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poverty alleviation: apreliminary explorationin coastal Thailand,Ratana Chuenpagdee,
Memorial University
adaptation and coastalpolicy in Nova Scotia,Jennifer Graham,
Ecology Action Centre
protection, Andy Lister,Canadian Geocontain-
ment Alliance
14:30 - 15:00 NUTRITION BREAK: McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square
W E D N E S D A Y , 2 8 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - A F T E R N O O N 15:00 - 16:30 PAPER SESSIONS WORKSHOP DISCUSSION CAF CHARRETTE
Room:McDougall 243
Session theme:COASTAL ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY
Chair: William Kamphuis,
Queens University
Room:Duffy 135
Session theme:COASTAL COMMU-NITIES AND CLIMATECHANGE
Chair: Jean Lambert,Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada
Room:McDougall 242
Session theme:VULNERABILITY ANDADAPTATION TOCLIMATE CHANGE
Chair: Norm Catto,Memorial University
Room:McDougall 329
Topic: SCOPING AMARINE ANDCOASTAL RIGHTSREGISTRY FORCANADA: NEEDS ANDPRIORITIES
(continuation)
Room: Schurman MarketSquare
Topic: NOVA SCOTIASCOASTAL POLICY -ENVIRONMENTAL NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONPERSPECTIVES
Lead: Jennifer Graham,Ecology Action Centre
The Province of NovaScotia is in the process of
developing a Sustainable
Coastal Development
Strategy. This Discussion
Caf is an opportunity to
discuss the contents of the
strategy, drawing on the
knowledge and experience
of participants on policy
options for coastal
governance, zoning, land
use regulations,
stewardship and other keytopics.
Room: Kelley 211
Topic: VOICES FORCHANGE: ACHIEVINGTHE WELL MANAGEDCOAST
(continuation)
15:05 - 15:25 Planning coastalinfrastructure underconditions of sea levelrise and climate change,Michael Davies,
Coldwater Consulting Ltd
Building resilient coastalcommunities in BritishColumbia: a case studyof climate change andadaptation in Ucluelet,Mary Liston, University of
Victoria
Sea-level rise studies inthe Maritime Provinces:what have we learnedand where are wegoing?, Kyle McKenzie,Nova Scotia Dept. of
Environment15:25 - 15:45 Adaptation to sea level
rise, storm surges anderosion, Mike Pearson,GeoNet Technologies Inc
Coastal communitieschallenges to deal withclimate change in the St.Lawrence River estuaryand Gulf, Steve Plante,Universit du Qubec
Rimouski
Integrating climatechange adaptation intomarine and coastalmanagement: examplesfrom North America,Rachel Gregg, EcoAdapt
15:45 - 16:05 The integration ofground-based andairborne laser scanningfor coastal zonemapping, Tim Webster,Applied Geomatics
Research Group
Impacts of climatechange on coastalcommunities andmangrove ecosystems:local vulnerabilities andlocal perceptions,Tiffanie Rainville,
Dalhousie University
The role of current-induced erosion in therecent proliferation ofcoastal protectionstructures along CarronPoint in NewBrunswick, DominiqueBrub, New Bruns-wick
Dept of Natural
Resources
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16:05 - 16:25 Flood-risk mapping fromstorm surges and futuresea level rise in easternCanada, Tim Webster,Applied Geomatics
Research Group
Vulnerability andadaptation in coastalcommunities: a casestudy of historic andcurrent adaptation onChange Islands,Newfoundland, MaureenWoodrow, University of
Ottawa and Stages andStores Inc
Vulnerability andadaptation: shorelineerosion on PrinceEdward Island, DonJardine, DE Jardine
Consulting
W E D N E S D A Y , 2 8 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - E V E N I N G 19:00 - 23:00 Peakes Wharf, Charlottetown Historic Waterfront
SEASIDE SOIRE: Conference Banquet, featuring Prince Edward Island LOBSTER, MUSSELS, OYSTERS and LIVE ENTERTAINMENT !!!
T H U R S D A Y , 2 9 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - M O R N I N G 08:30 - 12:00 McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square
REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION DESK09:00 - 12:00 Duffy 135
CLOSING PLENARY SESSION09:00 - 09:30 TODAYS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: Grant Gardner, President, Coastal Zone Canada Association
SOCIAL NETWORK UPDATE: Paul Boudreau, ACZISC Secretariat; Scott Bradley, Kaley MacDonald andColin Young, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development
09:30 - 10:00 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
VOICES FOR CHANGE: ACHIEVING THE WELL MANAGED COAST - the results of the Planning CharretteKelly Cantelo, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development
Justin Huston, Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture
Jason Naug, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Colin Young, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development
Moderator: Colleen Mercer Clarke10:00 - 10:30 NUTRITION BREAK: Duffy 13510:30 - 11:30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS
OIL SPILLS AND THE OFFSHORE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS: Mervin FingasDr. Fingas is is a scientist who focuses on oil and chemical spill research. He was Chief of the Emergencies Science Division of EnvironmentCanada for over 30 years. His specialities include: spill dynamics and behaviour, spill treating agent studies, remote sensing and detection,
and in-situ burning. The 2nd
edition of his book, Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, was published this year.
Moderator: Peter Wells, Dalhousie University and International Ocean Institute-Canada
11:30 - 11: 50 CZC 2010 DECLARATION AND CALL TO ACTION: Grant Gardner, President, Coastal Zone Canada Association
11:50 - 12:00 INVITATION TO COASTAL ZONE CANADA 2012, RIMOUSKI, QUBEC: Gilles Tremblay, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
12:05 CONFERENCE CLOSING
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The Role of Sufficiency EconomyPhilosophy in Poverty Alleviation:A Preliminary Exploration in
Coastal Thailand
Ratana Chuenpagdee
International Coastal Network
Memorial University
Kungwan Juntarashote
Coastal Development Centre
Kasetsart University
Coastal Zone Canada 2010, Charlottetown, PEI, July 28, 2010
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Unravelling the Vicious Circle: Poverty
Alleviation and Sustainable Livelihoods inSmall-scale Fisheries (POVFISH)
What affects poverty?
How people cope?
What are governanceresponses?
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First questions about poverty What is poverty?
Is there poverty in fishing communities? What does it look like?
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The official definitions
Poverty is the lack of basic human needs, suchas clean water, nutrition, health care, education,clothing and shelter, because of the inability toafford them;
Relative poverty is the condition of having fewerresources or less income than others within asociety or country, or compared to worldwideaverages;
Narayan et al. 2000. Voices of the Poor askthe poverty experts, which are the 3 billion poorpeople in the world.
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Four study sites in Thailand
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Data collection
Provincial level information about poorfishing villages;
Visited with the village heads to validate
by asking to compare poverty level withother villages;
Interviews with 24 randomly selected
fishers in the villages identified as poor;and
Two focused group discussion.
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What is poverty?
Lack of opportunity for education;
Lack of capital (for fishing investment);
Lack of land ownership; Lack of family planning; and
Inability to save money
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Do you think youre poor?
there is always food from the sea. Some days
we catch more fish, some days we catch less,
some days we cannot go fishing [because of the
weather], but we dont need to buy food, sowere always okay.
.were not rich, were not poor. We have
enough to get by and were satisfied
when we have less money, we spend less. If we
have more money, we may buy [a truck]...
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The sufficiency economy
philosophy If one is moderate in ones desires, one
will have less craving. If one has less
craving, one will take less advantage ofothers. (King Bhumibol 1988).
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Sufficiency philosophy in context
Implies a moderate and reasonable path to
pursuing economic development while keeping
with the globalized world; and
Refers to a production system (capture fisheriesand aquaculture) that produces enough food to
satisfy the dietary need of the household and
with sufficient amount of excess supply that can
be sold locally to avoid high transportation costsand to minimize dependency on outside buyers.
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Analytical approach:
The chain analysis of poverty
(From Fish for Life, Kooiman et al. 2005:17)
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Key threats at the pre-harvest stage
(natural ecosystem)
Declining ecosystem health (due to factors
such as overfishing, habitat destruction,coastal development, population growth,
pollution, etc.); and
Unfavorable and extreme weatherconditions (Ranong and Krabi were
affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami).
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Mangrove reforestation and environmental
education program in Chantaburi
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Key factors affecting fishers livelihoods
at the harvest stage
Increasing fishing effort;
Strong competition andgear conflicts;
High cost of fishing; and
Use of illegal fishinggears and destructive
fishing practices.
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Community-based fishery management
project in Prachaub Khirikhan
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Key features facilitating sufficiency at
the post-harvest stage
Generally good relationship with local
middle-person/money lender; and
Reasonable infrastructure (roads andmobile phone) providing good access to
markets and resulting in competitive
prices.
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Community cooperative fish market
in Krabi
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Very poor Not poor Poor but
sufficient
Distribution of Thai small-scale fishers
according to the level of poverty
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Thank you for your attention.
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Presentation by: Jennifer Graham, Ecology Action Centre
Living by our wits: Linking
Adaptation and coastal policy
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Overview
Living by our wits
Example?
Coastal policy
Losing our witsClever like foxes
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How do we live by our wits? The Government
isnt going to help
you until pigs fly;were going to haveto help ourselves
Use what weve got
Try new approachesBe sneaky, be
subversive
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Adaptation opportunities for
municipalities 12 municipalities
Councils and
Planning Advisorycommittees
Resource sheets as
follow upwww.ecologyaction.
ca/content/coastal-
issues
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The basicsWhats going on?
Four adaptation
principles Range of options from
low to high tech
It is possible; realexamples
Discussion
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Municipalities and climate change
How will be affected:
Rising costs ofdamaged
infrastructure Protection and repair
Public safety
Water quality andsewage
Liability
Public expectation
Flooding at Lockeport (2009)
Road washed out Western Head (2009)
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Rising Costs from natural disasters
Hurricane Juan (2003) : over$100 million in damages
Beaubasin, NB, stormsurge (Jan 2000): $1.6 millionin damages
Our industry is liable by contractto assume risks before we know
what they are. A changing climateposes a particular challenge asfuture weather-related risks areestimated based on historicaltrends which are no longer goodindicators; (Tremblay, IBC 2008)
Road washed out St. Margarets Bay
Flooding at Barrington
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Trying to stop the change...
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....makes it everybodys problem
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The sea always wins.
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What is province doing? Sustainable Coastal
Development Strategy(publicconsultation May/June 2010)
Draft NS Water Strategy(stakeholder consultation May/June 2010)
Atlantic Regional AdaptationCollaboration (ACAS)
Integrated CommunitySustainability Plans (ICSP)
Flooding at Peggys Cove (2009)
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Adaptation principles1. Public safety
2. Ensure water quality and quantity
3. Protect buildings and roads
4. Let the coast do the work
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1. Public safetyAdaptation measure Relevance to Climate Change Example
Low Identify known flood
risk and erosion areas
Reduces infrastructure losses
and human safety risks of sea
level rise, storm surge and
flooding
Annapolis
Royal,
Antigonish
Med Develop emergency
measures plans
Proactive planning and
capacity building addressing
specific needs of community
increases resilience and ability
to respond to extreme climate
events and flooding
Annapolis
Royal,
Colchester
County
High LIDAR Flood risk
mapping
Can give detailed information
about flood risk areas, and
vulnerability assessments
Truro, HRM,
PEI, NB
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ExampleAnnapolis Royal flood risk mapping (low- tech solution)
town partnered with CARP(Clean Annapolis River Project)
Combined: scientific projectionsof sea-level rise + topographymaps + models of tidal flowthrough high tide conditions
Identified potential risk zonesfor tidal surge flooding
From: Adapting to Climate Change inAtlantic Canada. What Organizations AreDoing Today to Prepare for Tomorrow (2010)
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2. Ensure water quality and quantity
Adaptation measure Relevance to Climate
Change
Example
Low Education of
public/homeowners
Builds knowledge base,
support and capacity todeal with climate
change impacts
Kings County Lakes
water quality + HRMNaturally Green
Newsletters
Med Storm water
management to
encourage absorption
and recharge
Minimizes pollutant and
nutrient overloading of
coastal waters, slow
down runoff
HRM (planning on
doing one) Toronto,
Seattle
High Mandate or provide
incentives: septic tank
pump outs and repairs,
water harvesting
Can minimize runoff
and pollution of coastal
waters
City of Guelph,
IBC/Wingham Pilot
project, Lunenburg
new bylaws
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Example.Incentives and Rebates:NS Environment Home Environment AssessmentProgram (2006-2010) (rebates for pump outs, grants for repair of septicsystems)
City Guelph, ON (2010) offers rebates and grantsfor several water saving devices(i.e. $2000 rebate towardpurchase and installation of home rainwater harvestingsystems)
The IBC/Wingham ON Rain BarrelPilot Project (2010) offers 3000 free rainbarrels toresidents to reduce water runoff and sewer backups)
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Buffer examples.Setbacks no build zones
Kings County: no removal vegetation inlakeshore setbacks (65)
HRM: 30m from all water bodies(ocean, wetland, watercourse); 60m inCow Bay (highly erodible zone); 2.5m
vertical setback
Rolling Easements allow for anytype of land use activity except forholding back the sea
Vegetative buffer
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Incorporating the coast in
redevelopment...
Existing ferry terminal
Project: renovation ofPerkpolder, a ferry terminal
in the Netherlandshttp://www.comcoast.org
Artist impression of potential redevelopment
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4. Let the coast do the work
Adaptation measure Relevance to Climate
Change
Example
Low Plant more vegetation
along waterways and
throughout region
Stabilization of shoreline
protects from storm surge
and erosion, and
absorption of runoff
Dune stabilization
Sable Island
(marman grass)
Med Allow coastal habitats
to migrate (through
setbacks, easements,
land purchases, landexchanges
Living coasts allow for
natural protection against
sea level rise, storm surge,
flooding
Ducks Ultd: doing
no maintenance of
coastal
empoundments,NSNT,
High Coastal realignment
of engineered
structures - salt marsh
restoration
Restores living habitat to
protect from sea level rise,
reduce negative effects of
armouring
Cheverie, NS
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Example
Original culvert
Replacement culvert
Saltmarshafter
restoration
Cheverie Creek: Salt Marsh Restoration
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How to choose?Technical considerations
Cost (of doing something
versus doing nothing)Benefits
Capacity
Implementationconsideration
Erosion warning Pugwash
Weymouth flooding Jan 2010
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Making the Leap to coastal policy
Manage to protect coastal features, shoreline processesand diversity
Put some regulations in place
Set some provincial minimum land use standards i.econsistent zoning, setbacks
Put one department in charge i.e clear lead forpermitting
Clarify the role of municipalities and everyone else
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Realistic coastal management
To protect and maintaincoastal diversity, integrity,and shoreline processes
since this will ensure thatour coast can protect,nourish, employ, andentertain Nova Scotians
into the future.
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trying to stop the sea
Overtopping dyke in Avonport
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letting the coast do the work
Dyke near Noel, protected by salt marsh
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Obstacles Coastal management is
too complicated Coastal management is
bad for the economy
Coastal management is
too expensive Its not that bad.
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The coast is what it is
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The bureaucracy is complicated
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Regulatory clutter..
Municipal
Regulationof land use,municipal
planningstrategies,bylaws
Federal
DFO: FisheriesAct, Oceans Act
Parks CanadaTransport:navigable waters
EnvironmentCanada: clean
water, pollutionprevention
CEAA
Provincial
DNR: Crown land management,protected beaches, species at riskDEL: watershed management, water
quality, wetlands designation,environmental assessment, wildernessprotection & areas, nature reservesDOAF: inland fisheries, inland waters,aquacultureTC&H: Nova Scotias coastal landscape
and history, a marketing brandDOTPW: infrastructureDOE: wind, tidalSNSMA: Municipal Government ActED: coastal enterprises, aquaculture, fishprocessing
Finance: ROI, taxation
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Healthy coasts create jobs, tourism, and
encourage appropriate development
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Bad development costs money,
jobs, reputation
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Cost of doing nothing .
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Be prepared for FAQ
Is it fair?
Is it expensive?
Will it frighten
investors? Is it defensible?
What about propertyrights?
Is it easy to explain?
Is it user-friendly ?
Is it enforceable?
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Clever like foxesDeclare your true colours
Help your friends
Ask for helpHelp the coast
Be watchful, be prepared
Be strategicBe bold
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Asked big questions; made big
difference
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Planning Coastal Infrastructure Under Conditions of Sea
Level Rise and Climate Change
Mike Davies
Dane Wiebe
Neil MacDonald
John Charles (Halifax Regional Municipality)
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The Halifax Shoreline
4 sites (Point Pleasant Park, Northwest Arm, Cow Bay, Salt Marsh Trail)
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Issue
Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) developing aptation response to climate
change
Triggered (in part) by recent storms (Juan, Noel...)
HRM has been engaged in the development of a planning level response to
climate change and relative sea level rise.
Infrastructure >100 yrs old (30cm+ RSL)
Looking forward, HRM wanted to evaluate the risk that existing and future
infrastructure will be exposed to under scenarios of rising sea levels.
Building on the success of the studies by HRM and AGC on mapping flooding
levels under various sea level rise scenarios, Coldwater was engaged to
assess existing structures and provide guidance for future works.
In addition to developing specific design recommendations, our scope included
evaluation of existing structures and a broad assessment of the long-term
prognosis for these facilities.
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Sir Sandford Fleming Park The Dingle
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Developed in 1925
Horseshoe Island
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Originally built 1986, repaired 1993, 2003
Regatta Point
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Conditions
Total of 2,175m of seawall
Crest elevation and construction varies
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Conditions
Failure mechanisms include:
Wave overtopping, flooding, path erosion Stone wall damage
Berm damage
Geotechnical instability
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Design process
Design needs to address elevation and geometry with respect to flooding (wave
overtopping and inundation).Needs to address structural stability under storm attack
Needs to be geotechnically stable
Needs to preserve aesthetic while providing functional performance
Key question: What elevation???
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Storm water levels
Table 2-2 Scenarios used in present analysis as per Forbes et al, (2009)
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IPCC-based sea level rise scenarios (Forbes et al 2009)
Scenario Rate
(m/century)
Description
0 0 No sea level rise
1 0.32 No acceleration of sea level rise, rate continues at
observed historic rate for Halifax (0.157 crustal
subsidence plus 0.163 sea level rise)
2 0.73 IPCC AR4 upper-limit projection of SLR for the A1F1
emission scenario (0.157 crustal subsidence plus 0.57
sea level rise)
3 1.46 Upper limit estimate of SLR from Rahmstorf (2007)
(0.157 crustal subsidence plus 1.30 sea level rise)
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Water levels
Regatta
Dingle
Horseshoe
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.00 0.05 0.10
SWL(m,CGDV28)
Probability (SWL)
Probability of the SWL
2109
2009
1928
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Wave climate
Spectral wave transformation model
(SWAN)
Using offshore wave statistics
based on Halifax wave gauge and
MSC50 hindcast
Local winds used based on
measurements from Shearwater
and McNabs Island
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Increasing storminess?
Annual maxima from field measurements of offshore waves (combined
MEDS037-C44258 dataset)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Hs
(m)
C S
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CIAPS
Coastal Infrastructure Planning System
Computes likelihood of failure of a structure over timeUses probabilistic descriptions of waves and water levels under scenarios of
changing sea levels
Joint-probability of waves and water levels (mutlivariate extreme value
distributions)
Incorporates the risk associated with all events that may cause damage, not just
prescribed design events.Allows cost optimization based on a combination of capital and maintenance
(repair) costs
Th St ti ti f th P bl
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The Statistics of the Problem
Eff t f i i l l
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Effects of rising sea levels
It bit li t d
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Its a bit complicated...
C t ti i ti
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Cost optimization
O ti i ti f t l ti
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Optimization of crest elevation
e.g. dry stone seawalls with asphalt path for Site 3 under SLR scenario 2
C B C
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Cow Bay Causeway
T i l i t ll
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Typical winter swell
C B
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Cow Bay
Figure 1 Armour layer of Cow Bay causeway revetment Figure 2 Seaweed on landward side of Cow Bay
causeway revetment
Lidar data
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Lidar data
Optimization
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Optimization
$-
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
$300,000
$350,000
$400,000
$450,000
$500,000
5.50 5.70 5.90 6.10 6.30 6.50
Revetment Elevation (m, CGVD28)
Maintenance Cost
Capital Cost
Total Cost
$175,000
$180,000
$185,000
5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10
Revetment Elevation (m, CGVD28)
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Joint extreme value analysis is messy but necessary
Risk analysis and life-cycle cost design preferable to a design storm
CIAPS (temporally evolving joint probability extreme value statistical analysis
techniques) applied successfully at Northwest Arm, Cow Bay and Salt Marsh
Trail
Northwest Arms seawalls (using dry stone wall masonry) can be re-built butneed to be aware of the engineering design principles
Cow Bay causeway design has been accepted for construction
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Sea-level Rise Studies in the
Maritime Provinces:What have we learned and
where are we going?
Kyle McKenzie
Nova Scotia Department of Environment
Climate Change Directorate
Coastal Zone Canada 2010
Charlottetown, P.E.I.
July 28, 2010
Fortress of Louisbourg
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g
Parks Canada
Annapolis Royal Potential Tidal Surges
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Annapolis Royal - Potential Tidal Surges
Courtesy of CARP (Clean Annapolis River Project)
Source: 1980 1:2000
LRIS mapping - 2
metre contours
Coastal Impacts of Climate Change
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p g
and Sea-Level Rise on P.E.I.
Natural Resources
Canada, 2002
Environment Canada, 2001
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quantify the impacts of sea-level rise, storm
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q y p ,surge, and coastal erosion in the context ofclimate change
determine how sea-level rise and future stormevents will impact critical habitat and species atrisk
support sustainable management, community
resilience and the development of adaptationstrategies
Storm Surge Return Periods
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Storm Surge Return Periods
Pointe-du-Chne, N.B.
Sea Level Rise New Results
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Sea Level Rise New Results
Dr. Don Forbes, Natural Resources Canada
Site vertical
motion(cm 2000-
2100)
RSL
(cm 2000-2100)
Cape Jourimain 15 5 59 35
Shemogue 13 5 57 35
Cap-Pel 12 5 56 35
Shediac 10 5 54 35
Bouctouche 9 5 53 35
Kouchibouguac 7
5 51
35Escuminac 6 5 50 35
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Science input to the Halifax Harbour Plan
Create DEM using LiDAR
Define storm flooding hazards
Identify future sea-level rise & flooding risk
Map future flood hazard zones
Conduct vulnerability analysis
Define adaptation options
Apply results into the draft harbour plan
(Charles, Wells, Manson,
and Forbes, 2009)
Pictou Nova Scotia
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Pictou, Nova Scotia
Community Adaptation Workshops
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Community Adaptation Workshops
Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions
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Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions
Approach
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high tech
low techbig budget
small budget
regional
local
projections vulnerability
new data
existing data
science
policy
experts
citizens
Approach
?
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Science doesnt sell Better visuals
Mapping the right things
Growing awareness of the problem Increasing demand for solutions
Lots of approaches
Suit the end user
Money isnt always the answer
Lots of opportunity for further study
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Integrating climate change adaptationi t i d t l t i
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into marine and coastal management in
North America
Rachel M. Gregg
EcoAdapt
July 28, 2010
Project Background
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Proposal submitted to Gordon and Betty MooreFoundation in 2008; grant awarded in November 2008
Proposal components:Synthesis
Compilation of observed and projected climate change impacts and a state of
adaptation action for marine and coastal resources in North America.
Outreach and Support
Networking, training, and guidance for individuals/groups from government
agencies, universities, the private sector, NGOs, and the broader community
interested and engaged in adaptation.
Knowledge Sharing
The Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange (CAKE), an interactive online tool that
provides a georeferenced database, advice columns, virtual library, and more to link
information and adaptation players
The Process
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The Process
Preparation Contact list
Codes/Interview guide
Collection & management Interviews/Surveys Case Studies
Dissemination Synthesis report
CAKE
Synthesis Report
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Synthesis Report
Observed, expected, and possible manifestationsof climate change on marine and coastal systems1. Changes in air and water temperatures
2. Sea level rise
3. Changes in precipitation patterns
4. Altered ocean and atmosphericcirculation
5. Changes in water chemistry
Theory and practice of adaptation approaches
Case Study Categories
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Case Study Categories
1. Natural Resource Management andConservation
2. Capacity Building
3. Infrastructure, Planning, and Development
4. Governance and Policy
Common Barriers
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Common Barriers
Lack of economic resources andbudgetary constraints
Lack of institutional support, governance, and mandates totake adaptation action
Lack of institutional capacity and guidance on how to takeaction
Lack of key information on local and regional specific climateprojections, and tools to support assessments and monitoring
Uncertainty about risk and vulnerability
Lack of awareness, stakeholder support, and engagement,including climate skeptics, climate change deniers, andpolitical opposition
Project Trends
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Assessments of vulnerability of and risk to natural resources
and communities
Scientific research on climate change with policy implications
for adaptation
Integration of climate change concerns in the development
and implementation of committees and plans
Trends (cont)
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Integration of climate change and its effects into
programmatic and collaborative approaches to
research, management, and planning
Incorporation of information on the effects of
climate change and approaches to adaptation into
outreach and education efforts Restoration and protection of ecosystems to increase
resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change
http://www.cakex.org
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Case Studies
Georeferenced
Databse
Text search
Tools
Virtual Library
Directory
Community
Building
Original
Content
You can use CAKE in a number of ways to find the people and information you
need. You might start with a question about a particular impact of climate
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What can I do about sea level rise?
Find a case study to help you develop ideas
g q p p
change
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Search in case
studies for the
text sea level
rise British
Columbia
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Read moreabout a
particular
case study
and find the
appropriate
contact
Or you might be interested in a particular management problem
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Whats a water manager to do?
How can I find other management plans to get mestarted?
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Search in the virtual library for watershed management plans
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Get details on a
particular library
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particular library
item and
download it, or
Read aboutcase studies
associated
with that item
Or you can search by
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the map on the home
page
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Or you can text
search by your
locale
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Or you can
combine a
text and
map search
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Or you can use keywords and
tags to find similar projects
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Next Steps
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p
Interim synthesis report now available on CAKE
Whats next
Phase 2 of interviews,
surveys, and case studies;
Western expansion
Outreach events
Final report
The Integration of Ground Based and Airborne LaserScanning for Coastal Zone mapping
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Tim Webster
Applied Geomatics Research Group
Centre Of Geographic Sciences Nova Scotia Community College
Outline Coastal issue from climate change
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Traditional approach to erosion monitoring
Surface processes dunes, glacial till banks(unconsolidated sediments) & cliffs
Historic Air photo planimetric analysis, Joggins
LIDAR & shoreline mapping
Limitation of airborne LIDAR & cliffs
Joggins fossil world heritage site LiDAR scans
Glacial till bank repeat surveys, Antigonish
Conclusions
Dunns Beach, DNR photo
Sea level rise & climate change Relative sea level rise = global sea level & crustal
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Relative sea-level rise = global sea-level & crustal
motion, tide gauge shows 32 cm/century past 100 yrs
Crustal subsidence estimated at 20 cm/century
Global sea-level rise refer to IPCC report 4
Estimate a range18 59 cm/century ?
*
*
**
Traditional RS Approach to Monitor Erosion
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Multi temporal air
photo interpretation
Surfaces of the coast are very different
D t l li f ith ffi i t l t l
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Dune system low relief with sufficient lateral
extent, ideal for repeat airborne LiDAR surveys
(seasonal vegetation maybe an issue)
Unconsolidated sediments bank moderate to
high relief with reduced lateral extent (steep to
moderate slopes), airborne LiDAR OK Cliffs high relief with minimal lateral extent,
airborne LiDAR does not resolve vertical face
well and prone to ground classification errors
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January 2005, till bank after a storm cut vertical
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June 2005, till bank after freeze thaw slumping
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No details on the vertical cliff face
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Joggins
Study
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Study
Area
Digital
Surface
Model(all points)
Digital
Elevation
Model
(ground points)
Joggins Previous Erosions Study
1964 & 2005 i h t
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1964 & 2005 air photoanalysis (Bezanson report)
Erosion rates of 12 50cm/year from photos
2.8 m RMS error on
photos (=rate diff. of 7cm/yr)
Challenge of goodrectification of old photos
Consistent interpretation offeatures ie. Coastline
Shoreline appears offset ininset C & D
ILRIS Ground based LIDAR40o x 40o Field Of View
Eye safe laser
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y
GPS (cm precision) Scan Targets
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Fossil
Tree
Trunk
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Data packaged in IVS for visualization, Free viewer
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Now have a set of base information to monitor future change
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Decade scale measurements & averages
from episodic events & processes
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Unconsolidated sediment bank shoreline
Similarmethod
Of RTK
GPS
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GPS
Targets
within the
ILRIS
scan for
geocoding
Antigonish: ILRIS
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Antigonish: ILRIS
October 30, 2009
Repeat ILRIS scans observed from identical vantage points
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April 23, 2009
Two dimensional cross-section of repeat ILRIS scans
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October 30, 2009
April 23, 2009
1 m
Overhang
Easy to calculation the volume of sediment removed
thus providing information for sediment budget forthat literal cell
Challenging to track specific objects between scans
Using total station to collect random
Modifying the field collection method
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g
shots for independent check ofILRIS scan geocoding
Using permanent targets for better
Modifying the field collection method
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g p g
temporal scan alignment and smalltargets to track movement vectors
Conclusion Traditional phogrammetric techniques for shoreline
h l id ti d t lt
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change only provide a time averaged rate as a resultof an episodic process (storm & season related)
Ground based static LiDAR scans capture thevertical features and can be done for frequently
Geocoding of the scans is challenging and laborious,mobile mapping systems could solve this
Repeat surveys allow precise measures of volumeloss and insights into the process
However, tracking features between scans is difficult
Modified our field methods to include permanentand tracking targets to address these issues
Acknowledgements:Nathan Crowell (Antigonish study),Danik Bourdeau, Kate LeBlanc, Stephanie Rogers (Joggins)
and other students at AGRG for recent fieldwork
The role of current-induced erosion
in the recent proliferation
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in the recent proliferation
of coastal protection structuresalong Carron Point in New Brunswick
Dominique Brub1, Serge Jolicoeur 2,
Stphane OCarroll2 and Marc Desrosiers1
1 New Brunswick Department of Natural ResourcesGeological Surveys Branch, Bathurst Office
2 University of Moncton
Department of History and Geography, Moncton Campus
Carron Point:
is located at the mouthof Bathurst Harbour
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of Bathurst Harbouron the north shore
of New Brunswick
is part of a 12 km longsand spit system;the longest one
on the north shore
of the province
New Brunswick
Carron Point:
is a 1 6 km long sand spit
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is a 1.6 km long sand spitcharacterized by a forested dune
and 40 hectares of salt marsh
has a development density of35 cottages or homes
per kilometer of coastline
2007
In the early 2000s, residents from the proximal section of
Carron Point Spit met with government representativesto find a solution to their coastal erosion problems
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to find a solution to their coastal erosion problems.
The residents were especially concerned about themigration of the Bass River tidal inlet and its erosive currents.
Bass Rivertidal inlet
Coastal erosionalong tidal inlet
The residents wanted the government to approve and funda dredging project to relocate the tidal inlet
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Baie deNepisiguit
Bay
1996
Carron Point
Seawall and Dune
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Storm surge of
October 29, 2000
Road and Marsh
Calculating rates of coastline changeusing historical air photos and CARIS GIS
Youghall Beach Project: NBDNR & MAU (2003 2004)
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Youghall Beach Project: NBDNR & MAU (2003-2004)
Beresford Beach Project: NBDNR & NBCC (2003-2004)
Carron Point Project: NBDNR & UdeM (2006-2007)
Mean annual rate of coastline change in the proximal sectionof Carron Point Spit between 1939 and 1974:
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1939-1974
+0.10 m/yr
Mean annual rate of coastline change in the proximal sectionof Carron Point Spit between 1974 and 2007:
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1974-2007
+0.12 m/yr
Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 1125 m
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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 1090 m
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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 820 m
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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 535 m
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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: < 50 m
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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 466 m
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Carron PointJune 14, 2005
Total length ofcoastal armouring
in the proximal section
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Carron PointOctober 17, 2008
of Carron Point Spit
1939: 0 m
1944: 0 m
1953: 29 m
1966: 0 m
1971: 0 m1974: 0 m
1979: 0 m
1985: 0 m
1996: 0 m2002: 258 m
2007: 428 m
2009: 644 m
Monitoring the impact of coastal protection structureson adjacent coastal lands using a RTK GPS
(UdeM & NBDNR Project: 2008-2010)
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(UdeM & NBDNR Project: 2008 2010)
Carron PointOctober 17, 2008
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Conclusions
Our photogrammetric study confirmed that the recent erosion problemsin the proximal section of the spit were mainly caused by tidal currents;
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in the proximal section of the spit were mainly caused by tidal currents;
Our GPS surveys has not yet confirmed that the coastal protectionstructures have a negative impact on the down drift properties;
As proposed by the residents, a dredging project could be undertakento relocate the tidal inlet closer to the mouth of the river.
Bass River Bar2002
Thank you! Questions?
D i i B b (P G )
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Dominique Brub (P.Geo.)
Coastal geomorphologist
New Brunswick Department of Natural ResourcesGeological Surveys Branch
Tel : (506) 547-2070; Fax : (506) 547-7694
495 Riverside DriveBathurst (NB), Canada, E2A 2M4
orP.O. Box 50
Bathurst (NB), Canada, E2A 3Z1
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Overview
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Introduction to oil and oil spills
Behaviour
CountermeasuresWhats new
Concerns for Drilling
Oil Spill Sources
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p
Are a frequent event in the world
Most occur on land
Oil in sea - mostly from seeps and urbanrunoff
Tanker accidents less than many other
sourcesNote that the largest have come from
offshore drilling or war
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Largest Five Spills
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No Year Ship/Incident Country Tons (X103)
1 2010 Deep Water Horizon United States 850
2 1991 Gulf war Kuwait 800
3 1979 IXTOC blowout Mexico 470
4 1979 Atlantic Empress/Aegea Off Tobago 287
5 1992 Oil well blowout Uzbekistan 285
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Top 20 continued
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No Year Ship/Incident Country Tons (X103)
6 1993 Oil platform blowout Iran 270
7 1983 Castillo de Bellver South Africa 260
8 1991 ABT Summer Off Angola 260
9 1978 Amoco Cadiz France 223
10 1991 Haven Italy 144
11 1980 Oil well blowout Libya 140
12 1988 Odyssey Off Canada 132
13 1967 Torrey Canyon England 119
14 1972 Sea Star Oman 115
15 1981 Storage tanks Kuwait 110
16 1971 Texaco Denmark Belgium 107
17 1994 Pipeline rupture Russia 105
18 1976 Urquiola Spain 100
19 1978 Pipeline rupture Iran 100
20 1980 Irenes Serenade Greece 100
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Background to Oil-in-the-Sea
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US NAS has studied the inputs, behaviourand fate of oil since the first report in 1975
Updated in 1985
2002 update
Purpose: to look at where oil in the seacomes from, where is it going and what
does it affect
Summary of Inputs
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Natural Seeps
49%
Oil Transport
12%
Consumption
39%
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Overview of Inputs
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Tanker inputs exceed non-tank vessel spills
Operational discharges exceed spills from
ships by a factor of 20Natural seeps are largest single input but
have much less effect than spills
Land-based runoff still a large source
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Oil Composition
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Important - because it dictates properties
and behaviour
Most spills have quite different behaviours
because of oil composition differences
Example Gulf oil spill because of
composition and sub-sea release formed
water-in-oil emulsions
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Group Compound class Gasoline Diesel Light Crude Heavy Crude IFO Bunker C
Saturates 50 to 60 65 to 95 55 to 90 25 to 80 25 to 35 20 to 30
alkanes 45 to 55 35 to 45
cyclo-alkanes 5 30 to 50
waxes 0 to 1 0 to 20 0 to 10 2 to 10 5 to 15
Olefins 5 to 10 0 to 10
Aromatics 25 to 40 5 to 25 10 to 35 15 to 40 40 to 60 30 to 50
BTEX 15 to 25 0.5 to 2.0 0.1 to 2.5 0.01 to 2.0 0.05 to 1.0 0.00 to 1.0PAHs 0 to 5 10 to 35 15 to 40 40 to 60 30 to 50
Polar Compounds 0 to 2 1 to 15 5 to 40 15 to 25 10 to 30
resins 0 to 2 0 to 10 2 to 25 10 to 15 10 to 20
asphaltenes 0 to 10 0 to 20 5 to 10 5 to 20
Metals 30 to 250 100 to 500 100 to 1000 100 to 2000
Sulphur 0.02 0.1 to 0.5 0 to 2 0 to 5 0.5 to 2.0 2 to 4
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Light Heavy Intemediate Crude Oil
Property Units Gasoline Diesel Crude Crude Fuel Oil Bunker C EmulsionViscosity mPa.s at 15
oC 0.5 2 5 to 50 50 to 50,000 1000 to 15,000 10,000 to 50,000 20,000 to 100,000
Density g/mL at 15oC 0.72 0.84 0.78 to 0.88 0.88 to 1.00 0.94 to 0.99 0.96 to 1.04 0.95 to 1.0
Flash PointoC -35 45 -30 to 30 -30 to 60 80 to 100 >100 >80
Solubility in Water ppm 200 40 10 to 50 5 to 30 10 to 30 1 to 5 -
Pour PointoC NR -35 to -10 -40 to 30 -40 to 30 -10 to 10 5 to 20 >50
API Gravity 65 35 30 to 50 10 to 30 10 to 20 5 to 15 10 to 15Interfacial Tension mN/m at 15
oC 27 27 10 to 30 15 to 30 25 to 30 25 to 35 NR
Distillation Fractions % distilled at
100oC 70 1 2 to 15 1 to 10 - - NR
200oC 100 30 15 to 40 2 to 25 2 to 5 2 to 5
300oC 85 30 to 60 15 to 45 15 to 25 5 to 15
400oC 100 45 to 85 25 to 75 30 to 40 15 to 25
residual 15 to 55 25 to 75 60 to 70 75 to 85
Where to Get Oil Properties?
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www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca
Web site has about 500 oils for free!!!
Very little other data out there
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Behaviour of Oil
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Evaporation is the single-most important
component
Emulsification is the second most important
Natural Dispersion
Dissolution
Photooxidation
Sedimentation/interaction with particles
Biodegradation
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Emulsion Formation
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Not much understood until recently
Old model equations are not correct
Is somewhat complex and very oilcomposition dependent
Overview of Stabilization
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There are two fundamental mechanisms by
which oil retains water
(1) Viscosity water cannot coalesce
(2) Surfactant action of asphaltenes and
resins chemical action
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Oil layer issufficiently
viscous to
prevent oil
droplets from
coalescing
Surfactant Stabilization
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Resins and asphaltenes act to stabilize waterdroplets in oil
Polar constituents reside in the water and
non-polar in the oil, thus locking up thedroplet
Asphaltenes form much more stable
emulsions, but take a longer time to migrateto oil/water interface
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Types of Water-in-oil States
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Emulsions two types stable and meso-
stable (defined by how long they last,
electric and viscoelastic measurements)
Entrained simple viscosity-bound water in
oil lasts only minutes to a few hours
Unstable oil that simply doesnt hold
water either way
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Summary
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Four water-in-oil states exist: stable andmeso-stable emulsions, entrained andunstable
The four states are easily distinguished by:colour, appearance, lifetime, rheologicalmeasures
Each state has a window of starting oilviscosity, density, asphaltene/resin content
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Natural Dispersion
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Is known to be very significant with light
oils in heavy seas
Several spills large dispersed naturally:
Braer off Scotland, Ecofisk Bravo blowout
in Norway
Heavier oils not subject
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Dissolution
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No good model
Solubility of several oils measured
Solubility of oils ranges from about 2 to 200ppm most crudes are in range of 20 to 40
ppm
Co-solvency is also active
Needs more research
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Photooxidation
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Poorly understood at this time
Are some old tid-bits of work but may not
be accurate
Requires research
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Sedimentation/Interaction with
Particles
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Lot of activity lately but little quantitative
prediction work
It is known in several spills that oil has
often sedimented to a large degree (eg.
Amoco Cadiz) but no good quantitative
data at this time
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Biodegradation
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Is a remover of diesel and light fractions
Effect of biodegradation on old spills can beas little as 1 to 2%
Asphalt and tar do not readily biodegrade
Biodegradation competitive to evaporation especially C12 to C18
Long-weathered oil (30 years+) can evenlose biomarkers to degradation
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Spreading and Movement
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Oil spreads with sub-surface current and
about 3% of wind
Often oil forms in windrows result of
swell and Langmuir circulations
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Spill Modeling
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Is at a fairly advanced state now --- but
often uses very old algorithms and
sometimes incorrect old algorithms
Limitation on accuracy is the accuracy of
currents and winds data
Net movement of slickCurrentvectors
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Scene 2 - About 10 hoursafter spill - with current shown
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Review of Cleanup
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Overview
Booms
Skimmers In-situ burning
Dispersants
Shoreline cleanup
Overview
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Cleanup on most spills now comes down to
booms and skimmers
Booms and skimmers have in recent years
cleaned up most spills to large extents
Little documented use of in-situ burning at
sea
Dispersant success a matter of opinion
Influence of sea and weatherconditions
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Often only hit and run tactics work - eg. can
skim in calm weather but then ride out a
rough period
Often during a real spill, no opportunity for
offshore mechanical recovery may arise
Measures should be worked out to coincide
with weather
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Overall boom Considerations
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Boom capability is at maximum for past 30years
Current - direct at 0.7 knots
Many other failure modesCapacity
Mechanical capabilities
Deployment platform
Crew Skill
Debris
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Skimmers
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Little research since the 1980s
Largely governed by private sector
But..capability has improved greatly
Skimmer capacity now about 3 to 10 times
as earlier
One example -- Dutch (suction arm)skimmer recovered over 10,000 tons during
Prestige Spill
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In-situ Burning
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Extensive studies in 1990s by EC, USCG,
USMMS, etc
Emissions extensively measured on 50
burns of various oils in variouscircumstances
Physics, chemistry studied at same spills
In-situ burning found to be relatively
quantitative with acceptable emissions
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Dispersants
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Are certainly a controversial
countermeasure
Are many issues
One needs to understand how they operate
Important note dispersants do not cleanup
the spill nor biodegrade it they
temporarily relocate oil into sub-surface
Droplets form with/without dispersants
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Droplets with dispersants have a
tendency to stay separated
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Destabilization
mechanismsRadiusSub-layerviscosity
Marangoni circulationSurfactant concentrationSurfactant diffusionAbsorptionDesorption
Surfactant typeSurfactant chain lengthSteric stabilization
Surfactant precipitation
Surface tension
Ostwald
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Legend
Force
Flux or movement
Influence
label
Electrostatic forceSteric forces
Capillaryforce
Film strengthFilm thinningFilm (Gibbs)elasticity
Film thicknessFilm viscosity
Hydrodynamicforces
FlocculationDepletion
flocculation
Surfacedeformationforce
Van der Waals force
Velocityof approach
Oscillatory structureInteractions
Brownianmovement
ripening
Doubletformation
Dissolution
Bulk DiffusivityMicelle Formation
Capillary waveThermal fluctuation
Pulse
CreamingDroplets are still buoyant
will rise to surface
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Initial State After Time
Coalescence Occurs
Droplets rise faster
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Surfactants (dispersants)
partition out of droplets
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Net Result
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All dispersions are unstable
Oil spill dispersions destabilize and much of
the oil rises to the surface
Re-dispersion can minimize this somewhat
but only for a few hours
Dispersion half-lives are about 6 to 24 hours
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Toxicity of Dispersed Oil
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Most data is still old acute data
Much of this data is incorrect
Need much more long-term, sub-lethal and
specialized studies such as genotoxicity,
endocrine disruption, etc.
Also need a lot of realistic studies Gulf
spill could offer some opportunities
Other Dispersant Issues
Bi d d i l i h di
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Biodegradation claim that dispersantshasten biodegradation probably not 75%
of recent studies show decrease
Biodegradation considerations time scale,refractive portions of oil, oleoclasts on
ocean surface, ionic surfactants known for
anti-microbial activity
Effectiveness pick a number! needs
standard methods and good analytical
Deep Water Dispersant
Application
i i j d ll h d
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Dispersant was injected at well head
No scientific studies carried out on results
but claimed successful
Was it successful?
Rise time of volume average droplet if
deepwater injection successful 72 days
So how would we know?
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Shoreline Cleanup
B d fi h li
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Based first on shoreline types Bedrock - not sensitive, retentive
Boulder beaches - variable, retentive
Pebble cobble beaches - retentive
Sand-gravel beaches - less retentive
Sand beaches - less retentive
Tidal flats - sensitive, not retentive
Marshes - sensitive, retentive
Peat/low-lying tundra - sensitive, retentive
Preferred Cleaning Methods
M l l
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Manual removal
Low pressure, cold flooding or washing
Mechanical removal
Sediment re-working
Sorbents
Chemical beach cleaners
Surface-washing agents
Less-Preferred Methods
Hi h t
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High pressure water
Hot water
Steam cleaning
Sand blasting
Dispersants
Bioremediation
Vegetation cutting
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Shoreline Assessment
SCAT T
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SCAT Teams
Duties include assessing amount of oil,
depth of penetration, coverage,
characteristics of oiling, ecological
resources, human amenities, shoreline
characteristics, substrate characteristics
Difficult and time-consuming task
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Countermeasures Summary
S ft ll th h b k t
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So after all the hype we are back to
picking up the oil on the water or the
beaches
In-situ burning useful but far offshore
Its hard to see progression in time but
actually the skimmers, shoreline techniques
have advanced perhaps at least we knowmore of what-not-to-do
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Current Trends
Will briefly give some trends as we seen
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Will briefly give some trends as we seen
them including progress, research and
change
Note on equipment generally littleresearch but some progress made by the
industry
eg. skimmers average fleet capacity hasprobably gone up about 10 fold
Burning
Most of studies in past 20 years related to
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Most of studies in past 20 years related to
emissions, fire-resistant boom and burning
different types of oil
Not too much scope for more research,certainly some improvements and filling of
knowledge gaps
Shoreline Cleanup
Some fancier beach cleaner machines used
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Some fancier beach cleaner machines used
but actually for cleaning recreational
beaches from normal debris
Better idea of what not to do eg. do notuse hot or high pressure water
Still could use lots of work
Dispersants
Need to do fundamental research
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Need to do fundamental research
Stop calling promotion research
Maybe has been overfunded and we should
put on back burner
Dispersant Trends
In past 20 years:
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In past 20 years:
Found that toxicity of chemically-dispersed
oil is severe (about 10 papers) probably
due to the many aromatics carried into thewater column
Found that dispersants themselves are
genotoxic and that they may be endocrine-disrupting
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Overall
Certainly need to use the right expertise on
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Certainly need to use the right expertise on
the issues of interest no more engineers
doing biology, and vice versa
Analytical methods need to be updated tomodern ones
Funding needs to be more constant
Other topics
Remote sensing needs research needsi l i f h l d l d
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Remote sensing needs research, needsimplementation of technology developed
over past 20 years
Modeling fairly mature, but needs to use
more recent algorithms
Fate and behaviour studies needs lots
more fundamental research
Effect studies woefully inadequate to date
- needs much more work
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Toxicity of Oil Itself
Recent years show that acute toxicity about
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Recent years show that acute toxicity about
the same as 30 years ago (if correct),but lower
But found that oil itself very toxic to
sensitive life forms such as fish embryosand coral juveniles can be toxic in the
parts-per-billion
Seems like the values are going way downfor such sensitive species
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Toxicity Studies
Perhaps we need to conduct more long-
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Perhaps we need to conduct more long-
term, sub-lethal and specialized studies and
some of the new emerging studies similar to
genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting Certainly there is a need for more studies at
the molecular level
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Issues for Offshore Drilling
Two Major Questions are always:
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Two Major Questions are always:
1. What will you do if there is loss of well
control
2. How would you deal with any oil
releases and what would these impact?
Answers by drilling company
1 Blowouts are improbable to impossible
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1. Blowouts are improbable to impossible
and if this very improbable event occurs
technology is available to immediately
control this 2. If any oil were to be released, it could be
quickly cleaned up or dispersed. Very little
impact
Now we know
That all of the above may be incorrect just
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That all of the above may be incorrect just
as we suspected
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Solutions to this
Let drilling proceed after preparations are
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Let drilling proceed after preparations arecomplete
Well control
Ensure that procedures etc. enforced on
drilling rigs
Ensure that caps, siphons, etc. are available
and readily deliverable before drilling starts
Re-evaluate relief well requirements
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The Lesson of the Deep
Water Horizon
Accidents will still happen in this era
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Accidents will still happen in this era
Preparedness is not as we hoped
Ability to deal with a big spill is still a
challenge
Many of the proposed countermeasures did
not live up to their expectations (or sales pitch)
Improvements over 40 years are only
incremental
More Lessons
Spills are very complicated and have many
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Spills are very complicated and have manyfacets
Awareness is always high after such an
incident and then drops to very little afterabout 4 years
There still are many gaps some very large
ones
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