cell size, phases and division. surface area to volume ratio 6:1 4:1 2:1 -which sa/v ratio would be...
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Cell Size, Phases and Division
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Surface area to volume ratio
6:14:1
2:1
-Which SA/V ratio would be more efficient to a cell?
A large SA/V ratio…..6:1
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Surface area to volume ratio
Each time a cell doubles in size, its surface area increases by a factor of four but its volume increases by a factor of eight. It would mean that the cell would need 8 times the normal amount of nutrients and make 8 times the normal amount of wastes.
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All cells are relatively the same size. Why?
1. Surface area-to-volume ratio
• As a cell grows the volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area–Diffusion is slow
–The larger the cell the more food and the more wastes; not efficient.
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Cell Size, cont.
Increase size of cell Decrease rate of Diffusion
Wastes
NutrientsOxygen
Water
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Cell Size, cont.
2. DNA limits the size of a cell
DNA codes for proteins, the larger the cell, the more proteins it needs.
The cell can’t make instructions fast enough
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DNA makes up the chromosomes inside the nucleus
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DNA and Cell Division
For the most of a cell’s lifetime, chromosomes exist as chromatin – long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.
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Under an electron microscope, chromatin looks somewhat chaotic resembling a plate of spaghetti.
-This is necessary for the information to be copied.
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Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a sequence of growth and division in a cell.
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Foldable Instructions• Fold one piece of
white paper hot dog style.
• Cut down the middle seam (hot dog) & tape the short ends together.
• Accordion fold the paper to make 8 equal tabs.
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The Cell Cycle
Draw the diagram of the cell cycle on square 1 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 1
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Interphase• The majority a cell’s life cycle is spent in
a period of growth known as Interphase.
• Three stages
–G1- Growth
–S- DNA synthesis/replication
–G2- preparation for mitosis
• No Chromosomes are visible.
• DNA exists as chromatin
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Interphase
Draw the diagram of interphase on square 2 of foldable
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White fish blastula Onion root tip
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Foldable: Tab 2
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Chromosome
centromere
Sister chromatid
Draw the diagram of the chromosomeon square 3 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 3
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Cell Division
• The cell then enters mitosis or the period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of identical chromosomes.
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Prophase
• Nuclear membrane breaks down
• Chromosomes condense (appear)
• Centrioles develop
• Spindle fiber appears
Draw the diagram of prophase on square 4 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 4
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Metaphase
• Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
• Chromosomes
“met” @ the middle.
Draw the diagram of the metaphase on square 5 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 5
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Anaphase
• Sister Chromatids are pulled apart towards the poles.
Draw the diagram of anaphase on square 6 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 6
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Draw and identify the phase of Mitosis?What phase of the cell cycle will the 2 daughter ell
be in?
• Sister Chromatids are now at opposite poles and uncoil.
• Nucleus starts to reform
Telophase
Draw the diagram of the telophase on square 7 of foldable
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Foldable: Tab 7
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Cytokinesis occurs -Two new cells
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Foldable: Tab 8
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Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
Cell plate
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Anaphase
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Prophase
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Metaphase
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Interphase
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Cytokinesis
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Telophase
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Mitosis
• In Mitosis, everything is identical.
• Takes place in somatic cells (body cells, ex: lung, skin, heart, stomach, etc.)
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Results of Mitosis
• Replace old or damaged cells.
• Occurs fastest in skin cells.
• Some cells like brain cells do not divide.
• During early development, mitosis produces the cells needed to make tissues and organs.