cells: prokaryote vs eukaryote - ms. blount's biology class...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cells: Prokaryote vs
Eukaryote
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Cells have evolved two
different architectures:
Prokaryote “style”
Eukaryote “style”
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Prokaryote cells are
smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria
10-100 microns in size
Single-celled(unicellular) or
Filamentous (strings of single cells)
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These are
prokaryote
E. coli bacteria
on the head of
a steel pin.
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Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer
coating
cell wall: tougher middle
layer
cell membrane: delicate
inner skin
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cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building
proteins
Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
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Prokaryote lifestyle
unicellular: all
alone
colony: forms a
film
filamentous:
forms a chain of
cells
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Prokaryote Feeding
Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Disease-causing: feed on living things
Decomposers: feed on dead things
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complicated
Have organelles
Have chromosomes
can be multicellular
include animal and plant cells
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Organelles are
membrane-bound cell
parts
Mini “organs” that have
unique structures and
functions
Located in cytoplasm
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Cell membrane
Surrounds cell;
controls what
enters/leaves the
cell; maintains
homeostasis
found in all cells
Cell Structures
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Nucleus
Controls the cell’s
activities; contains
chromosomes
made of DNA
has pores: holes
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Nucleolus
inside nucleus
location of
ribosome
factory
made of RNA
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mitochondrion
breaks down
food to release
energy
the more energy
the cell needs,
the more
mitochondria it
has
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Ribosomes
build proteins from
amino acids in
cytoplasm
may be free-
floating, or
may be attached
to ER
made of RNA
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Endoplasmic
reticulum
may be smooth:
builds lipids and
carbohydrates
may be rough:
stores proteins
made by
attached
ribosomes
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Golgi Complex
Changes and
packages cell
products
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Lysosomes
sacs filled with
digestive
enzymes
digest worn out
cell parts
digest food
absorbed by cell
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Centrioles
organize cell
division
pair of bundled
tubes
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Cytoskeleton
made of
microtubules
found throughout
cytoplasm
gives shape to cell
& moves
organelles around
inside.
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Structures found in plant cells Cell wall
very strong
made of
cellulose
protects cell
from rupturing
glued to other
cells next door
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Vacuole
huge water-
filled sac
keeps cell
pressurized
stores starch
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Chloroplasts
filled with
chlorophyll
turn solar
energy into food
energy
(photosynthesis)
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How are plant and animal cells different?
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Structure Animal cells Plant cells
cell membrane Yes yes
nucleus Yes yes
nucleolus yes yes
ribosomes yes yes
ER yes yes
Golgi yes yes
centrioles yes no
cell wall no yes
mitochondria yes yes
cholorplasts no yes
One big vacuole no yes
cytoskeleton yes Yes
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Eukaryote cells can be
multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for
one job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs
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Advantages of each kind of
cell architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow can specialize
fast reproduction multicellularity
all the same can build large bodies
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Examples of specialized
euk. cells
liver cell:
specialized to
detoxify blood
and store
glucose as
glycogen.
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sperm cell:
specialized to
deliver DNA to
egg cell
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Mesophyll cell
specialized
to capture
as much
light as
possible
inside a
leaf
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How do animal cells
move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
Some can swim with a flagellum
Some can swim very fast with cilia
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Pseudopods
means “fake feet”
extensions of cell
membrane
example:
ameoba
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Flagellum/flagella
large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls
cell through water
can be single, or a
pair
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Cilia
fine, hairlike
extensions
attached to cell
membrane
beat in unison
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How did organelles evolve?
many scientists theorize
that eukaryotes evolved
from prokaryote ancestors.
in 1981, Lynn Margulis
popularized the
“endosymbiont theory.”
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Endosymbiont theory:
a prokaryote ancestor
“eats” a smaller
prokaryote
the smaller prokaryote
evolves a way to avoid
being digested, and lives
inside its new “host” cell
kind of like a pet.
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Endo = inside
Symbiont = friend
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the small prokaryotes that can do
photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts,
and “pay” their host with glucose.
The smaller prokaryotes that can do
aerobic respiration evolve into
mitochondria, and convert the glucose into
energy the cell can use.
Both the host and the symbiont benefit
from the relationship
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Chlorella are
tiny green cells
that live inside
some
amoeba...
endosymbiosis
may still be
evolving today!