ce 443 (case study) - final

7/21/2019 CE 443 (Case Study) - Final

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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

Matina Campus

Matina, Davao City

In partial fulllment of the requirements inHydrology (CE 443)

Submitted to:

Engr. Shown !"" Sl"#

Professor

Submitted by:

$ly"% Cl&r" Ang"l&'

Er"d&no% "rlyn M"

*r&r'% r Chn*

BS CE

Date Submitted:

!anuary ", "#$



IMACT OF C!IMATE CHAN+E IN DAVAO CITY,S -ATER RESOURCES AND ITSHAARDS

% &ase study by:

$ly"% Cl&r" Ang"l&'

Er"d&no% "rlyn M"

*r&r'% r Chn*

BS CE

Date Submitted:

!anuary ", "#$



A$STRACT

'ith the e(e&t of &limate &han)e prevalent in the surroundin)s, *ater

resour&es are at ris+ of bein) a(e&ted 'ater is needed to sustain the &ommunity

and the e&osystem, and in the lon) run, as &limate &han)e in&reases, there is a

possibility that *ater resour&es may be a(e&ted

-he Davao City *ater resour&es and supply are one of the lar)est resour&es

in the &ity and in the Philippines %lthou)h the &ity.s *ater resour&es and *ater

supply is &urrently bene&ial for the &ommunity, it is feared that these resour&es

may deplete or may no lon)er be used in the future as &limate &han)e does its /ob

in destroyin) the natural resour&es

-his study &overs e(e&ts &aused by &limate &han)e in Davao City.s *ater

resour&es and *ater supply and its ris+s to the *ater supply and the &ommunity in

the &urrent and future times



INTRODUCTION

'ater plays a vital role in maintainin) life and human a&tivity Ma/ority of the

earth.s livin) thin)s depend on *ater to sustain health and livin) 'ater is also used

for a)ri&ulture, ener)y produ&tion, navi)ation, re&reation, and manufa&turin) Sin&e

*ater is a ne&essity for both the so&iety and the e&osystem, *ater resour&es are

also )iven importan&e 'ater resour&es are sour&es of *ater that provide the *ater

supply needed for sustainability of health and human a&tivity

0o*ever, as time passes and as population on earth in&reases, the demand

for *ater also in&reases -he need for *ater for replenishment and for human

a&tivity put pressure on *ater resour&es -he pressure on *ater resour&es may be

further e1a&erbated due to &limate &han)e

In many parts of the *orld, &limate &han)e is pointed out to be one of the

ma/or &auses of the in&rease of *ater demand and the shrin+a)e of *ater supply

Climate &han)e is a phenomenon that a(e&ts the earth.s temperature, and as the

temperature of the earth in&reases, evaporation in&reases, resultin) to drou)hts,

meltin) of )la&ial i&e in Polar 2e)ions, and potential destru&tion of *ater resour&es,

*hi&h leads to de&rease of *ater supply

-his study fo&uses on the e(e&t of &limate &han)e in Davao City.s *ater

resour&es and its ha3ards -he purpose of this study is to determine ho* &limate

&han)e a(e&ts the *ater resour&es and supply of Davao City and the ha3ards that it

may brin) to the &ity.s *ater resour&es and supply



HYOTHESES

-he study aims to ans*er the follo*in) questions:

• Does &limate &han)e badly a(e&t Davao City.s *ater resour&es4

• Does &limate &han)e &ause ha3ards to Davao City.s *ater resour&es4

• 'ill the *ater supply in Davao City de&rease as the e(e&t of &limate &han)e

in&reases4

• 'ill the quality 5taste, odor, &olor6 of *ater from the &ity.s *ater supply be

a(e&ted due to &limate &han)e4

-he resear&hers hypothesi3ed that the &limate &han)e badly a(e&ts Davao

City.s *ater resour&es Due to &limate &han)e, the quality and the volume of the

*ater supply in Davao City *ill be a(e&ted -he &ity.s *ater supply may de&rease as

the e(e&ts of &limate &han)e to the earth, parti&ularly in Davao City, in&reases

%lso, as an e(e&t of &limate &han)e, Davao City.s *ater resour&es may be put into

dan)er

In order for the queries for this study to be ans*ered and for the hypotheses

to be veried *hether it is true or false, the resear&hers for this study &ondu&ted

further resear&h in relation to the study -he methods of resear&h used for the study

*ill be dis&ussed in the methodolo)y se&tion of this study



METHODO!O+Y

-he follo*in) steps are bein) done in order to obtain the su7&ient data needed in

the study:

• -he resear&hers for this study resear&hed on *ater resour&e and the impa&ts

on *ater resour&e due to &limate &han)e 2esear&hed data may &ome from

the internet, boo+s, past resear&hes in relation to the study, or any

paraphernalia used for information -he resear&hed data may be fo&used in

%sia, the Philippines, and8or Davao City and 2e)ion 9I

• -he resear&hers for this study )athered information about Davao City.s *ater

resour&es based on the past dis&ussions and intervie*s made by several

)roups in CE 80ydrolo)y &lass -he data )athered *ill be used for the

analysis and results of this study

• -he resear&hers planned to &ondu&t a brief intervie* *ith En)r Ed*in ;

2e)alado, MP% of Davao City 'ater Distri&t about the impa&t of Davao City.s

*ater resour&e and *ater supply due to &limate &han)e



RESU!TS

%&&ordin) to Philippine %tmospheri&, <eophysi&al and %stronomi&al Servi&es

%dministration 5P%<%S%6 info)raph =Climate Chan)e in the Philippines 5"#$$6>, the

pro/e&ted seasonal rainfall &han)e and frequen&y of e1treme events in "#"# and

"#?# in the provin&es in 2e)ion 9I are presented in the tables belo* -he data

obtained from D!@, M%M, !!%, and SA represent the data 5temperature, rainfall,

&han)e, and e1treme events6 obtained from De&ember to @ebruary, Mar&h to May,

!une to %u)ust, and September to ovember, respe&tively -he predi&ted values for

mean temperature, rainfall, ma1imum temperature, and number of dry days and

days in rainfall in 2e)ion 9I are also presented based on the values obtained from

P%<%S%.s station in Davao City



%&&ordin) to the same info)raph from P%<%S%, the follo*in) are the e(e&ts

of &limate &han)e on *ater resour&es:

• 'ater stress 5both in quantity and quality6, *hi&h *ill most li+ely a(e&t

forestry, a)ri&ulture and livelihood, health, and human settlement

• ar)e de&reases in rainfall and lon)er drier periods *ill a(e&t the amount of

*ater in *atersheds and dams that provide irri)ation servi&es to farmers,

espe&ially those in rain fed areas, thereby, limitin) a)ri&ultural produ&tion

Ener)y produ&tion from dams &ould also be rendered insu7&ient in those

areas *here rainfall is pro/e&ted to de&rease, and thus, &ould lar)ely a(e&t

the ener)y su7&ien&y pro)ram of the &ountry Desi)n of infrastru&ture,

parti&ularly of dams, *ill need to be revisited to ensure that these *ill not be

severely a(e&ted by the pro/e&ted lon)er drier periods



• In areas *here rainfall &ould be intense durin) *et periods, oodin) events

*ould follo* and may pose dan)er to human settlements and infrastru&ture,

in terms of landslides and mudslides, most espe&ially, in )eolo)i&ally *ea+

areas %dditionally, these oodin) events &ould impa&t severely on publi&

infrastru&ture

• Criti&al *ater shorta)es &an be e1pe&ted leadin) to possible redu&tion of

*ater available for domesti& &onsumption, less irri)ation servi&e delivery, and

possibly, de&reased ener)y )eneration in dams

In another resear&hed data on Climate Chan)e 0a3ards, ;ulnerabilities, and

2is+s *hi&h is an overvie* of the &limate &han)e in %sia and the Philippines,

)reenhouse e(e&t, *hi&h is a byprodu&t of &limate &han)e, may &ause the a hu)e

impa&t on *ater resour&es, parti&ularly lar)e bodies of *ater su&h as seas and

o&eans -he &han)es in o&eans due to &limate &han)e and its e(e&ts are sho*n in

the )ure belo*



In the same resear&h, the follo*in) e(e&ts of &limate &han)e in our *ater resour&es

are listed belo*:

• Climate &han)e *ill e1a&erbate *ater shorta)es in many *aters&ar&e areas

of the *orld 2uno( and *ater availability may de&rease in arid and semiarid

%sia

• 0uman health *ould be threatened by possible in&reased e1posure to *ater F

borne diseases and heat stress

• De&reases in a)ri&ultural produ&tivity and aqua&ulture *ill ensue due to

thermal and *ater stress, sealevel rise, oods and drou)hts, and tropi&al

&y&lones -his *ill diminish food se&urity in many parts of %sia, in&ludin) the

Philippines

• %&&elerated sea level rise *ill e1pose many human settlements to in&reased

ris+ of &oastal oodin) and erosion and salt*ater intrusion into fresh*ater

resour&es



• Coral reefs *ill be ne)atively a(e&ted due to &oral blea&hin) Coral blea&hin)

is the loss of &olor of &orals due to loss of pi)mentation of al)ae &aused by

&limate &han)e Diversity of &orals may also be a(e&ted

• Due to the Philippines. )eo)raphi&al lo&ation, our &ountry is more prone to

natural ha3ards su&h as typhoons, storm sur)es, ash oods, and sea level

rise Severe El iGo and a iGa events are also e1perien&ed sin&e $H# due

to &limate &han)e

• In the )raph in the ne1t pa)e, the mean sea levels in Manila, e)a3pi, Davao,

!olo, and Cebu are bein) observed from $H to $HH In the )raph, it is

sho*n that there is an in&rease of mean sea levels in the ve areas Due to

the in&rease of sea level as an e(e&t of &limate &han)e, fresh*ater, &oastal,

and marine resour&es are adversely a(e&ted

•

Due to El iGo and &limate &han)e, sh +ills and several red tides may o&&ur• El iGo phenomena in the past &aused drou)ht and *ater shorta)es, *hi&h

&ould li+e*ise lead to food shorta)es if not attended to and anti&ipated by

the )overnment

• %&&ordin) to Department of Environment and atural 2esour&es, some

provin&es in 2e)ion 9I, parti&ularly Davao del orte and Davao del Sur, are at



a hi)h ris+ to pro/e&ted temperature in&rease and drou)ht, *hi&h may &ause

ris+s to *ater resour&es in the parti&ular area

-he follo*in) data are also obtained re)ardin) Davao City.s *ater resour&es

and *ater supply, spe&i&ally the *ater that is used for human &onsumption:

• -he Davao 2iver &at&hment is the third lar)est river &at&hment on the

Southern Philippines Island of Mindanao It drains an area of over $J## +mK

*ith a river len)th of $L# +m Most of the area is uplands %vera)e o*s

*ithin the river near to the mouth are estimated at J## &ubi& meters per

se&ond -he &limate type is relatively uniform throu)hout the year *ith

evenly distributed rainfall and temperatures and humidity 5rainfall

"L##mm, %&tual Evap $#"mm6 -he area rarely e1perien&es typhoons

• 2iver dis&har)e measurements ta+en from $H to $HH# indi&ated an

avera)e river o* of appro1imately J &ubi& meters per se&ond for the

period

• -he main drin+in) *ater sour&es for Davao City are in the nei)hborin) -alomo

*atershed -hese sour&es are under pressure and the Davao 2iver Basin is

li+ely to be required for *ater abstra&tion in the near future

• -he Environmental Mana)ement Bureau samples sites from the &onuen&e

of the -amu)an river do*nstream to the mouth of the river @rom the

-amu)an 2iver &onuen&e *ith the Davao 2iver do*nstream to DD@

Subdivision, Mandu) the *ater is &lassied as Class % F Publi& 'ater Supply

Class II Do*nstream of this point to the sea is &lassied as Class B or

re&reational *ater &lass I %nalyses for dissolved o1y)en over the past



years has indi&ated no signifcant change in quality -he &urrent monitorin)

of *ater quality is insu7&ient to monitor and evaluate pollution levels and

trends in the river



ANA!YSIS

Based on the data )athered, &limate &han)e may &reate a hu)e impa&t on

Davao City.s *ater supply and resour&es Su&h impa&ts that may be &aused by

&limate &han)e that may a(e&t the &ity.s *ater supply and resour&es are *ater

stress, lar)e de&rease in rainfall and *ater supply due to drou)ht, &riti&al *ater

shorta)es, *ater F borne diseases, and e(e&ts on &oastal resour&es su&h as &oral

blea&hin) and &oastal oodin) If not prevented, &limate &han)e may not only &ause

ris+s on *ater resour&es but also on a)ri&ulture, infrastru&ture, livelihood, and

human settlement

-he Philippines, due to its unique )eo)raphi&al lo&ation, is prone to

typhoons, storm sur)es, ashoods, and drou)ht -his means that the &ountry is

prone to the e(e&ts of &limate &han)e In the past, El iGo and a iGa events are

also e1perien&ed sin&e $H# due to &limate &han)e %lso, the )eo)raphi&al lo&ation

of 2e)ion 9I, parti&ularly Davao City, made it prone to drou)ht and pro/e&ted

temperature in&rease It may put Davao City.s *ater supply and *ater resour&e at

ris+ to the e(e&ts of &limate &han)e in the near future

It is also obtained from the data that the &urrent monitorin) of *ater supply

in evaluatin) pollution levels and trends in the *ater resour&e 5Davao 2iver6 is

limited 0o*ever, it is obtained from the *ater samples that there is no si)ni&ant

&han)e in the quality of *ater, *hi&h means that as of the &urrent times, the *ater

is still safe to drin+



CONC!USION

-he resear&hers &on&lude that &limate &han)e may a(e&t Davao City.s *ater

resour&es and *ater supply as time passes and as the e(e&ts of &limate &han)e

in&reases -he *ater supply may de&rease as the e(e&ts of &limate &han)e

in&reases -he quality of the *ater from the *ater supply, ho*ever, may not be

a(e&ted by the &limate &han)e, and potential health ha3ards may not o&&ur in the

present

It is re&ommended that the City <overnment of Davao City must allo&ate

su7&ient funds for future pro/e&ts, resear&hes, and observations in relation to the

&ity.s *ater resour&es and *ater supply -hou)h it is apparent that the &ity.s *ater

supply is still su7&ient for the needs of the &urrent )eneration, it is still important to

nd more *ater resour&es that &an potentially be a sour&e for the &ity.s

&onsumption It is also important for the &ity to have an up F to F date information

re)ardin) the quality of *ater sin&e the resear&h done about the *ater quality *as

ta+en several years a)o It is also hi)hly re&ommended for the other resear&hers to

further study about this sub/e&t as this study is only limited to the impa&t of &limate

&han)e to the &ity.s *ater supply and resour&es

-he people livin) *ithin Davao City should also be )iven a*areness re)ardin)

our &ity.s *ater supply and *ater resour&es It is important for the &ommunity to

+no* ho* they &an prevent *ater shorta)e and avoid the ris+s that may be &aused

by &limate &han)e in the near future 'ith proper edu&ation, en)ineerin), and



enfor&ement, the &ity.s *ater supply and *ater resour&es may be preserved and

may be used by the future )eneration



REFERENCES

Climate Chan)e 0a3ards, ;ulnerabilities and 2is+s: Avervie* for %sia and the

Philippines F Department of Environment and atural 2esour&es

• Philippine %tmospheri&, <eophysi&al and %stronomi&al Servi&es

%dministration: Climate Chan)e In -he Philippines 5"#$$6 N

http:88pa)asadost)ovph

• Climate Chan)e Impa&ts In -he Philippines N

http:88+idlatpa)asadost)ovph8ndrb8D2B

• Climate Chan)e Impa&ts in 'ater 2esour&es, ivelihoods, 2elated Se&tors,

and E&osystems by Prof Dr Orsula As*ald Sprin) N http:88&rimunamm1

• 0ydrolo)y and 'ater 2esour&es by i)el %rnell and Chun3hen iu

• 'ater 2esour&es and Davao City 2iver N 'i+ipedia http:88en*i+ipediaor)

• -he Impa&t Af Climate Chan)e in 'ater 2esour&e N <2%CE Communi&ations

@oundation

• Climate Impa&ts on 'ater 2esour&es N OSEP% 5Environmental Prote&tion

%)en&y6



AC/NO-!ED+EMENTS

-his study *ould not be su&&essful *ithout the help and )uidan&e of the

follo*in) people *ho helped us &omplete this study

@irst of all, *e *ould li+e to e1press our )ratitude to our lovin) families *ho

supported us nan&ially and morally and for en&oura)in) us to &omplete this study

despite of the di7&ulties *e en&ountered

'e *ould also li+e to ta+e the opportunity to )ive than+s to our professor,

En)r Sho*na ee Sales, *ho shared her e1pertise *hi&h made this study possible

-han+ you for sharin) your +no*led)e *ith us 'e are &ertain that it *ill be a )reat

help in attainin) our )oal to be &ompetitive en)ineers

'e *ould also li+e to than+ our friends, &lassmates, and those *ho helped us

nish this study -hey served as our motivation to nish this study If it *eren.t for

them *e *ouldn.t be too inspired to *or+ for this study

%bove all, a million than+s to our %lmi)hty <od for helpin) us to su&&eed in

nishin) this &ase study 'ithout 0is help, nothin) *ould be possible 'e than+ 0im

for tea&hin) us the value of patien&e and hard *or+ 'e than+ <od for un&onditional

love, )uidan&e, stren)th and for all the &ountless blessin)s



AENDI0

AENDI0 A 1 Pro/e&ted temperature in&rease 5in C6 under hi)hran)e and

mediumran)e emission s&enarios in "#"# based on $HJ$"### normal values in

2e)ion 9I

AENDI0 $ 1 Pro/e&ted temperature in&rease 5in C6 under hi)hran)e and

mediumran)e emission s&enarios in "#?# based on $HJ$"### normal values in

2e)ion 9I

AENDI0 C Pro/e&ted temperature in&rease 5in C6 under lo*ran)e emission

s&enarios in "#"# based on $HH#"### normal values



AENDI0 D Pro/e&ted temperature in&rease 5in C6 under lo*ran)e emission

s&enarios in "#?# based on $HH#"### normal values

AENDI0 E 2 Provin&es at ris+ to pro/e&ted temperature in&rease



AENDI0 F 2 Provin&es at ris+ to drou)ht



Sources: PAGASA, DENR

ce 443 (case study) - final

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