cell structure and function - universitas...
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Cell Structure and
Function
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UMUM
• Sel unit struktural dan fungsional dr
kehidupan
• cell theory: all living things are composed of
cells, and new cells arise only from preexisting
cells
• Jenis sel berdasar internal organization
– Eukaryotes : has compartmentalized cytoplasm with
membrane-bounded organelles including a nucleus
– Prokaryotes
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Cell Types
Prokaryotes:
Single cell
Eukaryote:
Single cells, colonies, multi-cellular
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Eukaryotic Cell Types : Animal vs.
Plant
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The CELL
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Membran sel
Membran system
Membranous organella
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
ORGANELLA
√
Terdiri Biomembran
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Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane and the nucleus,
and has two components:
(1) the cytosol = (intracellular fluid), water,
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & electrolytes.
It contains masses of insoluble materials
known as inclusions, or inclusion bodies
(ex:glikogen)
(2) Organelles = specialized structures within
thecell that have characteristic shapes; they
perform specific functions
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Membran sel
Membran system
Membranous organella
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
ORGANELLA
√ Terdiri Biomembran
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• The total surface area of internal membranes far
exceeds that of the plasma membrane
• ! membran internal/organel : membungkus organel
maintain discrete biochemical environments
• Komposisi membran sel ~ membran internal :
consist of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• 3 major classes of lipid: phospholipids,
glycolipids, and cholesterol
• 4 major types of phospholipid : sphingomyelin,
phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, &
phosphatidylethanolamine
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Membran Sel
• Komponen :
1. Phospholipid : one polar
(hydrophilic) head and two
nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acid
tails = lipid bilayer
membrane surface
Unidentical membrane surface
noncovalent bonds
Cholesterol (dlm plasmalemma)
can limit lateral fluid movement
contribute to the mechanical
stability of the plasmalemma.
E-face
P-face
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Lipid rafts are microdomains containing
cholesterol, sphingolipids, and certain
membrane proteinsn sites for signaling
across the plasma membrane
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2. Karbohidrat :
• p.u sbg oligosakarida dlm glikoprotrein atau
glikolipid
• Glycolipids : lipids with attached sugar
residue (Sugar residues usually extend from
the external surface)
• struktur permukaan bercabang (=glycocalyx),
utk adhesi, cell-to-cell and cell-to-interstitial
matrix interactions; termasuk reaksi imun..
Membran Sel
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Membran Sel 3. Protein p.u bentuk globular
Macam : * Protein membran integral
terikat erat dalam lapisan fosfolipid
* Protein membran perifer
berikatan scr longgar pada
permukaan, dg ikatan ionik
function : transport, receptors signals, attach
elements of the cytoskeleton, attach cells to the
extracellular matrix (cell adhesion molecules),
enzymatic activity when stimulated
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Membran Sel
membran plasma: membungkus sel
integritas struktur dan fungsi
Memisahkan dengan lingkungan sekitar
mengatur lalu-lintas molekul keluar/masuk sel
selectively (semi) permeable
Komunikasi & interaksi antar sel
Signaling (transduksi signal ekstrasel intra)
Mempertahankan perbedaan potensial
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Membrane transport
Passive transport
• difusi & osmosis
? ?
pasive
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Passive
Processes of
Membrane
Transport
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Active transport
• = energy-requiring process
1. Na+–K+ pump : antiport transport
2. Glucose transport : involves the symport
3. ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-
transporters) : transmembrane proteins that
have two domains
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other
• Endocytosis membran menyelubungi
substansi extrasel sitoplasma (dalam vesikel
membran).
Cara : - fagositosis
- Pinocytosis
- Endocytosis dimediasi reseptor
specific reactions as trigger
• Exocytosis mngeluarkan substansi dr sel.
Dg vesikel fusi dg membran keluar
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Microvilli
• Extensions of the
Plasmalemma
diperkuat mikrofilamen
• Terpancang pada
terminal web
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Membran sel
Membran system
Membranous organella
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
ORGANELLA √
Terdiri Biomembran
√
![Page 31: Cell Structure and Function - Universitas Brawijayaindri.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2014/04/struktur-sel.pdf · mengatur lalu-lintas molekul keluar/masuk sel selectively (semi) permeable](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011808/5c79adbe09d3f2bd0e8b96b2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MEMBRANOUS
ORGANELLA
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
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Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
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Mitochondria
• (dalam bentuk tunggal Mitochondrion)
• Peran utama : Produksi ATP
• Sifat :
– mobile and flexible. (pada beberapa sel,
cenderung ‘diam’; terutama di bagian yang
memerlukan energi tinggi (ex: dekat flagella,
antara miofibril)
– self-reproducing, punya DNA sirkuler sendiri
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STRUKTUR
• Membran 2 lapis
Luar :Permukaan halus, berpori.
Permeabel thd molekul kecil.
Mengandung porins
Dalam : - kurang porous, bersifat semipermeabel
- membentuk lipatan cristae
- memiliki subunit membran dalam => untuk
sintesa ATP
* Ruang intermembran (lanjut) intracristal space,
berisi matrix
Matrix berisi : air, granul2 matrix, DNA circular,
ribosom, enzym2 utk fungsi mitokhondrion
Mitochondria
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The outer membrane is involved in lipid synthesis and fatty
acid metabolism. The inner membrane contains the
respiratory chain enzymes and transport proteins needed for
the synthesis of ATP.
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• mtDNA was found to vary according to cell
type
– Low in platelets (Platelets have only two to
six mitochondria).
– Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria
• Highest in brain, liver, kidney
• Human mtDNA exhibits strict maternal
inheritance
• Mitochondr
ia
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Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Pada umumnya terletak antara inti dan Golgi-
kompleks.
• Peran :
pembentukan vesikel atau cisternae
dalam transpor vesikel
dalam sintesa, pengemasan, dan
pemrosesan berbagai substansi
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Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• 2 macam Tipe :
* Rough ER: Memiliki ribosom.
Peran : sintesa protein membran
* Smooth ER: Tanpa ribosom.
Peran : - detoksifikasi
- pemecahan glikogen
- sintesa steroid
- metabolisme lemak
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Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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SER
• Membran lebih tipis dari membran sel
• Bentuk:
– Lamellar
– Vesikular
– Tubular
• Dinamik
• Untuk metabolisme molekul kecil
• Utk Mx detoksifikasisel
• Terlibat dlm sintesa lipid & steroid
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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RER
• T.u lamellar saling berhubungan
• Ditempeli ribosom via riboforin
• Utk sintesa protein
• Dpt menjadi SER
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
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Golgi apparatus
• STRUKTUR : Seperti sekumpulan kantung-
kantung gepeng.
Terdiri 3 kompartemen :
* Saluran cisternae lengkung yang pipih
* Vesikel2 di tepi cisternae tsb
* Vakuol2 terkondensasi di bagian konkaf
cisternae
P.u berada dekat inti (juxtanuclear). Lain :
dekat centriol.
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FUNGSI :
• Sintesa polisakarida
• Modifikasi produk2 sekresi (via glikosilasi)
• Menyeleksi produk2 sekresi
• Mengemas produk2 sekresi
• Mengkonsentrasikan & penyimpanan produk2
sekresi
Golgi apparatus
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Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
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Lysosome
STRUKTUR :
• Berupa vesikel sferis berisi materi seperti
kristal.
• ISi : enzym2 pencernaan seluler. P.u berupa
glikoprotein.
• Enzym terpenting (khas): Acid phosphatase
• Membran berupa lapisan lipid bilayer
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FUNGSI :
• Pencernaan seluler : Mengandung + 40
enzym (hidrolitik) untuk pencernaan intersel.
pH optimal : + 5. (asam)
Lysosome
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MACAM :
• Lisosom Primer
bersifat elektron dense
tersebar di sitoplasma.
Enzym pada umumnya inaktif (hrs
diglikosilasi di Golgi)
• Lisosom Sekunder dr Fusi lisosom primer dg
fagosom.
Residual Bodies berupa inklusi dalam
membran, mengandung materi yg tidak tercerna
Lysosome
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Lysosome
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peroxisomes
• spherical membrane-bound organelles
• contain a special enzyme that degrades
peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) &
enzymes needed for breaking down very–
long-chain fatty acids, which are ineffectively
degraded by mitochondrial enzymes
• function in the control of free radicals
• In liver cells, peroxisome involve in formation
of the bile acids.
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Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
lysosomes
Nucleus
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Nukleus
Terdiri dari :
a. Chromatin (tdd DNA-protein complex)
b. nuclear envelope terdiri dari membran
bilayer
- Memiliki pori-pori (untuk keluar-masuk
substansi)
- Berhubungan dengan ER
c. Nucleolus (pl :nucleoli) tempat sintesa rRNA
-Tempat dimulainya terbentuknya ribosom
d. Nucleoplasma
e. Nuclearpore
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Nukleus
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
-membran ganda, luar
ditempati ribosom, dalam
berdinding lamina fibrous
NUCLEAR PORE
-Berbentuk octagonal
-Untuk lewat substansi2
NUCLEOPLASMA
- fibrillar, dpt mengikat
reseptor horman & DNA
baru
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NUCLEOLUS
• Mensintesa rRNA
• Pars granulosa : bergranul padat, utk
pematangan subunit ribosom
• Pars fibrosa : tdd transkrip r RNA baru
KROMATIN
- Tdd DNA dan protein
- Type : heterochromatin gelap, pasif
Euchromatin pucat, aktif
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In the constitutive pathway, vesicles fuse spontaneously with the plasma membrane. In the regulated pathway, the vesicles fuse only when triggered by a signal such as a hormone.
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Membran sel
Membran system
Membranous organella
Nonmembranous
CYTOPLASMA VS
CYTOSOL
ORGANELLA
√
Terdiri Biomembran
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NONMEMBRANOUS
ORGANELLA
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
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Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
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Ribosome
• Tersusun dari 2 subunit; besar dan kecil
• Type: mitochondrial (20nm) dan cytoplasmic
(25nm)
• Untuk sintesa protein
When protein synthesis is
complete, the subunits
separate
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• 2 macam, berdasar ikatannya
– free cytoplasmic ribosome tersebar dlm
sitoplasma, relatif inaktif
– Polysome/polyribosome ribosome yang
menempel pada mRNA
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Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
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cytoskeleton • = rangka sel, yang berada dalam sitoplasma
bentuk, gerak, transpor, dinamika sel
• Terdiri dari 3 macam protein : microtubule,
intermediate filament, and microfilament.
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cytoskeleton • MIKROTUBULE :
– paling tebal. Tdd sub unit α dan β tubulin.
– di MTOC melekat pada inti & kromosom
– dari centrosome
– Membentuk cilia, flagella, dan basal bodies
• MICROFILAMEN :
– paling tipis, lbh fleksible
– Berada di sitoplasma, atau terakumulasi lokal
(terminal web, tepi sel, mikrovilli)
– T.u actin
• INTERMEDIATE :
– berbentuk spt tali.
– Berada di antara inti dan sitoplasma
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cytoskeleton
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FUNGSI KHUSUS :
• Mikrotubule : membentuk ‘jalan’, utk pergerakan
organella, perpindahan kromosom saat mitosis,
dan membentuk organel lain (ex:centriole, cilia)
• Mikrofilamen : kontaktil & untuk mechanical
support.
• Intermediate : stabilisasi (struktur & bentuk)
stabilisasi posisi organel, & transpor material. Ex :
neurofilamen.
cytoskeleton
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cytoskeleton
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Microvilli
• Extensions of the
Plasmalemma
diperkuat mikrofilamen
• Terpancang pada
terminal web
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Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
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Centriole
STRUKTUR
Terdiri dari 9 pasang triplet mikrotubul
• Berbentuk tabung pendek
• Dikelilingi materi (yang tercat padat) pericentriolar
material (pd interfase)
Peran :
* pembentukan basal bodies
* mengatur struktur sel
* mengatur lalu lintas dalam sel
* Pembelahan sel : mengatur gelendong pembelahan
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Centriole
Centriole
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CILIA
- Motil, spt cemeti
- Pusat=axoneme :
tdd 9 mikrotubular
perifer + 1 ps
mikrotubular
central
FLAGELLA
-Spt cilia, lbh panjang
-Axoneme terpisah dg
plasmalemma
BASAL BODIES
-Dr migrasi
Centriol ke apex
-Berada di dasar
cilia dan flagella
- Struktur mirip
Centriol
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