cellular respiration. where do we get our e from? food! food gives us: ability to...
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Chapter 9
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Where do we get our E from?
Food! Food gives us:
Ability to grow/reproduce Raw materials E needed to “use” these materials
9-1 Chemical Pathways
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Calorie: amount of E needed to raise 1g of
water 1°C “calorie” on food labels = kilocalorie 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories
Cells release E stored in food Starts with process called “glycolysis”
“glyco” = sugar “lysis” = split
Chemical E and Food
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Releases E by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of O2
6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + E Look familiar?
Happens in gradual steps Traps E in ATP
Cellular Respiration
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1st step of cellular respiration Happens in cytoplasm GOAL: 1 glucose converted to 2 pyruvic acid ATP production NADH production- accepts electrons/E
Starts as NAD+ Just like NADPH in photosynthesis!
Glycolysis
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E yield is small but occurs fast so LOTS of ATP
can be made No need for O2
When all NAD+ filled with electrons (making NADH), ATP production pauses When do you think it will start again?
When more NAD+ is available!
Glycolysis
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If O2 is present, move on with cell respiration
If no O2 present...FERMENTATION! Fermentation: releases E in food by producing
ATP without O2
Now what?
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NADH is converted back to NAD+ If more NAD+, ATP production can continue “anaerobic” process- no O2 needed
Fermentation
Fermentation!
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1. Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH = alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ ex: yeasts, bread dough
2. Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH = lactic acid + NAD+ ex: muscle cells, food/beverages
Fermentation(creating more NAD+)
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At end of glycolysis, 90% of E is still unused Stored in pyruvic acid MUST have O2 (aerobic!)
O2 = electron acceptor
When O2 present, pyruvic acid moves to Krebs Cycle
9-2 Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
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GOAL: Pyruvic acid CO2 + E Aka: citric acid cycle (1st compound formed) Happens in the mitochondria Occurs in 2 steps
Krebs Cycle
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Citric acid production Pyruvic acid acetyl CoA +CO2 +NADH
CO2 = waste product NADH = electron/E acceptor Then Acetyl CoA citric acid
Krebs Cycle Step 1
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Energy extraction Citric acid CO2 +NADH + FADH2 + ATP
+ a series of C compounds E totals: 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
Krebs Cycle Step 2
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1. CO2- released as waste 2. ATP- E used for cell activities 3. NADH + FADH2- E carriers
move onto electron transport chain…
Products of Krebs Cycle
ATP
NADH
FADH2
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Uses electrons carried from glycolysis and
Krebs cycle NADH and FADH2
Travel down ETC- lose E E picked up and used to bring H+ into
intermembrane space of mitochondria- buildup
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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O2 is final electron acceptor in chain
O2 + H+ + electrons = water!
H+ buildup in intermembrane space Move thru ATP synthase protein
ADP + P ATP LOTS of ATP!
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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36 ATP produced by 1 glucose Any E not used is released as heat
Why you feel warm after exercise Waste products = CO2 and water
Totals:
6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + E
ATPoxygen glucose carbon dioxide water
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3 places to get ATP
1. Stored ATP 2. New ATP from lactic acid fermentation 3. New ATP from cell resp.
At first, you can use all three Over time, stored ATP and lactic acid ferm. run
out Then must rely on cell resp. alone
Energy and Exercise
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Used stored ATP (only lasts a few
sec) Then lactic acid ferm. (lasts ~90
sec)
Then you go into O2 debt Must be “repaid” by heavy
breathing
Quick Energy
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Must rely on cell resp.
Slower at supplying ATP but lasts longer (15-20 min)
E stored in muscles as glycogen After 20 min. the body will breakdown other
compounds for E (fats, proteins, etc)
Long-term Energy
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Opposite E flows Photosynthesis provides the food (for plants) Cell Respiration turns it into E for release
Comparing and Contrasting Photosynthesis and Cell
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Function Make food (E source)
Energy release from food
Location chloroplasts mitochondria
Reactants CO2, H2O, light E C6H12O6 and O2
Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2, H2O and E (ATP)
Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + light E C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + E