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Define Class & Objects

Characteristics of OOPS

History of C++

Difference Between C & C++

C++ Programming Structure

Introduction to Objects

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All around us in the

real world areobjects.

Each object has

certain

characteristics andexhibits certain

behaviour

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Data

Color : Black

Year : 2008

Actions

Start

Stop

Accelerate

OBJECT

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The Object-Oriented Approach - III

PersonnelAccounts Sales

The real world around is full of objects .We can consider both living

beings as well as things as objects.For example,the different

departments in a company are objects.

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The drawbacks of Traditional Programming

approach are

Unmanageable Programs

Code Reusability not Optimum

Problems in Modification of Data

Difficulty in Implementation

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ObjectOriented Programming

Accounts

Data

Employee details

Salary statements

Bills

Vouchers

Reciepts

Functions

Calculate salary

Pay salary

Pay bills

Tally accounts

Transact with banks

Here the application has to implement the entities as they are

seen in real life and associate actions and attributes with each.

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Benefits of Object Oriented Programming approach

are -

OOP offers better implementation

OOP offers better data security

OOP offers better code reusability

OOP offers more flexibility

OOP offers better manageable programs

Large complexity in the software developmentcan be easily managed

User defined datatypes can be easily constructed

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Object Oriented Approach

Problem

Identification Analysis

Design

Development

Testing

Implementation

Maintenance

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Data acquisition Systems

Client/Server Computing

Object

Oriented Database applications

Artificial Intelligence and expert systems

systems such as process control, temperature control etc.

GUI based system such as Windows Applications

Computer Aided Design and manufacturing Systems

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Encapsulation

Data Abstraction

Inheritance

Polymorphism

Class

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Grouping of data and methods into a

single entity is known as Data

Encapsulation

It is a technical name for

information hiding. (i.e data hiding ordata security)

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Encapsulation

Not accessible from

outside class

Accessible from outside

class

Private

Public

Class

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Data abstraction enhances security as use

of data is restricted to certain functions

only.

Abstraction is more used where you

want only a certain number of

functions/methods are accessing data.

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Attributes

Methods

Class

For Example

Data abstraction is a process of

identifying properties and

methods related much to a

particular entity as relevant to the

application

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It is the process ofcreating a new class from

an existing class

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Insects Mammals Reptiles Amphibians

Humans Non-Humans

Animals

Reusability can be achieved through inheritance

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Reusability

Programs can be

broken into reusable

objects

Existing classes can be

used with additional

features

Shape

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polymorphism allows a programmer topurse a course of action by sending a

message to an object without concerningabout how the software system is toimplement the action

Simply defined as Same thingcan behave different ones

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Class -

Artiste

Dancer PoetSculptor

Class : Shape

Methods :

DrawMove

Initialize

Subclasses

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A class is what defines all the data

members and the methods that an objectshould have

The class defines the characteristics that

the object will possess; it could also bereferred to as a blueprint of the object.

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For Example

Polygon

objectsPolygon class

Properties

VerticesBorder Color

Fill Color

Methods

DrawErase

Move

Abstract

into

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Simply defined as a structure that combines the objects with

some attributes (data structure) and some behavior

(operation)

+

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Access Specifiers of a Class

Class

Data or

functions

Data or

functions

Private

Public

Not

accessible

from outsidethe class

Accessiblefrom outside

the class

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To access the member dataand member function defined

inside the class

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Some of the leading object oriented languages are:

C++

Smalltalk Eiffel

CLOS

Java

Object Oriented Languages

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Author of C++ is

Bjarne stroustrup

He invented this language in1980's at

AT&T Bell Laboratories

All the C programs can be run

successfully using C++ compiler

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C++ was designed using twolanguages such as C Language

which gives the low-level feature

andSimula67 provides the

class concept.

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C Language C++ Language

Procedural Programming Language Object Oriented Programming

Language

Headerfile : #include #include

\n is used to go to the next line we can use endl statement

Function prototypes are optional All Functions must be protyped

Local variables declared only the start

of a C program

It can be declared anywhere in a

program, before they are used

Return type for a function is optional Return type must be specified

Do not permit data Hiding They permit data hiding

Bydefault structure members are

public

class members are private

We can call a main() function within a

program

This is not allowed

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Each class specification starts with the keyword class

The Class Specification must always end with a semicolon (;)

Data abstraction is the ability to create user-defined data

types for modeling real world objects using built-in data types.

Classes are used for data abstraction by hiding theimplementation of a type in the private part.

Polymorphism in Greek word means ManyForms

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A class is an enhanced structure that provides Object-Oriented

Features of C++An object is an instance of a class which combines both data

and functions together.

Encapsulation is the process of combining member functions

and the data it manipulates and keeps them safe from outside

interferrence

The three access specifiers in a class are

private,public,protectedBy default all members declared inside a class are private to

that class

C++ provides two pre-defined objects cin and cout for handling

input and output

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EXERCISES

1. Describe the Basic concepts of OOPS?

2. List the various applications of Object oriented

Programming?

3. Explain briefly Classes & Objects?

4. State the use of #include directive in C++?

5. List the various benefits of Object Oriented Programming?