caution! jet blast on apron - iata - home e-taxi... · lkpr / prg 11 km distance from the downtown...

CAUTION! JET BLAST ON APRON

23.-24.5.2017

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Prague Airport video

Prague Airportfacts and figures

LKPR / PRG

11 km distance from the downtown

13 million PAX in 2016 (15 mil. expected 2017)

137k MVTS in 2016 (max. 179k in 2008)

46 MVTS per hour of declared capacity

RWY 06/24: 3715x45 m

RWY 12/30: 3250x45 m

Terminal 1: Schengen

Terminal 2: Non-Schengen

Terminal 3: General Aviation

Terminal 4: Military

2 cargo terminals

5 APRONs

90 aircraft parking stands

A380 + B747-8 regularly4

Prague Airport Václav HavelMain Gateway to the Czech Republic

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1937 FIRST FLIGHT

1968 TERMINAL NORTH 1 AREA OPENED

1990 - 2005 TERMINAL 1 EXPANSION

1995 3,000,000 PAX

2003 START OF T2 CONSTRUCTION

2005 10,800,000 PAX

2006 TERMINAL 2 OPENED

2007 VOTED BEST AIRPORT IN CEE

2008 12,630,000 PAX, 175,000 MVT

2009 VOTED BEST AIRPORT IN EE

2011 IATA EAGLE AWARD

2012 TOTAL RWY RECONSTRUCTION

2013 A380 CERTIFICATION

2015 TRIPLE-BRIDGE GATE FOR A380

2016 2nd ROUTES EUROPE AWARDS 2016

2016 13,040,000 PAX

2017 80 YEARS ANNIVERSARY, 15 MPAX EXPECTED

MILESTONES IN AIRPORT’S HISTORY

Prague Airport Václav HavelMilestones

Prague Airport Václav Havel

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APRON

NORTH

APRON

SOUTH

T2

T1

T3T4

HANGAR F

FIRE STATION

METEO

A

Z

L

www.prg.aero/safety/

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… Five-star Airport Safety

ThinkCalm downDo

Check Write down

t +420 220 112 645

m +420 724 550 576

[email protected]

Prague Airport

K Letišti 6/1019

160 08 Prague 6

Contacts

Ing. Libor Kurzweil, Ph.D.

Director SMS, SeMS, QM

Safety Manager

http://www.prg.aero/safety/

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Regulationsrelated to Jet Blast

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Regulations related to Jet Blast

1. ICAO Annex 14

- requirement for a runway blast pad

- note for deicing pads and TWY bridges

- Jetblast on Apron? NIL!

2. ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2

- extensive guidance material

- see Appendix to this presentation

3. EASA CS-ADR-DSN (design specifications

for aerodromes)

- corresponds to ICAO Annex 14

4. Manufacturer’s aircraft manuals for Airport planning

- diagrams of Jetblast contours on idle / breakaway / takeoff power

- jetblast velocity safe to personnel is not specified

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B 737 NG

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Realityat airports

38Issued: May 2016

Created 2016 by Prague Airport, Safety Management DepartmentFeel free to distribute. Email us if you want to be added to the distribution list or removed

www.prg.aero/safety [email protected]

Target audience: All ground staff, managers

……… briefsSafety……..

Areas marked in redmay be affected by exhaust gases ofvelocities, that mightendanger people. No presence of staffand passengers duringtaxi of A380!Safe distance behindthe aircraft is 130 m

http://www.prg.aero/safety

mailto:[email protected]

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PragueThree piers with bays in between90° turns in front of aircraft stands

Taxi situations, where safe distanceson breakaway power recommendedby manufacturers are not met

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Singapore ChangiPiers with bays in between90° turns in front of aircraft stands


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FrankfurtPiers with bays in between90° turns in front of aircraft stands


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JFKPiers with bays in between90° turns in front of aircraft stands


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London HeathrowPiers with bays in between90° turns in front of aircraft stands


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Berlin BrandenburgNo baysJet blast risk eliminated by airport design

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London CityJet blast is a main risk factor of Apron operations

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Risksrelated to Jet Blast

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Safety Risks

Idle power is not that risky.

Caution is neccessary in situation when breakaway power is used:

1. when applying breakaway power to get the aircraft moving that temporarily a high or

medium power setting is required.

- expectable situations: commencing taxi from stand / after push

- non-expectable situations: interrupting and stopping taxi for any reason

2. when an arriving aircraft is turning on to the stand centreline. The risk is further

increased if for any reason the aircraft stops, then applies the additional thrust required

to breakaway and continue the manoeuvre. Ideally, the aircraft should be kept moving

to ensure that breakaway power is not required.

3. An aircraft positioning onto stand with a single engine taxi, may make unpredictable

and unfamiliar thrust inputs to enable the aircraft to manoeuvre. There is the increased

potential for the power input to be much higher than normal.

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Solutionsmitigating the risk of Jet Blast

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1. Jetblast deflectorsPrefered solution where applicable

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2. Demonstrate Safety to CAA by Safety study

Example from PRG

The Airport has bays with fiveaircraft stands on each taxilane; just one aircraft allowedto be pushed at a time. Caused significant delaysin departure peaks.

Idea: to allow multi-push of twoaircraft to the same taxilaneat a time, with a distance of 100 m between them.

Question: Jet blast Safety?

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Measuring of wind velocities and personal feeling in distancesof 90 m and 70 m behind medium sized aircraftcommencing taxi on breakaway power.

Result: Jetblast itself was not dangerous to ground personnel in case of clean surface.

Danger: dust, small stones, other FOD lifted by airflow.

Conclusion: multiple pushbacks separated by 100 m were approved by the CAA together with frequent and precise surface cleaning.

2. Demonstrate Safety to CAA cont’d

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3. Publish & promote Minimum thrust on Apron

Identify Jetblast sensitive

places / taxi manoeuvers

Publish a request for

minimum thrust to pilots in AIP

Install information signs at

critical airside areas

if your airport is Jetblast sensitive,

think twice of single enginetaxi procedures. The engine runson higher powerand has larger jetblast contours Image of Airsight

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4. Avoid non-standard breakaway manoeuvers

Case study 1: happened in Europe 2016

Jet blast incident after pilot of 737 got lostduring taxi and instructed to make non-standard 180° turn under 30% thrust on both engines, influenced working area, several light injuries.

Safety recommendationATC to announce all non-standard taxi manoeuvres to airport operations. Dispatcher to check the situation behindand decide if to continue on power / or to shut down and tow.

Case study 2: happened in Europe 2016

Jet blast incident of Apron bus side windowbeing broken and blown into the bus full ofpassengers. Caused by 747-8 taxiing nearbyon breakaway+ power; crew freshly retrainedfrom 747-400; But… new engines of 747-8 have slower response to input from pilots…

Safety recommendationwhen aircraft stops taxi at critical areas, shut-down of engines is mandatory and continuation is possible by towing only.

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5. Keep ground personnel and pilots aware of risk

Example of best practice: Operational Safety Instruction of London Luton Airport

• Jet engine efflux and propeller or rotor wash is a potential hazard from the blast created by all aircraft

engines. It is common when applying breakaway power to get the aircraft moving that temporarily a

high or medium power setting is required.

• There may be an increase of thrust when an arriving aircraft is turning on to the stand centreline.

The risk is further increased if for any reason the aircraft stops, then applies the additional thrust

required to breakaway and continue the manoeuvre. Ideally, the aircraft should be kept moving to

ensure that breakaway power is not required.

• An aircraft positioning onto stand with an unserviceable engine, may make unpredictable and

unfamiliar thrust inputs to enable the aircraft to manoeuvre. There is the increased potential for the power

input to be much higher than normal.

• All employers shall induct staff, visitors and contractors, operating on the aprons, concerning the risks associated with aircraft rotors and propellers.

• Ground crews must ensure that the area immediately behind an aircraft, plus the zone immediately in front of the engine intakes, is clear before

giving clearance for engine start.

• Ground crews must notify pilots of any potential hazard that could be created by the starting of engines.

• As a matter of routine, aircraft are permitted to make a turn on some selected stands or parking areas where dimensions permit. In this event,

aircraft shall be marshalled into position.

• Consideration shall be given to other parked aircraft when positioning an aircraft for nose out and self manoeuvre departure.

• Aircraft are to keep all engines running (notwithstanding any fuel economy measures) in order to limit the need for high thrust levels. Ideally, the

aircraft should be kept moving to ensure that break-away power is not required. If this cannot be achieved within the confines of the aprons, an

aircraft may be asked to shut down engines and a push or tow initiated to manoeuvre the aircraft.

• Engines must not be run for test reasons when the aircraft is on stand, except as an approved ground idle engine run. Engines should be shut down

as soon as operationally practicable once the aircraft is parked. Aircraft anti-collision beacon(s) must remain on until the engines have run down.

• Pilots must use the minimum power necessary to get/keep the aircraft moving, particularly when in the Apron Area.

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6. eTAXI

Case study 1: uni-fleet terminals, all eTAXI

Safety effect: very positiveall movements perfectly safe; ground staffand PAX protected even if they enter a zonebehind taxiing aircraft

Crossing of taxiways by GSE safe immediatelyafter aircraft passes

Safe conditions for Airport works nearby TWYs

Caution: cases of eTAXI inoperable / unusedmust be treated carefully, preferably by push/pull.

Case study 2: mixed-fleet terminals

Safety effect: partialprocedures set always for mixed fleetof aircraft, i.e. w.r.t. Jetblast.

eTAXI better protects ramp personnel thatwork behind aircraft

Safer conditions for Airport works nearbyTWYs

Severity of Jetblast incident remains the same, probability goes down.

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7. Promo

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Positive effectof Jetblast

Contact to Safety Management

Ing. Libor Kurzweil, Ph.D.

Director of Quality, Safety and Processes Management

Safety Manager

Prague Airport

K Letišti 6/1019

160 08 Praha 6

t +420 220 112 645

m +420 724 550 576

[email protected]

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AppendixAerodrome Design Manual

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ICAO Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2 1/10

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caution! jet blast on apron - iata - home e-taxi... · lkpr / prg 11 km distance from the downtown...

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