Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain of computer.Main function: to handle the information processing based on task given.3 Components:

Control Unit Register Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Component of CPU

Control Unit: To handle CPU Operation based on control signal.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit : Arithmetic Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and etcLogic Operation – AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc

Register:Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result and controlling information.The are some important register for specific functions.Among them, the example of register such as:

Programming counter register – keeping for next instruction.Information Register – keeping the current running instruction

CPU, I/O Module and Main MemoryMain Memory

PC

IR

MAR

I/O BR

I/O AR

MBR

ExecutionUnit

I/O Module

Buffers

.

.

.InstructionInstruction

.

.

.Data Data

.

.

0123...

n-2n-1

SystemBus

PC = Program CounterIR = Instruction RegisterMAR = Memory Address RegisterMBR = Memory Buffer RegisterI/O AR= I/O address registerI/O BR = I/O buffer register

• Execution of Instruction

User

Computer

InstructionHigh Level Language Machine Language

The Result for Execution of Instruction

Translated

• Execution of Instruction

Read the instruction from Instruction RegisterIdentify the instructionIdentify the data placed in the memoryCollect the data and put into the internal register in CPU.Execute the instruction.Store the result into the suitable place (some related register)Read/Take the next instruction.

• Interrupt

Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate treatmentThe processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be stopped immediately.3 type of interrupt:

ExternalUsually from I/O Peripherals

InternalFrom injustice or invalid data such as a number divided of zero.

Software From the operating system such as switch mode to use operating system

How to deal with multiple interrupts?

• Microprocessors

It is small CPU which are in chip. It is also the engine for computerCan perform arithmetic and logic operations.The first instruction was received from the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the ROMThen either accept the instruction from the BIOS or OS.

Major Producers of Microprocessors

Intel First product Intel 4004Introduced the term of microprocessorsCollaborated with MIcrosoft

MIPSSubsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc.Designer for RISC

MOS TechnologyDesigned 6502 – faster and cheaperCollaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh

Other Major Producers for Microprocessors

MotorolaNECRoss TechnologySun MicrosystemsTexas InstrumentsAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD)AT&TCyrix

Digital Equipment Corporation Fairchild SemiconductorFujitsuHewlett-PackardIBMInmosIntegrated Device Technology (IDT)

Microprocessors – 1970s

4004 8008 8080 8086 8088

Introduced 15/11/71 1/4/72 1/4/74 8/6/78

10MHz

16 bit

29,000

1Mb

1/6/79

Speed Hours

108KHz 108KHz 2MHz 8MHz

Width of Bus

4 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit

Number of Transistor

2300 3500 6000 29,000

Memory 640b 16Kb 64Kb 1Mb

Microprocessors – 80an

80286 80386DX 80386SX 80486DX

Introduced 1/2/82 17/10/85 16/6/88 10/4/89

50MHz

32bit

1.2million

4Gb

Speed Hours

12.5MHz 33MHz 33MHz

Width of Bus

16bit 32bit 16bit

Number of Transistor

134,000 275,000 275,000

Memory 16Mb 4Gb 4Gb

Mikropemproses – 90an

486SX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II

Introduced 22/4/91 22/3/93 01/11/95 07/5/97

300MHz

64bit

7.5million

64G

Speed Hours

33MHz 166MHz 200MHz

Width of Bus

32bit 32bit 64bit

Number of Transistor

1.185million 3.1million 5.5million

Memory 4M 4G 64G

Mikropemproses Intel

Chip 4004 – 4 bit processorThe first ever single chip Used in calculator4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction.

Chip 8008 It is the first chip used seriously.The enhancement from 4004.Using 8-bit data streamThe memory size 16KB

Intel 4004

Intel Microprocessors

8080The advancement of 80084 times more memory than 800810 times faster than 8008

8085808680878088

Intel 8008

Intel 8086

Intel 8087 – Math Co Processors

Intel 80286

Replacing the 8088 microprocessor Have pins on 4 sides – 17 pins on each sideThe total of 68 pins.

24 pin for addressing signal16 pin for data 16 pin for controlling signalThe rest is for reservation

3 features of improvements:Execution of instruction simultaneouslyCan achieve 16-bit dataThe speed of processing

Intel 80286

Has 4 units functionsBus Unit

Received the necessary instruction and dataThe instruction is sent to instruction unit

Instruction UnitHold the instruction received from the bus unitSend the instruction to execution units

Execution UnitExecute the Instruction

Addressing UnitImplement the actual addressing and virtual memory

Intel 80286

Mikropemproses Intel 80286

Addressing Unit

Bus Unit

Instruction Unit

Execution Unit

Intel 80386

The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel It has 132 pinContaining 8 units of function – addressing unit and execution unit broken down into units that function independently subunit2 types

386SXMemory address 32 bitSize of data 16 bit

386DXMemory address and size of data 32 bit

Intel 80486

Used 1.2 million of transistor 168 pin

Ada 2 jenis486SX

Without Math co-processors486DX

With Math Co-processors

Intel 80486 DX

Pentium

Initially introduced as P5 or Intel 80586Some improvement in terms of:

Cache structure:For data For instruction

Wider Data BusFaster co-processorsTwo integer processors

Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

PDP series.PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer in 1960s.Used diode-transistor logic.The size of a refrigerator.

VAX VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA).32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA.To replace PDP.

PDP - 8

DEC – VAX 8350 – based on PDP-11