i. prokaryote domains: archaea and bacteria
DESCRIPTION
I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria. A. Evidence of early divergence. 1. Archaea: are the “ancient” bacteria. 2. Bacteria (Eubacteria): are the “modern” bacteria. 3. Domain Eukarya: appears to have diverged from Archaea (after Bacteria). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and BacteriaA. Evidence of early divergence
1. Archaea: are the “ancient” bacteria2. Bacteria (Eubacteria): are the “modern” bacteria3. Domain Eukarya: appears to have diverged from Archaea (after Bacteria)
- also possible that first eukaryote was fusion of Archaea and Bacteria
![Page 2: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
B. Differences between Archaea and BacteriaArchaea have as much in common with Eukaryotes as with Bacteria
![Page 3: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
II. Characteristics of ProkaryotesA. Shape
1. coccia. streptococcusb. staphylococcus
2. bacilli
![Page 4: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3. spirala. vibrios (comma-shaped)b. spirilla (helical and short)c. spirochetes (longer and flexible)
![Page 5: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. Structure1. cell wall
a. maintains cell shape and provides protectionb. but may not prevent water lossc. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane
- the lipids may cause toxicity
![Page 6: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B. Structure1. cell wall
a. maintains cell shape and provides protectionb. but may not prevent water lossc. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane
- the lipids may cause toxicityd. gram (-): has the membranee. gram (+): lacks the membrane
![Page 7: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. pilia. surface adhesionb. adhesion to other bacteriac. sex pili
- conjugation
![Page 8: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. circular DNA (single chromosome)- maybe plasmids also
4. flagella- simpler than eukaryotic ones
![Page 9: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C. Reproduction1. binary fission
![Page 10: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
C. Reproduction1. binary fission2. conjugation
a. plasmid transferb. replicated and passed through sex pilusc. used to pass on useful traits
![Page 11: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3. endospores- anthrax, botulism
![Page 13: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
D. Differences from eukaryotes1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles)2. small size3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically
![Page 14: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
D. Differences from eukaryotes1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles)2. small size3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically- biofilms (surface-coating colonies)
![Page 15: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
D. Differences from eukaryotes1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles)2. small size3. usually just unicellular
- sometimes cooperate metabolically- biofilms (surface-coating colonies)
4. no rod-shaped chromosomes
![Page 16: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
D. Differences from eukaryotes (cont’d)5. binary fission vs. mitosis6. simpler flagella7. metabolic diversity
a. autotrophs - photoautotrophs (get C from air)- chemoautotrophs (also get C from air)
b. heterotrophs- photoheterotrophs (get C from organic compounds)- chemoheterotrophs (similar to animals)
![Page 17: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
III. Types of ProkaryotesA. Archaea
1. extreme halophiles- extreme salinity (5x’s that of seawater)
2. extreme thermophiles- even at or above boiling- thermoacidophiles
![Page 18: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
3. methanogens- anaerobic- swamp gas (bubbles up from mud)- cow gas
![Page 19: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
4. many also live in less harsh environments- ocean (especially deep)
![Page 20: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
B. Bacteria1. proteobacteria
a. large group containing gram(-) bacteriab. N2-fixersc. animal gut bacteria
2. chlamydias
- blindness- urethritis (STD)
![Page 21: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3. spirochetes- syphilis
![Page 22: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. spirochetes- syphilis- Lyme disease
![Page 23: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
4. gram-positivesa. staph and strep (typically)b. many soil decomposersc. mycoplasmas
- 2 million pneumonias/year US
![Page 24: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
5. cyanobacteriaa. oxygen-producing photosynthesisb. major food source for aquatic/marine ecosystemsc. probably responsible for the initial production of O2 on earth
![Page 25: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
F. Diseases (Section 16.8)1. attack with white blood cells
![Page 26: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
F. Diseases 1. attack with white blood cells2. antibiotics
- resistant strains (13.15)
![Page 27: I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56814f6a550346895dbd2065/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IV. Viruses
- not alive