central nervous system introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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NERVOUS SYSTEMDr. Shabana AliIIMC
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Divisipn Meninges
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INTRODUCTION
Nervous system is divided Anatomically into:
1. Central Nervous System.2. Peripheral Nervous System.
Functionally it is divided into:1. Somatic Nervous System .2. Autonomic Nervous System .
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1.Central nervous system
1.Brain and 2.spinal cord
Parts of brain Forebrain or prosencephalon Midbrain or mesencephalon Hindbrain or rhombencephalon
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INTRODUCTION
Parts of hindbrain▪ Pons▪ Medulla oblongata▪ Cerebellum
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2.spinal cord Starts at foramen
magnum and ends at L2 level.
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2.Peripheral nervous system Twelve pairs of cranial nerves Thirty one pairs of spinal nerves
▪ Cervical – 8▪ Thoracic – 12▪ Lumbar – 5▪ Sacral – 5▪ Coccygeal – 1
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Composition of a spinal nerve▪ Sensory fibres▪ Motor fibres▪ Autonomic fibres
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Peripheral nervous system
Brain stemCranial nerves
Spinal cord
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Coverings of the brain(Dap ) Dura mater---outermost Arachnoid mater---middle S2
LEVEL Pia mater---innermost----coccycx
Also cover the spinal cord after passing through foramen magnum
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DURAL FOLDS
1.Falx cerebri2.Tentorium cerebelli3.Falx cerebelli
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DURAL FOLDS
Falx cerebri
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VENOUS SINUSES OF BRAIN
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DURAL VENOUS SINUSES
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LOBES OF THE BRAIN
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CEREBRAL LOBES
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Central sulcus
parietoocipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus
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Cerebral lobes
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AREAS IN THE CORTEX
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Arteries of the brain
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BLOOD SUPPLY OF CEREBRUM Ant cerebral Middle cerebral Post
cerebral
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Spinal cord
Foramen magnum to lower border of L1 or upper border ofL2
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COVERINGS OF THE SPINAL CORD DURA MATER ARACHNOID
MATER PIA MATER
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SECTION THROUGH VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Vertebral body
pedicle
spinelamin
aGrey mater
White mater
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Blood supply
Anterior and posterior spinal artery
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Components of spinal nerve Ventral ramus and dorsal ramus
Spinal nerve
Divides into anterior and posterior rami Anterior --- -- body nerve plexus Posterior rami—sensory innervation to a
skin segment known as a dermatome
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Ventral Roots The ventral (motor) roots consist of efferent fibers that convey output from the spinal
cord.
There are two components: (1) innervate voluntary striated
muscles, (2) influences to involuntary smooth
muscles,cardiac muscle, and glands
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Voluntary muscles and spinal nerve root Ventral spinal root Muscles innervated C5–6 Biceps brachii (flexes elbow) C6–8 Triceps brachii (extends elbow) T1–8 Thoracic musculature T6–12 Abdominal musculature L2–4 Quadriceps femoris (knee jerk, patellar tendon
reflex) L5–S1–2 Gastrocnemius (ankle jerk, Achilles tendon reflex
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Innervation by posterior ramus Dorsal spinal root Body region innervated C2 Occiput C4 Neck and upper shoulder T1 Upper thorax and inner side of
arm T4 Nipple zone T10 Umbilical girdle zone L1 Inguinal region L4 Great toe, lateral thigh, and
medial leg S3 Medial thigh S5 Perianal region
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SECTION THROUGH SPINAL CORD
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Autonomic nervous system Two parts
▪ Sympathetic▪ Parasympathetic
Functions of autonomic N S Involuntary Controls activities of heart, smooth
muscles of GIT, blood vessels & glands
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Neuron
Smallest functional unit is neuron
It consists of cell body and cell processes
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Types of neuron
Unipolar Bipolar Pseudo uni polar Multipolar
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BONES AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN