cells i can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. i can differentiate between plant...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cells
• I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• I can differentiate between plant and animal cells.
• I can identify the different organelles associated with major cell processes.
![Page 2: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 3: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell Membrane
• Outer boundary of cell
• Protects the cell
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell
• HOMEOSTASIS
![Page 4: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell Wall - PLANTS
• Only found in plant cells
• Adds protection and support
• Made of cellulose.• Allows water and
dissolved substances to pass through.
![Page 5: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ANIMAL PLANT
![Page 6: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Nucleus
• Controls most activities in the cell
• Contains all genetic information in the form of DNA.
![Page 7: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cytoplasm
• Clear fluid within cell that contains all organelles
• Moves materials throughout the cell
![Page 8: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Series of folded membranes that form sacs or tubes
• Rough ER has ribosomes attached
![Page 9: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ribosomes
• Transports materials between the cytoplasm and nucleus
• Makes proteins in the cell• May be free in cytoplasm
or attached to ER• Proteins are vital to life-
all cells must produce them
![Page 10: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Golgi Bodies
• Saclike membranes used for storing/ packaging of chemicals
• Cells that make saliva or mucus have many Golgi bodies
• UPS – Sorts, packages, and delivers
![Page 11: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mitochondria
• Energy producers
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Sausage-shaped
• Many mitochondria in muscle cells
![Page 12: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chloroplast – PLANTS only
![Page 13: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vacuoles
• Store food, water, or waste materials
• Plant cells have large vacuoles
![Page 14: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lysosomes
• Found in Golgi bodies
• Contain digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles
• Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria
![Page 15: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Transport
• I can compare and contrast passive transport and active transport.
• I can predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes. (hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic)
![Page 16: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cell Transport
![Page 17: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Active or Passive Transport?
• Which requires ATP energy?
• Which goes with the concentration gradient?
• Which goes against the gradient?
![Page 18: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Osmosis• Movement of
water• Across a semi-
permeable membrane
• Special case of diffusion
![Page 19: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Passive Transport• Diffusion or
Osmosis• Going with the
gradient• No ATP energy
required* * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * *
High Conc. To Low Conc.
![Page 20: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
High to Low Concentration
![Page 21: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Active Transport• Against the
gradient• Requires ATP• Low to High
Concentrations• Salt returning to
blood in kidneys
* * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * *
![Page 22: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hypotonic or Hypertonic Solutions?
• Hypotonic = “under” or low salt outside, relative to cell
• Hypertonic = “over” or high salt relative to cell
Salt waterinside cell
Tap Water
![Page 23: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sea water organism in fresh water……………….
• Hypotonic Solution =• Low salt concentration
outside the cell• High Water
concentration outside• Water moves?• Inside• Cell will swell up like a
HIPPO - Cell Bursts!
Tap Water
Salt Water•Inside Cell•Low Water
H20
![Page 24: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fresh water organismin salt water………….
• Hypertonic Solution
• Water moves?• Out of the cell• Cell shrinks
Fresh water•Inside cell=•High Water
Salt Water•High salt•Low water
H20
![Page 25: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Isotonic
• SAME concentration – Water will move in and out at SAME rate
![Page 26: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cheek cells with dye
![Page 29: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Checkpoint
• 1. What does the mitochondria do?• Cellular Respiration• 2. What is the function of the ribosomes?• Synthesize Proteins• 3. What is the function of the cell membrane?• Control what goes in and out of cell• 4. What does the Golgi do?• UPS of cell, sorts, packages, and delivers
![Page 30: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• 5. If a cell is placed in a Hypotonic solution, which direction does the water move?
• Into cell, swell up like a HIPPO• 6. If a cell is placed in a Hypertonic solution,
what happens to the cell?• Shrinks, water moves out• 7. There are two types of transport, active
and passive. Which of the following is not an example of passive transport? Osmosis, Diffusion, Endocytosis, or facilitated diffusion
• Endocytosis is Active Transport
![Page 31: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• 8. In muscle cells, calcium ions are pumped through channels into the ER. These ions move from low to high concentration. This is an example of which of the following: Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport, or Exocytosis.
• Active Transport• 9. Protein synthesis takes place on the _______________.• Ribosomes• 10. The golgi does which of the following: makes proteins,
disassembles proteins, packages and redistributes proteins, or gives the codes for making proteins.
• Packages and redistributes
![Page 32: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Macromolecules
• I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
• Refer to Macromolecule CHART
![Page 33: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Objectives:
• I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.
• I can explain what happens during cell cycle.• I can compare and contrast mitosis and
meiosis.
![Page 34: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ENZYME
• Biological Catalyst• Catalyst = speeds up the
rate of chemical reaction by LOWERING activation energy.
• Substrate or Reactants bind to active site.
• Makes reactions happen FASTER
Active SiteActive Site
A restricted regionrestricted region of an enzymeenzyme molecule which bindsbinds to the substratesubstrate.
![Page 35: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3535
So How Do So How Do EnzymesEnzymes Work?Work?
Enzymes work by weakening weakening bondsbonds which which lowers lowers activation activation energyenergy
Activation Energy = minimum amount of energy needed for reactants (substrate) to form Products (new substance)
![Page 36: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
EnzymesEnzymes
FreeEnergy
Progress of the reaction
Reactants
Products
Activation EnergyActivation Energy
Without EnzymeWith Enzyme
Lowers ActivationEnergy
![Page 37: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Notice Name of Enzyme
NoticeName ofSubstrate
Name of Enzyme ends with “ASE” and is named according to its job.
![Page 38: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Reactants (Substrate)
Enzyme ChemicalReaction
Products
Enzyme
Notice Reactants (Substrate bind to enzyme where chemical reaction occurs faster because the activation energy is lowered (less energy needed than without enzyme).
The enzyme is ready to act again and does NOT become part of the Products.
Active Site
See if you can identify Enzyme, Chemical Reaction, Reactants (Substrate), Products, active site, and induced fit.
Induced Fit
![Page 39: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
But this only occurs up to the optimum temperature (usually about 98.6 o For 37o C)
The temperature at which the rate of reaction is fastest is known as the optimum temperature
When temperature increases the reaction also increases as the molecules have more kinetic energy
![Page 40: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
After the optimum temperature, the heat causes the enzyme to denature.
The enzyme changes shape and the active site no longer matches the shape of the substrate molecule
![Page 41: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Enzymes prefer to work at an optimum pH. Outside of its pH range the enzyme is denatured. What pH does amylase work best in? What about pepsin?
RateOf Reaction
pH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pepsin amylase
The activity and shape of enzymes is also affected by pH
Optimum pH
![Page 42: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mitosis and Meiosis
• Identify the relationship between cell growth and cell reproduction.
• Describe how meiosis is involved in the production of egg and sperm cells.
• Describe how meiosis and sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation in a population.
![Page 43: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cell Cycle
• G1 = cell grows• S = DNA replication -• G2= Prepare to divide
• M= Mitosis INTERPHASE
![Page 44: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Stages of Mitosis – 2 Diploid IDENTICAL Daughter Cells
• Prophase – Chromosomes APPEAR (condense)• Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in MIDDLE• Anaphase – Chromosomes move AWAY to opposite poles• Telophase – TWO nuclear envelopes
• Cytokinesis – Cells divides into two daughter cells• Cell Plate forms in PLANTS• Cleavage furrow in ANIMALS
![Page 45: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Sex Cells (Gametes) from Meiosis1N (four genetically different)
EGG
4646 46464646 4646
DNA Replicates + 46
![Page 46: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Meiosis--Sex Cell Formation 4 Haploid Cells Genetically DIFFERENT• In meiosis, there are 2 divisions of the
nucleus: meiosis I & meiosis II• Prophase I: double stranded chromosomes
and spindle fibers appear; nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade
![Page 47: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• 3. Metaphase I: chromosome pairs (chromatids) line up– spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres
and centrioles
• 4. Anaphase I: chromotids move AWAY from matching pair
![Page 48: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Telophase I: cytoplasm divides and 2 cells form
![Page 49: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• 6. Prophase II: chromatids and spindle fibers reappear
![Page 50: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Metaphase II: chromatids line up in the center of the cell– spindle fibers attach to centromere & centriole
• Anaphase II: centromere divides– chromosomes split and move to opposite poles
![Page 51: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• . Telophase II: spindle fibers disappear– nuclear membrane forms around
chromosomes at each end of cell– each nucleus has half the # of chromosomes as
the original (haploid)– now there are 4 sex cells (daughter cells)
![Page 52: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Meiosis I
![Page 53: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Meiosis II
No DNA replication
![Page 54: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Mitosis Meiosis
2N 1N
2 Identical Diploid Daughter Cells
4 Genetically Different Haploid Cell (Crossing Over)
PMAT PMAT x 2
Begins with 2NAsexual
Begins with 2NSexual
![Page 57: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Meiosis
• Egg and sperm cells only carry one set of 23• Each human haploid cell is “N”• Egg and sperm combine (fertilization) to form 2N
or 46• All other chromosomes are called autosomes• Each human or animal cell has sex chromosomes
XX or XY
![Page 58: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
• I can compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy transformation.
• I can differentiate between light dependent and light-independent reactions.
• I can recognize and understand the process of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
![Page 59: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
(ove
rvie
w)
“Dark” Reaction
Carbon fixation
![Page 60: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fermentation
What happens when oxygen is not available?Glycolysis goes a different pathway.Fermentation releases energy from food
molecules without oxygen.During fermentation, cells convert NADH to
NAD+ by passing high energy electrons back to pyruvic acid.
This allows glycolysis to produce a steady stream of ATP.
![Page 67: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fermentation – ANAEROBIC
Lactic Acid Fermentation – reason your muscles get sore from build-up of lactic acid.
Pyruvic acid + NADH →lactic acid + NAD+
Alcoholic fermentation has a formula ofPyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ +
NAD+
![Page 68: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Function Energy storage Energy release
Location Chloroplast Mitochondria
Reactants CO₂ and H₂O and light
C₆H₁₂O₆ and O₂
Products C₆H₁₂O₆ and O₂ CO₂ and H₂O
Equation 6CO₂+ 6H₂O →C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ →CO₂ + H₂O
![Page 69: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Genetics
• I can predict the outcome of a cross between parents of known genotype.
• I can determine the probability of a particular trait in an offspring based on the genotype of the parents and the particular mode of inheritance.
![Page 70: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Phenotype & Genotype
• Phenotype - the way an organism looks - Physical
• red hair or brown hair
• genotype - the gene combination of an organism
• AA or Aa or aa
![Page 71: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Word Wall
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene
Allele
Gamete
Hybrid
True-breeding
Sex Cells – Egg and Sperm
TT or tt
Physical TraitTall
Tt
Form of gene (T or t)
2 Alleles (one from each parent that code for trait)
The actual genetic make-upTT:Tt:tt
![Page 72: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Big Eyes are dominant = BB or BbSmall eyes = bb
![Page 73: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Punnett square example
Alleles for Female
Alleles for male
Both parents are heterozygousYy x Yy
PossibleGenotypes of Offspring1 YY:2 Yy: 1 yyPhenotype –3:1
![Page 74: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
R R
r
r4 Rr (heterozygous)4 round100% round
RR or Rr= roundrr = wrinkled
Rr Rr
Rr Rr
Cross a homozygous Round with wrinkled
Parents are RR which is same (homozygous) alleles for dominant and rr which are same for recessive trait
In a Punnett square, theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
![Page 75: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
R r
R
r1 RR:2Rr:1rr3 Round, 1 wrinkled75% round, 25% wrinkled
RR or Rr= roundrr = wrinkled
RR Rr
Rr rr
Cross a hybrid with a hybrid
Parents are Rr which is heterozygousCLASSIC – Mendel Hybrid CrossDominant – 75%Recessive – 25%
In a Punnett square, theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
*Determine recessive trait by small number showing the trait
![Page 76: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Independent Assortment
• Alleles separate independently during the formation of gametes.
![Page 77: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The dihybrid crossEeTt x EeTt
![Page 78: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cross: TtYy x TtYy
TY
TY
Ty
Ty
tY
tY
ty
ty
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow
9 tallplants with
yellow seeds
3 tallplants withgreen seeds
3 dwarfplants with
yellow seeds
1 dwarfplant with
green seeds
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow
Tall, yellow Tall, green Tall, yellow Tall, green
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow Dwarf, yellow Dwarf, yellow
Tall, yellow Tall, green Dwarf, yellow Dwarf, green
TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy
TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy
TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy
TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
1 TTYY : 2 TTYy : 4 TyYy : 2 TtYY : 1 TTyy : 2 Ttyy : 1 ttYY : 2 : 1 ttyyttYy
Mendel’s Peas Dihybrid Cross
Notice Phenotype Ratio9:3:3:1
![Page 79: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Incomplete DominanceJapanese four-o-clock flowers
• Red flower plant genotype = RR• White flower plant genotype = WW• Pink flower plant genotype = RWAppear blended. Incomplete, not Full
Strength.
![Page 80: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
R R
W
W4 RW4 Pink100% Pink
RR = RedWW = whiteRW = Pink
RW RW
RW RW
Cross a Red flower with a White Flower
Parents are RR for red and WW for white. Both are homozygous or true breeding.
In a Punnett square, theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
![Page 81: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Co Dominance
Roan Cow
FULL Strength
RR x WW = RW orRR X R’R’ = RR’
NOTE: Alleles can be represented different ways. RR for Red, WW for White,RW for Roan or RR for Red, R’R’ for white, and RR’ for Roan. Let’s look at a Punnett Square with both examples.
![Page 82: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
R W
W
W2 RW, 2 WW2 Roan, 2 White50% Roan, 50% White
RR = Red cowWW = white cowRW = Roan Cow
RW WW
RW WW
Cross a Roan cow with white cow. Co-Dominance
Parents are RW for Roan which is heterozygous WW which is homozygous for White
In a Punnett square, theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
![Page 83: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
R R’
R’
R’2 RR’, 2 R’R’2 Roan, 2 White50% Roan, 50% White
RR = Red cowR’R’ = white cowRR’ = Roan Cow
RR’ R’R’
RR’ R’R’
Cross a Roan cow with white cow. Co-Dominance
Parents are RW for Roan which is heterozygous WW which is homozygous for White
In a Punnett square, theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
![Page 84: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Multiple Alleles
• When more than two alleles (form of gene) contribute to the phenotype.
• Human blood types are an example• There are three possible alleles: A,B, and O• Both A and B are dominant over O.• O is recessive • AB is an example of Co-Dominance
![Page 85: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
6 different genotypes, 3 different Alleles
• IAIA
• IAi• IAIB
• IBIB
• Ibi• i i Type OType O
Type ABType AB
Type A - 2 possible genotypes
Type B – 2 possible genotypes
![Page 86: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype = Probability =
IA i
IB
IB
IAIB, IBi2 AB, 2 B50% AB, 50% B
A = IAIA, IAiB= IBIB, IBiAB =IAIB O = ii
IAIB IBi
IAIB IBi
Cross a heterozygous type A with homozygous type B
Punnett square theAlleles always move to squares as shown.
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
![Page 87: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Polygenic traits• Traits controlled by two or more
genes.• Lots of variation in trait.• Examples:
–Human height,eye and skin color
![Page 88: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Figure 11.17
![Page 89: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Skin Color
![Page 90: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Autosomal and Sex-Linked Traits
• Autosomal - Traits controlled by genes on chromosomes 1 -22.
• Sex-Linked – Traits controlled by the X chromosome or the Y chromosome.
• Most often sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome.
• Let’s look at some of examples and work together.
![Page 91: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Genotype = Phenotype =
Probability =
Xn Y
XN
XnXNXn,XnXn,XNY,XnY2 Females, 1 Normal, 1 Color-blind2 Males, 1 Normal, 1 Color-blind50% Colorblind
Female = XXMale = XYNormal = N, color-blind = n
XNXn XNY
XnXn XnY
Cross a heterozygous female with a colorblind male
The actual alleles
Physical description of trait
Work like any other Punnett Square. Remember no letter on the Y.The trait is connected to the X!
![Page 92: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Test Your Knowledge of Punnett Square
• http://www.biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm
![Page 93: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Punnett Squares Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses
![Page 94: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cross: TtYy x TtYy
TY
TY
Ty
Ty
tY
tY
ty
ty
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow
9 tallplants with
yellow seeds
3 tallplants withgreen seeds
3 dwarfplants with
yellow seeds
1 dwarfplant with
green seeds
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow
Tall, yellow Tall, green Tall, yellow Tall, green
Tall, yellow Tall, yellow Dwarf, yellow Dwarf, yellow
Tall, yellow Tall, green Dwarf, yellow Dwarf, green
TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy
TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy
TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy
TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
1 TTYY : 2 TTYy : 4 TyYy : 2 TtYY : 1 TTyy : 2 Ttyy : 1 ttYY : 2 : 1 ttyyttYy
![Page 95: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Punnett Squares
• Practice crossing different genotypes.• Notice patterns• True breeding and true breeding• TT x tt• All Tt 4:0 - phenotype• Hybrid x Hybrid = Tt x Tt• 3:1 – phenotype
![Page 96: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Scientific Inquiry
• I can read graphs and charts• I can determine appropriate tools and
recognize that the electron microscope is used to examine details.
![Page 97: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
What MUST occur during cell cycle to ensure proper division of
chromosomes?
![Page 98: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
DNA must replicate
![Page 99: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Type of consumer a mushroom is.
![Page 100: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
decomposer and heterotroph
![Page 101: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Centrioles are found in (plant or animal cells) and are used for cell division
![Page 102: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
animal cells
![Page 103: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Two molecules that store energy for longer than an hour.
![Page 104: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Carbohydrate and lipid
![Page 105: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
What type of transport is exocytosis and what does it do?
![Page 106: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
active transport and it moves ions from inside to OUTSIDE
![Page 107: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Powerhouse of the cell and location of aerobic respiration
![Page 108: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
mitochondria
![Page 109: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Amino acids are building blocks of what macromolecule
![Page 110: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
proteins
![Page 111: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Prokaryotic cells lack these
![Page 112: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
nucleus and organelles
![Page 113: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
In muscle cells, calcium ions are pumped through channels from
LOW to HIGH concentration using what?
![Page 114: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
active transport
![Page 115: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Protein synthesis occurs on these.
![Page 116: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
ribosomes
![Page 117: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
What the Golgi apparatus does.
![Page 118: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
package and redistribute proteins?
![Page 119: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Benedicts solution turns orange-brown in presence of what
macromolecule?
![Page 120: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
carbohydrate or glucose or sugar
![Page 121: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
A cell placed in salt water will gain or lose water causing it to swell or
shrink?
![Page 122: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
lose water and shrink because it is in a Hypertonic solution?
Hypo = Hippo – swells, move inIso = equal = moves in and out at
same rate
![Page 123: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Cell structure found only in plants and location of photosynthesis
![Page 124: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
chloroplast
![Page 125: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Role of enyzme in chemical reaction.
![Page 126: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
lower activation energy thus increasing rate of chemical reactions
![Page 127: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Name three types of passive transport.
![Page 128: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Diffusion (high to low concentration), osmosis (diffusion of water, and
facilitated diffusion (using protein channel or carrier.
![Page 129: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Proper order of mitosis.
![Page 130: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Pro, Meta, Ana, Telophase
![Page 131: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Forms between plant and animal cells between telophase and
cytokinesis.
![Page 132: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
cell plate for plants and cleavage furrow for animals
![Page 133: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Step that follows Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?
![Page 134: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
ETC or Electron Transport Chain the ETC produces the MOST ATP inside
of mitochondria where aerobic respiration takes place.
![Page 135: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Type of respiration when oxygen is absent or LOW
![Page 136: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
What is anaerobic respiration?
![Page 137: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Form of chemical energy used in cellular respiration
![Page 138: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
glucose
![Page 139: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Cell that undergoes meiosis and starts with 46 chromosomes will end with 4 cells with _______. While cell
that undergoes mitosis with 46 chromosomes will end up with 2
cells with _______
![Page 140: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
23 or half for meiosis and 46 which is identical for mitosis
![Page 141: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Energy transfer molecule of cell.
![Page 142: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
ATP
![Page 143: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Pathways for anaerobic respiration.
![Page 144: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• Glycolysis, Lactic Acid fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation
![Page 145: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes,
therefore becoming visible.
![Page 146: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Prophase
![Page 147: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Macromolecule that has Nitrogen as well as Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen
![Page 148: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
protein
![Page 149: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Heterozygous Genotype
![Page 150: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
• Tt• Heterozygous means DIFFERENT• Homozygous – TT or tt means same alleles for
genotype
![Page 151: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Chemical equation for Photosynthesis
![Page 152: Cells I can distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. I can differentiate between plant and animal cells. I can identify the different organelles](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103101/56649f3a5503460f94c573ed/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O with sunlight yields C6H12O6 + 6O2