ccna ppt day 5
DESCRIPTION
ccna pptTRANSCRIPT
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Dynamic Routing•With the help of Routing Protocols Router find the way by itself is called
Dynamic Routing
• Routing Protocols are divided into two:-• Interior gateway protocol• Exterior gateway protocol Interior gateway Protocols are used in an autonomous system and Exterior gateway protocols are to configure ASBR.
• Ex: of Interior Gateway- RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
• Ex: of Exterior Gateway- BGP, IS-IS
• Terms in Dynamic routing…
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Autonomous System• A group of Routers in a single administrative domain is called autonomous
system.
• Autonomous systems consisting of same number can communicate.
• Different autonomous system is inter connected using ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router)
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Administrative Distance• If a network gets an information from a source through multiple Router, it
selects the Router having lowest Administrative Distance value.
• RIP- 120
• IGRP- 100
• OSPF-110
• EEGRP- 90
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DVP (Distance Vector Protocol)• Factors which is used in DVP are Distance & Direction for communication
between two networks
• Each Router has a routing table which it shares with other Routers i.e., each Router updates its routing table in every periodic timers
• If one of the network under a Router becomes down all other updates their routing table.
• Due to this convergence a looping occurs called Routing Loop.
• This is not applicable in most cases.
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Maximum Hop Count• It is a loop avoiding technique
• It counts hop in every table
• After a critical no: of hop it avoids before looping occurs
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Split Horizon• It is also a loop avoiding system
• If a Router R1 updates a network information from another Router R2
• Then that network information is not updates back in the R1
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Reverse Poison• The Router under which the network is down produces a signal called reverse
poison.
• It shares with other Routers.
• It removes the information regarding the network which is down on the other Routers.
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Hold down Timer• If a network is down under a flappy situation under a Router, the hold down timer waits for a
particular time period.
• After that it removes the information regarding the down network in the other Routers.
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RIP (Routing Information Protocol)• RIP is a universal protocol.
• Could be configured in any Router.
• Its AD value is 120.
• It is DVP.
• RIP’s metric is hop count.
• RIP’s hop count is 15, so it supports up to 16 Routers.
• It has two versions, RIP version 1 and RIP version 2
• Providing sub netted IP’s for Router in order to avoid wastage of IP is called RIP version 2.
• RIP version 2 is classless routing protocol.
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RIP Configuration
An example of a routing configuration is:
Router(config)#Router rip
Router(config-Router)#network 172.16.0.0
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Verifying RIP
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RIP Timers• Route update timer Sets the interval (typically 30 seconds) between periodic routing
updates
• Route invalid timer Determines the length of time (180 seconds) before a Router determines that a route has become invalid
• Hold-down timer This sets the amount of time during which routing information is suppressed. This continues until either an update packet is received with a better metric or until the hold-down timer expires. The default is 180 seconds
• Route flush timer Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds).
• Syntax:-
Router(config-Router)#timers basics 10 20 30 40
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Debugging
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Passive InterfacePassive-interface command prevents RIP update broadcasts from being sent out a defined interface, but same interface can still receive RIP updates
R1#config tR1(config)#Router ripR1(config-Router)#network 192.168.10.0R1(config-Router)#passive-interface serial 0
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IP Routing Table
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RIP version 1 vs. RIP version 2
R1# config tR1(config)# )#Router ripR1(config)#network 192.168.10.0R1(config)#network 192.168.20.0R1(config)#version 2
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Floating type AD value• Configured two protocols in a network RIP & Static, but should work only on RIP.
• For that we increase Static’s AD value larger than the RIP.
• If RIP is down it should work on Static.
• Syntax:-
Router(config)#ip route ‘unknown network’ ‘subnet mask’ ‘next hop address’ ‘ad value’
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IGRP (Interior Gateway Protocol)• It is a distance vector protocol
• It is a cisco proprietary protocol
• Only works on cisco devices
• Its AD value is 100
• IGRP metric is composite metric
• There are 5 factors to find the direction
1. Bandwidth
2. Delay
3. Load
4. Reliability
5. MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
• Default Hop count is 100
• It could be extended up to 255.
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Configuring IGRP
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IGRP Timers• Update timers these specify how frequently routing-update messages should be sent. The
default is 90 seconds.
• Invalid timers These specify how long a Router should wait before declaring a route invalid if it doesn’t receive a specific update about it. The default is 3*90 = 270.
• Hold-down timers These specify the hold-down period. The default is three times the update timer period plus 10 seconds. 280 seconds
• Flush timers These indicate how much time should pass before a route should be flushed from the routing table. The default is seven times the routing update period. If the update timer is 90 seconds by default, then 7 × 90 = 630 seconds elapse before a route will be flushed from the route table.
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EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)• EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol
• Its is a hybrid protocol
• It has Features of Link state and DVP
• It maintains three tables:-
1. Neighbor ship- This table keeps the information of another Router which is its neighbor.
2. Topology- It keeps the information of all possible routes from one network to another.
3. Routing- This keeps the information of best path from one n/w to another.
• It has AD value of 90
• Distance is calculated by composite metric
• Its maximum hop count is 100, extendable up to 255
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Efficient Neighbor Discovery• Hello packet is used to establish neighbor ship by Router.
• Every 5 sec Hello packet is sent to 224.0.0.10
• When another Router receives the hello packet, it checks whether it is in same network or in same AS no: or same K values.
• Then only it sends acknowledgement and Accepts the Router as its neighbor
• This process is called efficient neighbor discovery.
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RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol )• This protocol is enhanced with EIGRP
• If a Router is down and another Router does not receives any acknowledgement
• It sends the hello packet as unicast 16 times to the Router
• Still if does not receives any acknowledgement, the it removes the information regarding the Router from neighbor ship table.
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PDM (Protocol Dependent Module)It is module which helps to communicate multiple or different types of network protocol or IOS
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Reporter
• If R1 receives the information regarding R3 network from R2.
• Then R2 is the reporter.
Reported Distance
• The Distance from Reporter to R3 network is called Reported Distance.
Feasible Distance
The distance from R1 to the Reporter + the Reported Distance is called Feasible Distance or Actual Distance.
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Successor
• Routing table which consist of information regarding the best path from one network to another is called Successor
Feasible Successor
• The second best path in Routing table is called Feasible Successor.
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DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)• All route computations in EIGRP are handled by DUAL
• One of DUAL's tasks is maintaining a table of loop-free paths to every destination.
• It is used in EIGRP .
• It manages the best path and best second path.
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Configuring EIGRP
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
Router(config-router)#network ‘network address’
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EIGRP & IGRP Metric Calculation
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To view Tables• Neighbor ship table- Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
• Topology table- Router#show ip eigrp topology
• Routing- Router#show ip route
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Summarization• Super netting is the reverse process of sub netting
• It is the process of converting multiple network to a single network
• There are two types:-
1. Automatic
2. Manual
• Automatic Summarization is enabled in default Cisco router
• It is summarized to parent network.
• Syntax:-
Router(config-router)#no auto-summary
• Summary address is given to the interface at which all the updates are sharing.
• Router(config-if)#ip summary –address eigrp 100 ‘address’ ‘mask’
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Loopback Interface• Virtual or imaginary interface configuration for router
• Syntax:-
Router(config)#interface loopback 0
Router(config-if)#ip address ‘address’ ‘mask’
Router(config-if)#no shut