to Austrian

throne Franz Ferdinand Assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina by Serbian Nationalists

• Black Hand – Serbian Nationalist Group

Seal of the Black Hand group

Key Events of Assassination• 1. Archduke and wife visit Bosnia

• 2. 7 conspirators line parade route

• 3. Conspirator 4 does nothing

• 4. Cabrinovic’s bomb injured spectators

• 5. Archduke wants to visit injured

• 6. Assassins change positions

• 7. Car takes wrong turn

• 8. Princip shoots FF and Sophie

• 9. Princip goes to jail

The Coaches

Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US

Allied Powers

Central Powers

Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany

Series of Unfortunate Events Countries have an U.R.G.E. to go to war

“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”

• U. Ultimatum from A-H to Serbia fails. Blank Check from Germany.

• A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum• R. Russia as “Protector of the Slavs”

mobilizes her troops to support Serbia

• July Crisis-no war?• July 28th-1914-A-H (because of

Germany’s backing) declares war on Serbia

• Russia declares war on Germany because she is protector of Slavs

Series of Unfortunate Events Countries have an U.R.G.E. to go to war

• G. Germany declares war on France and Russia.

• Schlieffen Plan• E. England, “Protector of Belgium”,

declares war on Germany when Germany marches through neutral Belgium to attack France

Playing Field

• Eastern Front– Mostly in Russia,

along the German/Russian border

– Type of fighting used = more mobile

– Problems – neither side able to achieve a complete victory

– Battle lines changed often (fluid)

• Western Front– Mostly in France, along

German/French Border– Type of fighting used =

Trench Warfare– Problems = stalemate…

• Stalemate – deadlock, where neither side gains an advantage

– War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down

German Plans to Attack France

German Plans to Attack France

1st Play: Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen

•Plan to avoid a two front war•Attacked France through neutral Belgium•Defeat the French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize•Turn and fight Russia

Problems:•Heavily fortified areas in Belgium•Strong resistance from France•Russia mobilized quicker•Britain attacked from the north

1st Game: Battle of the Marne

• German’s advance into France

• Pushed back by French at Marne

• Stalemate and Trench Warfare begin

• Ends Schlieffen Plan

Battle of Verdun•German attack on French

•Longest battle of WWI = 300 days

•Total casualties – 700,000

•No clear winner

•Stalemate

Battle of Somme

• British/French surprise attack against Germans

• British losses 1st day – 60,000 men

• Total Casualties – 1Million+

• No clear winner

• Stalemate

• Tank introduced

1st Game Eastern FrontBattle of Tannenberg

• Russia vs. Germany/Austria-Hungry• Russian Advantages

– Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German) • Not well trained• Lacked weapons

• Russian Disadvantages– Least industrialized – Lack of Modern Technology

• Who won?– GERMANS

Battle of Gallipoli

• Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan : – Open supply route to Russia– Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to

Black Sea– Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war

• Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised land by A-H to defend

Dardanelle’s at all cost• Allies fail

Battle of Gallipoli

Trench Warfare

Diagram of the Trenches

Trench System

French soldiers firing over their own dead

All Quiet on the Western Front – trench warfare (9:27)

Do you think we have enough

food and supplies to outlast them?

These lines haven't moved

for a year!

Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast

them?

These lines haven't

moved for a year!

No-Mans land

Propaganda – information or material spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause.

 Objectives of Wartime Propaganda Posters 1.Recruitment of Soldiers2.Financing the war effort – the sale of bonds (loans from citizens to the government)3.Eliminated opposition to the war, or unifying the country behind the war4.Conservation of resources necessary to fight the war ( food, oil, steel)5.Participation in home-front organizations to support the war effort

Types of Propaganda

• Bandwagon – everyone is doing it, and you don’t want to be left out. The propagandist puts forth the idea that everyone is doing this, or everyone supports this person/cause, so should you

Types of Propaganda

• Demonization – portraying the enemy as evil, murderous and aggressive. The propagandist makes it clear whom the public should hate. The enemy may be portrayed as a hairy beast or the devil himself. This tool becomes more powerful when the enemy can be blamed for committing inhumane acts against women and children

 

Types of Propaganda

• Patriotic Appeals – using patriotic symbols or language to appeal to people’s national pride. For example, language such as “truth”, “freedom, “honor”

Weapons Webquest

• New inventions made WWI different then any other war that was previously fought

• WWI introduced:

– Submarines

– Airplanes

– Poison Gas

– Machine Guns

– Tanks

• Your Task

– Complete the Webquest located in your playbook

U-Boat

Poison Gas

Machine Guns

Tanks

Airplanes

Armenian Holocaust

• Dates-April 24, 1915 – 1917• Causes-a decline in power and military losses in

World War I caused the OE to use the Armenians as scapegoats for their problems

• Perpetrators- Ottoman Empire• Victims-Armenians• Casualties-1.5 million• Deny it bc it makes them look bad

Armenian Holocaust

• Example of Nationalism-If the Armenian people inside the Ottoman Empire declared independence.

Pre-Revolutionary Russia• Nicholas II became

Tsar (Czar/Caesar) in 1884-AlexIII left him a mess

• Only true autocracy left in Europe

• Believed he was the absolute ruler annointed by God

• No type of representative political institutions for workers

The Revolution of 1905• Workers unhappy-had

lost the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-Poverty

• Workers were concentrated in St. Petersburg and Moscow

• Help from the countryside: poor peasants

• Duma-Legislative body-established-no real political power though

• Imperial Family ruled for 300 years

• Czar Nicolas was unprepared and foolish

• He was influenced by his German born wife, Alexandra (she was Queen Victoria of England granddaughter)

• His concern was for his 4 daughters and his son, Aleksei, who had hemophilia (gene carried by Queen Victoria)

Aleksei: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

Alexandra: The Power Behind the Throne

• Alexandra was even more blindly committed to autocracy than her husband

• Rasputin a monk with supposed psychic powers had influence over her

• He seemingly cured Aleksei-hypnosis

• Scandals surrounding Rasputin served to discredit the monarchy-womanizer, alcoholic, affair with Czarina

The Collapse of the Imperial Government

• Nicholas leaves for the Front—September, 1915

• Alexandra and Rasputin throw the government into chaos-inflation, food and fuel shortages

• Rumors of an affair• Alexandra and other

high government officials accused of treason

The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont)

• Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916 by members of the royal family who wanted him dead

• Cyanide, shot 4 times, thrown into a river-still living

• Alexandra refused to receive assistance of the Russian Middle Class

• Wartime economy was completely mismanaged

Rasputin’s Letter-Foreshadowing the death of the

Royal Family• "I write and leave behind me this letter at St. Petersburg. I feel that I shall

leave life before January 1...If I am killed by common assassins, and especially by my brothers the Russian peasants, you Tsar of Russia, have nothing to fear, remain on your throne and govern, and you, Russian Tsar, will have nothing to fear for your children, they will reign for hundreds of years in Russia...if it was your relations who have wrought my death, then no one in the family, that is to say, none of your children or relations, will remain alive for more than two years. They will be killed by the Russian people...You must reflect and act prudently. Think of your safety and tell your relations that I have paid for them with my blood. I shall be killed. I am no longer among the living."

Pray, pray, be strong, think of your blessed family.

Grigory

 

The Two Revolutions of 1917

• The March Revolution (March 12)-Czar Abdicates

• The November Revolution (November 6)-Provisional Government vs Petrograd Soviet

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

1. March Revolution• March 8th through 15th, 1917, there is rioting in

the streets of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) over a lack of food and fuel. (Clip-fall/Tsar)

• Government orders troops who are sent in to break up the riots

• The Soldiers refused to fire, and join the rioters.

Note: the March Revolution is not organized by the revolutionary intellectuals but by working people.

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

2. Abdication –March 15th, 1917• The Czar (Nicholas II) gives up the throne• Giving up the throne is also known as

abdication• This ends the 300 year Romanov Rule

A new government will begin…

Think, Pair, Share

• Why was Czar Nicholas II so unpopular?

• In your playbook, write down 3 specific examples.

Answer

• His political incompetence

• Reliance on the mystic healer Rasputin

• Food and fuel shortages

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

3. Provisional Government attempts to establish a Democracy – legislature made up of middle class

• Alexander Kerensky –Prime Minister

• Big Mistake: Didn’t withdraw from WWI…he continues Russia’s involvement

Think/Pair/Share

• How did the provisional government loose support?

• Do you think this was a good idea to begin with? Why/why not?

• Write down your answer in your playbook.

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

• Problems for the Provisional Government – Desertion– Worsening transportation– Drop in armament production– Weak

– All this leads to loss of support…

Think, Pair, Share

• Who was Lenin?

• What was his slogan and what did it mean for Russian society?

Petrograd Soviet• *Workers, Soldiers, and Socialist

*Mensheviks –slow transition to communism-masses start and lead to 1 communist state 

*Bolsheviks-led by Lenin-immediate revolution by intellectuals and creation of a communist state-Workers of the World Unite! –Win over Mensheviks by 9-17

• Goals-Small group and spread revolution worldwide

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

4. November Revolution =

• Bolshevik Beliefs – small number of intellectuals and workers lead a radical revolution against Noblemen/Lords and middle class

• Lenin – leader of Bolsheviks-sent from Germany in a sealed train car

Peace, Land, and Bread

–Promised “Peace, Land, and Bread”

–Withdraw from war, all peasants given land, everyone would have enough to eat

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

• November Revolution Continued…• Coup d'état – sudden overthrow of government (Provisional

government in Russia) by people from within a country-Lenin and Bolsheviks take over

• Socialist State– Workers control of factories and mines– Land distribution to peasants– End private property– Create Equality

• Communists – name given to Bolsheviks based on the ideas of Karl Marx

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

5. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk =

• Treaty to end fighting between Germany and Russia in WWI.

• Reasons Russia gets out:– Lenin/communists take Absolute Power– Large number of troops being killed– Food shortages throughout the country– Wanted to focus on stabilizing the economy and creating equality

• Russia lose much of Western territory and 1/3 of population to Germany

• Germany can concentrate on Western Front – ends 2-Front war

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

6. Civil War (1918-1921) = • Reds (also known as communists) VS Whites (Army –

supporters of the Czar)

• Leon Trotsky – communist leader of the Red Army

– Used force and education to promote loyalty to communism

• Whites – received military aid from the Allies and the United States – why?

– Promised to defeat Reds quickly and get Russia back into WWI

• Villages burned, workers and peasants starved, economy worsened

• Lenin/Communists gain control by 1921

Bolshevik Ideology

• Were against Nobles and Lords-rich

• Stressed total equality

• Working class and peasants

• Sought peace with Germany to stabilize their economy and government

• Fighting against economic hardship, famine, and an oppressive govt

• March Revolution-Czar abdicates

• November Revolution-Provisional Government VS The Petrograd Soviet

• Civil War-Reds (supporters of Lenin) VS Whites (supporters of the Czar)

The Russian Revolution =7 Key Events

7. Imperial Execution (1918) =

• Czar Nicholas II and his family executed

• Video Rasputin song

Exit Slip:

• How did Russia’s involvement in WW1 help fuel Revolution?

– Desertion– Worsening transportation– Drop in armament production– Weak and incompetent Czar and Provisional

Government– Food and Fuel shortages

America Enters WWI

Reasons Why US Didn’t Get Involved Initially

1. Not our war-Isolationist

2. Businesses could sell to both sides and we had immigrants from both sides

Reason for US Entry

• Ties to GB-Common Language and culture

• Propaganda

• Sinking of the Lusitania

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Zimmerman Note

US Enters WWI

• When-April 2nd, 1917

• Why-”To make the world safe for democracy”

Sinking of the Lusitania

– German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast-May 7th, 1915

– 1200 die, 124 Americans

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• At first, Germans struck down only warships

• 1915-struck civilian and commercial ships bc they were carrying supplies to Allies

• President Wilson threatened Germany and they stopped for awhile but resumed it in 1917 to stop British control of the seas

• Wilson broke off diplomatic relations

Zimmerman Note• Note from German

Foreign Minister to German Ambassador in Mexico– Convince Mexico to

go to war against US

– Mexico to gain territory lost in Mex-Am War

– Prevent U.S. from joining war in Europe

– US declares war: April 2, 1917

America At War

•American Expeditionary

Forces

“Dough Boys”

http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htm

Global War• Resources and soldiers

from all over • Fought in Asia and

Africa - Allies gained German colonies

• British get help from Middle East colonies of Ottoman Empire conquered the Ottoman’s – expected independence at war’s end

Global War

• What did imperialized nations want?

1.Citizenship OR

2.Independence

• What was the outcome?– Didn’t gain independence, European empires

extended their empires at the expense of the colonies

End of War-Which side Wins?

•Second Battle of the Marne (7/18) - Last Major German Offensive

•Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates

•Armistice – Agreement to end fighting 11:00am 11/11/18

•Allies win

Lives Lost

Russia 3.7 millionFrance 1.7 millionGreat Britain 995,000United States 117,000Germany 2.4 millionAustria 1.5 millionOttoman Empire 2.9 millionTotal Deaths 29 million6 million-mangled, disfigured, deformedTotal Casualties 37M

Paris Peace Conference

• January 1919-April 1919

• Countries not at the conference-Germany, Russia and the other Central Powers

• 27 Nations represented

Paris Peace Conference• 5 Separate Peace

Treaties known as the Peace of Paris

• Central Powers not invited

• Big 4 - Allied Powers: Great Britain-Llyod George, US-Wilson, France-Clemenceau, Italy-Orlando

Paris Peace Conference

• At the conference it was Wilson’s idealism vs. GB, France, and Italy’s revenge/nationalism

• Explain???

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsThree Goals:

•Ensure lasting peace

•Right to choose government

•League of Nations – International body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace1. Why did the US not want to join the League of Nations?

League of Nations Formed

• United States didn’t join– Congress feared it would drag

us into another war– Weakened the power of the

League of Nations– No power to enforce its

decisions– One of the causes of WWII

Treaty of Versailles

Germany got a R.A.W. Deal• R.eparations – payments to

victors for war damages ($33B)• Took Germany’s colonies

• Austria Hungary is forced to separate and several countries including Yugoslavia are created

R.A.W.

Germany got a R.A.W. Deal• Armaments-A.llied Punishments

– Germany is forced to limit the size of its army– Germany is forced to give military equipment to the

Allies– Germany can’t have military equipment near the

French border– Took Rhineland (buffer zone)– Germany and A-H collapse– European powers weakened because of financial

loses, death, destruction of cities and their infrastructure

Germany got a R.A.W. Deal

• War Guilt

• Germany alone were forced to admit that they were guilty for starting WWI

• Left them humiliated with a desire for revenge

Map of Europe Re-drawn

Yugoslavia – Serbia,Bosnia, HertzegoveniaMontenegro, Croatia, Slovenia

Created by the CongressOf Vienna - created nationalisticfeelings

Use the maps below to answer the questions on the last page. Cite specific examples to support your answers

Which of the following defines Militarism?

1. Building up armed forces getting ready for war

2. Glorification of the military

3. Increase in military spending

4. More input by military leaders in the government

5. All of the Above

Which of the following defines an alliance?

Any

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The

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Ext

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25% 25%25%25%1. Any partnership with another country

2. An agreement to help defend another country in the event of war

3. The building up of a countries army

4. Extreme pride in one’s country

Which of the following was not a cause of WWI?

Nat

ional

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Mili

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Com

munis

m

Imper

ialis

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25% 25%25%25%1. Nationalism

2. Militarism

3. Communism

4. Imperialism

What was the Powder Keg of Europe?

A b

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The

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25% 25%25%25%1. A bomb that killed the Archduke of Austria

2. The Balkan Peninsula

3. The weapons used in WWI

4. The Alliance System that existed before WWI

Which of the following countries were in the Triple Entente?

Russ

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Russ

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Ger

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25% 25%25%25%

1. Russia, Great Britain, France

2. Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany

3. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

4. Russia, Great Britain, Italy

Which of the following countries were part of the Triple Alliance?

Russ

ia, G

reat

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Russ

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Ger

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25% 25%25%25%1. Russia, Great Britain,

France

2. Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany

3. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

4. Russia, Great Britain, Italy