cell phone control robotic vehicle

8/10/2019 Cell Phone Control Robotic Vehicle

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CELL PHONE CONTROLROBOTIC VEHICLE


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INTRODUCTION

GSM and GPRS based Designs have developed another

innovative and Public utility product for mass communication

[1]. his is a Robot !ontrol Device "hich control the Robot

through messages received as SMS or GPRS Pac#ets and also

send ac#no"ledgement of tas#. Such Devices can be used at

different areas of the human being life. Such offices$ houses$

factories etc. Sent command from Mobiles or P!s to these

devices for move the motor left$ right$ stop. hese devices are

designed to remotely control the Robot from any"here and

anytime. %ireless communication has announced its arrival on

big stage and the "orld is going mobile [&]. %e "ant to controleverything and "ithout moving an inch. his remote control

Robot !ontrol device is possible through 'mbedded Systems.

he use of ('mbedded System in !ommunication) has given

rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and

safety to human life [*]. he main aim of the pro+ect "ill be todesign a SMS electronic Robot !ontrol tool#it "hich can

replace the traditional Robot !ontrol Devices. he tool#it

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receives the SMS$ validates the sending Mobile

,dentification -umber M,-/ and perform the desired

operation after necessary code conversion. he system is

made efficient by S,Ms so that the SMS can be received

by number of devices boards in a locality using techni0ues

of time division multiple access.

he main components of the tool#it include microcontroller$

GSM modem. hese components are integrated "ith the device

board and thus incorporate the "ireless features. he GSM

modem receives the SMS. he commands are serially

transferred to the modem. ,n return the modem transmits the

stored message through the "ireless lin#. he microcontroller

validates the SMS and then perform specific tas# on the device.he microcontroller used in this case is M'2 34S5&

.Motorola %&&6 is used as the GSM modem. ,n this prototype

model$ 2!D display is used for simulation purpose. he results

presented in the thesis support the proper functionalities and

"or#ing of the system. he timing diagram suggests theresponse of the modem to various attention/ commands.

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1.& METHODOLOGY

he method used to carry out this pro+ect is the principle of

serial communication in collaboration "ith embedded systems.

his is a very good pro+ect for ,ndustries. his pro+ect has a

Robot !ontrol$ "hich "ill be used as the electronic device$ and

also a GSM modem$ "hich is the latest technology used for

communication bet"een the mobile and the embedded devices.

System "ill "or# li#e "hen the user "ants to on7off the

device8 he has to send the message in his mobile defining the

messages and then the pass"ord of the system to the number

of the subscriber identity module S,M/ "hich is inserted in the

display system M9D'M. hen$ the M9D'M connected to the

display system "ill receive the SMS$ the microcontroller inside

the system is programmed in such a "ay that "hen the modem

receives any message the microcontroller "ill read the

message from serial headphone and verify for the pass"ord$ if

the pass"ord is correct then it "ill start performing desire tas#.

1.* Scope of Work

, "ill use li0uid crystal display for displaying the message8 , "ill

also use GSM modem Motorola %&&6/ as an interface bet"een

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BLOC DIAGRAM

REGULATED POWER

SUPPLY

LCD

BUZZER

GSMMODEM

89S52

L293D

DCMOBILE

PHONES MOTORS


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COMPONENT LIST

%,R'2'SS R9uantity !ode

Regulator ?365 1 @1

Regulator ?31& 1 @*

!apacitor 1666Af 1 !1

!apacitor 16Af 1 !&

!eramic !apacitor &&pf & !*$!:

Diode : D1$D&$D*$D:

Push


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'2'PI9-J @' M,DD2' ' S

1441 GSM G29< 2 SJS 'M K9R D,G, 2 %9R2DL%,D'

M9


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!"/ GSM FRE0UENCIES

GSM net"or#s operate in a number of different fre0uency

ranges separated into GSM fre0uency ranges for &G and@M S fre0uency bands for *G/. Most &G GSM net"or#s

operate in the 466 MI or 1366 MI bands. Some countries in

the mericas including !anada and the @nited States/ use the

356 MI and 1466 MI bands because the 466 and 1366 MI

fre0uency bands "ere already allocated. Most *G GSM

net"or#s in 'urope operate in the &166 MI fre0uency band [4]

!"1 NETWOR STRUCTURE

he net"or# behind the GSM seen by the customer is

large and complicated in order to provide all of the

services "hich are re0uired.

he


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!"5 LITERATURE REVIEW

his pro+ect is an implementation to the idea of the "ireless

communication bet"een a mobile phone and a microcontroller.

!urrently the main "or# that has been done on this proposed

system is through serial port to the computer but not "ireless. ,f

they "ant to control the G'-'R 9R$ they have to go to the

remote area and change the rotation and one 7off the

G'-'R 9R.


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Kig. &.&


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HARDWARE DISCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY7

Po8er s*pp(9 is a reference to a source of electrical

po"er. device or system that supplies electrical or

other types of energy to an output load or group of loads

is called a po8er s*pp(9 *+&% or PSU . he term is most

commonly applied to electrical energy supplies$ less

often to mechanical ones$ and rarely to others.

Iere in our application "e need a 5v D! po"er supply

for all electronics involved in the pro+ect. his re0uires

step do"n transformer$ rectifier$ voltage regulator$ and

filter circuit for generation of 5v D! po"er. Iere a brief

description of all the components is given as follo"s;

TRANSFORMER7

A %r'+sfor:er is a device that transfers electrical energy from

one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors Q

the transformer s coils or "indings . 'Hcept for airLcore20


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transformers$ the conductors are commonly "ound around a

single ironLrich core$ or around separate but magneticallyL

coupled cores. varying current in the first or primary"inding creates a varying magnetic field in the core or cores/

of the transformer. his varying magnetic field induces a

varying electromotive force 'MK/ or voltage in the

secondary "inding. his effect is called mutual induction.

,f a load is connected to the secondary circuit$ electric

charge "ill flo" in the secondary "inding of the

transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to

the load connected in the secondary circuit.

he secondary induced voltage S$ of an ideal transformer$

is scaled from the primary P by a factor e0ual to the ratio of

the number of turns of "ire in their respective "indings;

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stepped up or do"n depending on the design of the

primary and secondary "indings.

THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

"o coils of "ire called "indings/ are "ound on some type of

core material. ,n some cases the coils of "ire are "ound on a

cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. ,n effect$ the core

material is air and the transformer is called an ,RL!9R'

R -SK9RM'R. ransformers used at lo" fre0uencies$ such

as B6 hert and :66 hert $ re0uire a core of lo"Lreluctance

magnetic material$ usually iron. his type of transformer is

called an ,R9-L!9R' R -SK9RM'R. Most po"er

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transformers are of the ironLcore type. he principle parts of a

transformer and their functions are;

he !9R'$ "hich provides a path for the magnetic

lines of fluH.

he PR,M RJ %,-D,-G$ "hich receives energy from

the ac source.

he S'!9-D RJ %,-D,-G$ "hich receives energy

from the primary "inding and delivers it to the load.

he '-!29S@R'$ "hich protects the above components

from dirt$ moisture$ and mechanical damage.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER bridge rectifier ma#es use of four diodes in a bridge

arrangement to achieve fullL"ave rectification. his is a

"idely used configuration$ both "ith individual diodes

"ired as sho"n and "ith single component bridges "here

the diode bridge is "ired internally.

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BASIC OPERATION

ccording to the conventional model of current flo"

originally established by


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%hen the input connected to the (ef% corner is +e)'%&;e $and the input connected to the r&)$% corner is pos&%&;e$

current flo"s from the (o8er supply terminal to the right

along the re, path to the output$ and returns to the *pper

supply terminal via the


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or D!$ this circuit not only produces a D! output from an !

input$ it can also provide "hat is sometimes called reverse

polarity protection . hat is$ it permits normal functioning of D!Lpo"ered e0uipment "hen batteries have been installed

bac#"ards$ or "hen the leads "ires/ from a D! po"er

source have been reversed$ and protects the e0uipment

from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Prior to availability of integrated electronics$ such a bridge

rectifier "as al"ays constructed from discrete components.

Since about 1456$ a single fourLterminal component

containing the four diodes connected in the bridge

configuration became a standard commercial component and

is no" available "ith various voltage and current ratings.

OUTPUT SMOOTHING

Kor many applications$ especially "ith single phase ! "here

the fullL"ave bridge serves to convert an ! input into a D!output$ the addition of a capacitor may be desired because

the bridge alone supplies an output of fiHed polarity but

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voltage correspondingly store eHcess charge in the capacitor$

thus moderating the change in output voltage 7 current.

he simplified circuit sho"n has a "ellLdeserved reputation for being dangerous$ because$ in some applications$ the capacitor

can retain a lethal charge after the ! po"er source is

removed. ,f supplying a dangerous voltage$ a practical circuit

should include a reliable "ay to safely discharge the capacitor.

,f the normal load cannot be guaranteed to perform this

function$ perhaps because it can be disconnected$ the circuit

should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as

practical across the capacitor. his resistor should consume a

current large enough to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable

time$ but small enough to minimi e unnecessary po"er "aste.


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enough so that this time constant is much longer than the

time of one ripple cycle$ the above configuration "ill

produce a smoothed D! voltage across the load.,n some designs$ a series resistor at the load side of the

capacitor is added. he smoothing can then be improved

by adding additional stages of capacitor=resistor pairs$

often done only for subLsupplies to critical highLgain

circuits that tend to be sensitive to supply voltage noise.

he ideali ed "aveforms sho"n above are seen for both voltage

and current "hen the load on the bridge is resistive. %hen the

load includes a smoothing capacitor$ both the voltage and the

current "aveforms "ill be greatly changed. %hile the voltage is

smoothed$ as described above$ current "ill flo" through the

bridge only during the time "hen the input voltage is greater than

the capacitor voltage. Kor eHample$ if the load dra"s an average

current of n mps$ and the diodes conduct for 16 of the time$

the average diode current during conduction must be 16n mps.

his nonLsinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a

poor po"er factor in the ! supply.

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,n a practical circuit$ "hen a capacitor is directly connected to the

output of a bridge$ the bridge diodes must be si ed to "ithstand

the current surge that occurs "hen the po"er is turned on at the

pea# of the ! voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged.

Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor

to limit this current$ though in most applications the po"er supply

transformer s resistance is already sufficient.

9utput can also be smoothed using a cho#e and secondcapacitor. he cho#e tends to #eep the current rather than

the voltage/ more constant. Due to the relatively high cost

of an effective cho#e compared to a resistor and capacitor

this is not employed in modern e0uipment.

Some early console radios created the spea#er s constant

field "ith the current from the high voltage < U / po"er

supply$ "hich "as then routed to the consuming circuits$

permanent magnets "ere then too "ea# for good

performance/ to create the spea#er s constant magnetic

field. he spea#er field coil thus performed & +obs in one; it

acted as a cho#e$ filtering the po"er supply$ and it

produced the magnetic field to operate the spea#er.

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REGULATOR IC 356==4

,t is a three pin ,! used as a voltage regulator. ,t converts

unregulated D! current into regulated D! current.

-ormally "e get fiHed output by connecting the voltage

regulator at the output of the filtered D! see in above diagram/.

,t can also be used in circuits to get a lo" D! voltage from a

high D! voltage for eHample "e use ?365 to get 5 from 1& /.

here are t"o types of voltage regulators 1. fiHed voltage

regulators ?3HH$ ?4HH/ &. variable voltage regulators 2M*1?/

,n fiHed voltage regulators there is another classification 1. Uve

voltage regulators &. Lve voltage regulators P9S, , '

92 G' R'G@2 9RS his include ?3HH voltage

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regulators. he most commonly used ones are ?365 and

?31&. ?365 gives fiHed 5 D! voltage if input voltage is in

?.5 $ &6 /.THE CAPACITOR FILTER

he simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of po"er

supply filter. he application of the simple capacitor filter is

very limited. ,t is sometimes used on eHtremely highL

voltage$ lo"Lcurrent po"er supplies for cathode ray andsimilar electron tubes$ "hich re0uire very little load current

from the supply. he capacitor filter is also used "here the

po"erLsupply ripple fre0uency is not critical8 this fre0uency

can be relatively high. he capacitor !1/ sho"n in figure

:L15 is a simple filter connected across the output of the

rectifier in parallel "ith the load.

KullL"ave rectifier "ith a capacitor filter.

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%hen this filter is used$ the R! charge time of the filter

capacitor !1/ must be short and the R! discharge time must

be long to eliminate ripple action. ,n other "ords$ the capacitor must charge up fast$ preferably "ith no discharge at all.


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is connected across the output vie"


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he value of the capacitor is fairly large several

microfarads/$ thus it presents a relatively lo" reactance to

the pulsating current and it stores a substantial charge.he rate of charge for the capacitor is limited only by the

resistance of the conducting diode$ "hich is relatively lo".

herefore$ the R! charge time of the circuit is relatively short.

s a result$ "hen the pulsating voltage is first applied to the

circuit$ the capacitor charges rapidly and almost reaches thepea# value of the rectified voltage "ithin the first fe" cycles.

he capacitor attempts to charge to the pea# value of the

rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting$ and tends to

retain its charge "hen the rectifier output falls to ero. he

capacitor cannot discharge immediately./ he capacitor slo"ly

discharges through the load resistance R 2/ during the time

the rectifier is nonLconducting.

he rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the

value of capacitance and the value of the load resistance.

,f the capacitance and loadLresistance values are large$

the R! discharge time for the circuit is relatively long.

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comparison of the "aveforms sho"n in figure :L1B vie"

and vie"


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through the load resistor R 2/. he discharge of !1 produces the

do"n"ard slope as indicated by the solid line on the "aveform in

vie"


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Since practical values of !1 and R 2 ensure a more or less

gradual decrease of the discharge voltage$ a substantial charge

remains on the capacitor at the time of the neHt half cycle of

operation. s a result$ no current can flo" through the diode

until the rising ac input voltage at the anode of the diode

eHceeds the voltage on the charge remaining on !1. he

charge on !1 is the cathode potential of the diode. %hen the

potential on the anode eHceeds the potential on the cathode

the charge on !1/$ the diode again conducts$ and !1 begins to

charge to approHimately the pea# value of the applied voltage.

fter the capacitor has charged to its pea# value$ the diode "illcut off and the capacitor "ill start to discharge. Since the fall of

the ac input voltage on the anode is considerably more rapid

than the decrease on the capacitor voltage$ the cathode 0uic#ly39


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become more positive than the anode$ and the diode

ceases to conduct.

9peration of the simple capacitor filter using a fullL"averectifier is basically the same as that discussed for the halfL

"ave rectifier. Referring to figure :L13$ you should notice

that because one of the diodes is al"ays conducting on.

either alternation$ the filter capacitor charges or discharges

during each half cycle. -ote that each diode conducts only

for that portion of time "hen the pea# secondary voltage is

greater than the charge across the capacitor./

Kigure :L13. L KullL"ave rectifier "ith capacitor filter/.

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nother thing to #eep in mind is that the ripple component ' r /

of the output voltage is an ac voltage and the average output

voltage ' avg / is the dc component of the output. Since the filter

capacitor offers relatively lo" impedance to ac$ the ma+ority of

the ac component flo"s through the filter capacitor. he ac

component is therefore bypassed shunted/ around the load

resistance$ and the entire dc component or ' avg / flo"s through

the load resistance. his statement can be clarified by using the

formula for E ! in a halfL"ave and fullL"ave rectifier. Kirst$ you

must establish some values for the circuit.

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s you can see from the calculations$ by doubling the fre0uency

of the rectifier$ you reduce the impedance of the capacitor by oneL

half. his allo"s the ac component to pass through the capacitor

more easily. s a result$ a fullL"ave rectifier output is much easier

to filter than that of a halfL"ave rectifier. Remember$ the smaller

the E ! of the filter capacitor "ith respect to the load resistance$

the better the filtering action. Since

the largest possible capacitor "ill provide the best filtering.

Remember$ also$ that the load resistance is an importantconsideration. ,f load resistance is made small$ the load

current increases$ and the average value of output voltage

' avg / decreases. he R! discharge time constant is a

direct function of the value of the load resistance8

therefore$ the rate of capacitor voltage discharge is adirect function of the current through the load. he greater

the load current$ the more rapid the discharge of the

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capacitor$ and the lo"er the average value of output voltage.

Kor this reason$ the simple capacitive filter is seldom used"ith rectifier circuits that must supply a relatively large load

current. @sing the simple capacitive filter in con+unction "ith a

fullL"ave or bridge rectifier provides improved filtering

because the increased ripple fre0uency decreases the

capacitive reactance of the filter capacitor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

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DIODE

he diode is a pLn +unction device. Diode is the

component used to control the flo" of the current in anyone direction. he diode "idely "or#s in for"ard bias.

Diode %hen the current flo"s from the P to - direction. hen

it is in for"ard bias. he Vener diode is used in reverse bias

function i.e. - to P direction. isually the identification of the

diodeWs terminal can be done by identifying he silver7blac#

line. he silver7blac# line is the negative terminal cathode/

and the other terminal is the positive terminal cathode/.

APPLICATION

XDiodes; Rectification$ freeL"heeling$ etc

XVener diode; oltage control$ regulator etc.

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X unnel diode; !ontrol the current flo"$ snobbier circuit$ etc

RESISTORS

he flo" of charge through any material encounters an

opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical friction

.this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some

electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of

resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories $ only t"o of "hich

are color coded "hich are metal film and carbon film resistor .the

third category is the "ire "ound type $"here value are generally

printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component. Resistors

are in ohms and are represented in Gree# letter omega$ loo#s as

an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit re0uire resistors to

ma#e them "or# properly and it is obliviously important to find out

something about the different types of resistors available.

Resistance is measured in ohms$ the symbol for ohm is an omega

ohm. 1 ohm is 0uite small for electronics so resistances are often

given in #ohm and Mohm.

Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as lo"

as 6.1 ohm or as high as 16 Mohm.

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FUNCTION

Resistor restrict the flo" of electric current$ for eHample a

resistor is placed in series "ith a lightLemitting diode 2'D/

to limit the current passing through the 2'D.

TYPES OF RESISTORS

FI=ED VALUE RESISTORS

,t includes t"o types of resistors as carbon film and metal film

. hese t"o types are eHplained under

CARBON FILM RESISTORS

During manufacture$ at in film of carbon is deposited onto a

small ceramic rod. he resistive coating is spiraled a"ay in an

automatic machine until the resistance bet"een there t"o endsof the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal

leads and end caps are added$ the resistors is covered "ith an

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insulating coating and finally painted "ith colored bands to

indicate the resistor value

!arbon Kilm Resistors

nother eHample for a !arbon &&666 9hms or && NiloL9hms

also #no"n as &&N at 5 tolerance;


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WIRE WOUND RESISTOR

"ire "ound resistor is made of metal resistance "ire$ and

because of this$ they can be manufactured to precise values. lso$ high "attage resistors can be made by using a thic#

"ire material. %ire "ound resistors cannot be used for high

fre0uency circuits. !oils are used in high fre0uency circuit.

%ire "ound resistors in a ceramic case$ strengthened "ith

special cement. hey have very high po"er rating$ from 1 or &

"atts to do ens of "atts. hese resistors can become

eHtremely hot "hen used for high po"er application$ and this

must be ta#en into account "hen designing the circuit.

TESTING

Resistors are chec#ed "ith an ohm meter7millimeter. Kor a

defective resistor the ohmLmeter sho"s infinite high reading.

CAPACITORS

,n a "ay$ a capacitor is a little li#e a battery. lthough they "or#

in completely different "ays$ capacitors and batteries both store

electrical energy. ,f you have read Io"


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then you #no" that a battery has t"o terminals. ,nside the

battery$ chemical reactions produce electrons on one

terminal and absorb electrons at the other terminal.BASIC

2i#e a battery$ a capacitor has t"o terminals. ,nside the

capacitor$ the terminals connect to t"o metal plates

separated by a dielectric. he dielectric can be air$ paper$

plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity

and #eeps the plates from touching each other. Jou can

easily ma#e a capacitor from t"o pieces of aluminum foil

and a piece of paper. ,t "on t be a particularly good

capacitor in terms of its storage capacity$ but it "ill "or#.

,n an electronic circuit$ a capacitor is sho"n li#e this;

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%hen you connect a capacitor to a battery$ hereZs "hat happens;

X he plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal

of the battery accepts electrons that the battery is producing.

X he plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive

terminal of the battery loses electrons to the battery.

TESTINGo test the capacitors$ either analog meters or specia

l digital meters "ith the specified function are used. he nonL

electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.

Multi = meter mode-egative probe ;

occur/ W92W Result

; !ontinuity Positive probe ; 9ne endSecond end Display ; W6W beep sound

: Kaulty 9N

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LED

2'D falls "ithin the family of PL- +unction devices. he light

emitting diode 2'D/ is a diode that "ill give off visible light "hen

it is energi ed. ,n any for"ard biased PL- +unction there is$ "ith in

the structure and primarily close to the +unction$ a recombination

of hole and electrons. his recombination re0uires that the energy

possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another

state. he process of giving off light by applying an electrical

source is called electroluminescence.

2'D is a component used for indication. ll the functions being

carried out are displayed by led . he 2'D is diode "hich glo"s

"hen the current is being flo"n through it in for"ard bias

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condition. he 2'Ds are available in the round shell and also

in the flat shells. he positive leg is longer than negative leg.

DC MOTOR

D! Motor has t"o leads. ,t has bidirectional motion

,f "e apply Uve to one lead and ground to another

motor "ill rotate in one direction$ if "e reverse the

connection the motor "ill rotate in opposite direction.

,f "e #eep both leads open or both leads ground it "ill

not rotate but some inertia "ill be there/.

,f "e apply Uve voltage to both leads then bra#ing "ill

occurs.

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H>BRIDGE

his circuit is #no"n as IL


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Conclusion

The prototype of the GSM based Generator Control device wasefficiently designed. This prototype has facilities to be integratedwith a Generator thus making it truly mobile. The toolkit acceptsthe SMS, stores it, validates it and perform specific operations.The SMS is deleted from the phone each time it is read, thusmaking room for the next SMS.

Problem Encountered uring soldering, many of the connection become short cktd.

So we desolder the connection and did soldering again. ! leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting.

So it has to be replaced. "# $s get damaged when we switched %& the supply so we

replace it by the new one.

TROUBLESHOOT Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no

shorting of 'oints. (roper power supply should maintain.

Future Improvement


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)n my pro'ect ) am sending messages through GSM networkand Control the home devices by utili*ing !T +!TT#&T)%&commands. The same principle can be applied to display the

message on electronics display board appliances at a distantlocation. -obots can be controlled in a similar fashion by sending the

commands to the robots. These commands are read by using!T commands and appropriate action is taken. This can be usedfor spy robots at distant locations, utili*ed by the military tomonitor movement of enemy troops.

Currently farmers have to manually put on or off pumps,drippers etc by using electric switches. sing the principle of !Tcommands we can put on or off these appliances remotely.

Recommendation

)t is highly recommended that electronic board should beconstructed for this new system +GSM electronic notice board

REFERENCES

! The /012Microcontroller by 3enneth 4. !yala"! The /012 Microcontroller and #mbedded Systems byMuhammad !li Ma*idi.

#! (rinciples and !pplications of GSM by 5i'ay Garg.


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$! !rtificial )ntelligence 6 #lain -ich 7 3evin 3night, Tata McGraw 8ill, 9 nd #dition.%!!rtificial )ntelligence 6 ! Modern approach 6 Slaurt -ussel

and (eter &orving, (earson #ducation, 9nd #dition.&!)ntroduction to -obotics 6 (.4.Mc 3errow, !ddisson :esley,S!, 2;;2

cell phone control robotic vehicle

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