centre for sustainable energy -
TRANSCRIPT
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space
Sunrise seen from space (ISS International Space Station)
Headline
Text
Reading Pathway to Zero Carbon 2050
Reading - Emissions of CO2
GAP
Reduce
Demand
Renewable Generation
1795 GWh
Zero Carbon Planning
CO2
Allowable Solutions
£60/tonne
Zero Carbon!
• Need zero carbon AND retrofit
• Draft SPD - RBC approach at least 35% on site
and up to 65% off site*.
• Collected via S106.
• Cost of carbon £1800 (£60 per tonne/p.a x 30
years)*
* London Standard
Electrical Demand +27% -52%
+19%
Renewable Technologies
Solar panels
213GWhe
35GWhth
AD Co-
digest food
waste
24GWhe
96GWhth
Wind – 32GWh
(10 turbines)
Water
Source heat
pumps and
heat
network
151GWh
Ground Source
Heat pumps
235GWh
The Gap 683 GWh
329GWh
315 GWh
60GWh
39GWh 577GWh 356GWh
x28
Smart
Storage
X
Local renewable
generation
Local supply during
peak times
Local Economy
Local Energy
13bn over 30 years
Estimated investment £3.5bn
Roadmap for Clean Energy Future
Recent history
2005 to 2018
RBC - 50% CO2
Trials
2018-21
RBC 15% renewables
Commercialisation
2021 -2027
Borough -50% CO2
Clean Energy City
2027-2030
100% clean
Notes from Tony Cowling
• Reducing energy use should be our number one priority,
• Draught proofing and air tightness measures are needed for the existing stock and very sadly including new existing stock. This is very low hanging fruit as far as energy savings are concerned, is very easy to implement and has exceptional returns on investment.
• Insulation - hardly any retrofit floor insulation happens in Reading and it needs to start happening. In general a lot more investment in insulation is needed in the entire existing stock.
• We should not allow any more conservatories - these loose us a LOT of energy and need regulating, even existing ones that have become heated or cooled parts of some homes could be locally or nationally taxed.
• No more dormer windows or only ones with U-values less than 0.1 • Street or even district wide programmes of improvements taking
advantage of synergy and economies of scale. • Enforce the upgrading of insulation as required by part L1b of the
building regulations, these regulations are actually part of the law and are pretty nearly never adhered to, and never enforced.
• Set target U-values across the board for extensions and renovations.
• Beware of using the existing stock as a lever to improve new buildings through offsite measures, we need to build genuine low energy new homes as well as radically improving the existing stock.
24th April 2019 Dan Stone, The Centre for Sustainable Energy
Twitter - @cse_bristol
Planning for Clean Energy and A Low Carbon
Economy
Neighbourhood Planning for a safe and stable
climate
Who are we?
Centre for Sustainable Energy – Registered Charity
Founded in 1979 – Bristol based, national impact
Our vision is a world where sustainability is second nature, carbon emissions have been cut to safe levels and fuel poverty has been replaced by energy justice.
Our mission is to share our knowledge and practical experience to empower people to change the way they think and act about energy
Who are we?
• 3 year project supporting Low Carbon Neighbourhood Planning
• Published guidebook, collating exemplar low carbon policies
www.cse.org.uk/local-energy/neighbourhood-plans
–Hottest year on record - 2016
–previous hottest year on record - 2015
–previous hottest year on record - 2014
– previous hottest year on record - 2010
–16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000
www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally
Extreme weather events in the UK 2003 Heatwave In
europe (35,000 deaths)
2012 Drought Flooding
2004 Boscastle Floods 2013 Hot weather Storms, Flooding
2005 Floods in Cumbria
2014 Storms Flooding
2007 Gloucestershire Flooding Heatwave
2015 Winter Floods – Leeds, York, Carlisle
2008 Flooding Snow and Ice
2016 Storm Desmond Winter Floods
2009 Flooding Snow and Ice
2017 Floods – Lancashire + Cumbria
2010 Flooding Snow and Ice
2018 Heatwave (650 UK deaths) Saddleworth wildfire
2019 Hottest winter day ever (21◦ C in Feb!) Wildfire
In a business as usual (high emission) scenario Britain could experience: • Summers as much as 5°C
hotter by 2070, & by 2050, 50% chance of summers as consistently hot as the 2018 summer
• Winters up to 4.2C warmer by 2070
• Sea levels up to 1.15 metres higher by 2100
UK Climate Projections 2018 -
Likely sea level rise on east coast by 2100 if carbon emissions are left unchecked. www.sealevel.climatecentral.org/
- Climate Change Act 2008 – 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050
- Paris Climate Change Accord – to limiting global temperatures increases “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, ideally 1.5 °C”
Introduction - International / UK legislation
- Climate Change Act 2008 - commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050
Introduction - International / UK legislation
“The UK is not on course to meet the legally binding fourth and fifth carbon budgets.” Committee on climate change - 2018 Progress Report to Parliament www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CCC-2018-Progress-Report-to-Parliament.pdf
IPPC report 2018 - Global Warming of 1.5 ºC
There are only 12 years to keep global warming below 1.5°C.
Beyond this the risks of drought, floods, extreme heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people will significantly worsen
www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/SR15_SPM_High_Res.pdf
“The challenge of avoiding catastrophic climate breakdown requires rapid, far-reaching and
unprecedented changes in all aspects of society”
IPPC report 2018 - Global Warming of 1.5 ºC
Neighbourhood Plans – basic conditions
• Contributes to the achievement of sustainable development
• Is in general conformity with the strategic policies contained in the development plan
• Does not breach EU obligations
Renewable Energy
Westhampnett solar-plus-storage farm - the second subsidy free solar farm in the UK - developed by West sussex Council
The future - distributed energy system
Renewable Energy
“Proposals for the generation of renewable energy will be supported provided the adverse impacts are satisfactorily addressed, or are outweighed by the overall benefits of the proposal.”
Renewable Energy – identifying sites
Colwich Neighbourhood Plan – Made 2016 – site allocation for a solar farm Map 20 identifies land north of Gt. Haywood marina for a solar farm to provide photo voltaic power. The Solar Farm should be less than 5ha, carefully designed to protect the local wildlife population and landscaped to enhance the scenic beauty of the area.
Faringdon Neighbourhood Plan – Made 2016 – Micro-hydro A micro hydroelectricity scheme at Radcot on the River Thames will be supported, as will other alternative energy schemes
Good: Supports renewable energy in principle
Better: … and specifies types supported and criteria for support
Better: …and identifies potential renewable energy resources
Best: ... and identifies specific sites or areas for renewable energy production
Energy generation – Elements of a Renewable Energy policy
Reducing energy use in existing Buildings
Retrofitting Historic Buildings – CSE policy template
“.. The sensitive retrofitting of energy efficiency measures and the appropriate use of micro-renewables in historic buildings will be encouraged, including the retrofitting of listed buildings, buildings of solid wall or traditional construction and buildings within in conservation areas, whilst safeguarding the special characteristics of these heritage assets for the future.” Now in the made Knightsbridge NDP, with modification
Knightsbridge Neighbourhood Plan – made 2018
To mitigate emissions that worsen climate change it is essential that buildings minimise energy use and maximise energy efficiency and the production and use of renewable energy to meet their needs. Major development must minimise energy use and maximise the proportion of energy used from renewable sources…..
https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/default/files/knightsbridge_neighbourhood_plan_adoption_version_041218_web_version.pdf
Energy efficiency in new buildings – supportive policies
Tickhill Neighbourhood Plan - made July 2015 –
“All new developments must secure at least 10% of their total regulated energy from decentralised and renewable or low carbon sources.“
Energy use - Merton Rule policies
"All non-residential buildings to aim for BREEAM standards of ‘very good’ or ‘excellent’
Tickhill Neighbourhood Plan - made July 2015 –
Energy Use in commercial development
Barnham & Eastergate Neighbourhood Plan – Made 2014
Funds raised from the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) will be put towards the costs of maintaining and improving the network of footpaths and cycle paths. Developer contributions towards those costs will be sought in appropriate cases.
Sustainable transport + service provision
Wye Neighbourhood Plan
Development will be encouraged to provide links with safe walking and cycling routes to the village centre, facilitating access to schools, the surrounding countryside and station - minimising the need for car use. New development should be built round the idea of a walkable village with integrated adequate pathways directly connecting to the centre of the village.
Flooding
Flooding + Drainage - Potential topics - Promote the use Sustainable
Drainage Systems (SuDs). - Maximising the use of
“natural” SuDS features - Promoting water efficiency in
new development - Promote tree planting, street
trees, rain gardens and green roofs through new development.
Biodiversity / Ecology
Biodiversity / Ecology
http://www3.rbwm.gov.uk/info/200414/local_development_framework/478/ascot_sunninghill_and_sunningdale_neighbourhood_plan/2
Sunninghill and Sunningdale Neighbourhood Plan - Made 2014
Policy EN51 Green Corridors
Development proposals should seek to maintain and enhance the connectivity of all green corridors where possible.
Proposals for development on or adjacent to primary green corridors, as defined by map 8, must maintain and if possible enhance the function of the corridor. Planning applications for new dwellings must clearly demonstrate how they have incorporated appropriate measures to secure the connectivity of the corridor and the freedom of movement for species on and through the site.
Green Infrastructure & Biodiversity – Net Gain
Cheddington Neighbourhood Development Plan Made 2015
Development proposals must contribute to and enhance the natural environment by ensuring the protection of local assets and the provision of additional habitat resources for wildlife and green spaces for the community…
www.cse.org.uk/neighbourhoodplanning
Our Resources for NDP Groups
Community Involvement Resources
1. Questionnaire picklist, embedding climate considerations
Examples of template questions
• What forms of transport do you use most? Are there forms of sustainable transport that you would you like to use more? what it is that prevents you doing so?
• How does your commute influence your health and /or quality of life?
• Are there specific danger points, barriers or missing infrastructure that discourage you / your children from walking, cycling and using public transport?
• Should the Neighbourhood Plan support the renewable energy production, to make our town more self-sufficient and capture energy spending in our local economy? What forms of renewable energy would you would support?
2. Neighbourhood Plan workshop – setting high level objectives Objectives - to help workshop attendees: • Understand the full significance of climate change and scale of
changes we need to take • Consider how these relate to your community and how your
neighbourhood plan might contribute • Determine the changes can be achieved through the planning
system Outputs: • High level policy objectives for your neighbourhood plan • A list of possible community actions and initiatives • An action plan, setting out next steps
3. Neighbourhood Planning Workshop -Renewable Energy
• Purpose: To help develop an informed consensus on what forms of renewable energy might be acceptable “round here”.
• (Away from the threat of a looming planning application)
• Outputs: the bones of a renewable energy strategy and neighbourhood plan policies.
• Looking for 2 more communities to run this in this year (please get in touch)
www.cse.org.uk/projects/view/1315
For free support for Neighbourhood Planning groups, please get in contact:
Email: [email protected]
0117 9341400 (switchboard)
Centre for Sustainable Energy, 3 St Peter's Court, Bedminster Parade, Bristol, BS3 4AQ
• Clarification in 2018 that Local Planning Authorities can impose binding energy efficiency standards, beyond building
regs: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/revised-national-planning-policy-framework#government-response-to-the-consultation-on-the-draft-revised-national-planning-
policy-framework
• No mention of Neighbourhood plans being able to impose such standards, plus…
• Enabling legislation (Planning + Energy Act 2008) pre-dates existence of neighbourhood plans
• Therefore doubtful whether this is possible, however some NDP groups are trying, and plenty of evidence that such policies are needed.
Energy efficiency in new buildings – binding policies
Dr Hugh Ellis, Head of Policy
Town and Country Planning Association
www.tcpa.org.uk @thetcpa
Planning for the
Climate Challenge
De Storm
TCPA acknowledges all copyrights related to this film clip
www.tcpa.org.uk @thetcpa
www.tcpa.org.uk @thetcpa
‘As a result of this technological innovation, new high value jobs,
industries and companies have been created. And this is driving a
new, technologically innovative, high growth and high value ‘low
carbon’ sector of the UK economy. Not only are we rapidly
decarbonising parts of the domestic economy, but thanks to our world
leading expertise in technologies such as offshore wind, power
electronics for low carbon vehicles and electric motors, and global
leadership in green finance, we are successfully exporting goods and
services around the world – for example, 1 in every 5 electric vehicles
driven in Europe is made in the UK. This progress now means there
are more than 430,000 jobs in low carbon businesses and their supply
chains, employing people in locations right across the country.’6
The Clean Growth Strategy 2017
UK Govt. assumes 6.7p kWh in 2020 – on par with gas.
UK starting to see unsubsidised solar.
Only real constraints are policy and grid connection.
Four Burrows, Cornwall. Source: LDA
Battery prices have dropped 74% since 2010 with energy density increasing by 5% per year.
Fully cost competitive with ICEs by 2025.
Climate Impacts
Multiple, severe and long term impacts on all parts of our economy, environment and society. Exemplified by severe weather and sea level rise. The single biggest threat confronting society.
• Global – migration, food security
• National - infrastructure, energy policy, urban policy,
• Sub national – catchment and coastal change issues, energy planning
• Local - community resilience, public engagement, building scale measures
Social Flood Risk Index – present day
• Communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate change: • Flood risk, in particular
surface water flooding
• Health and wellbeing impacts from overheating
• The natural environment can be expected to deteriorate further as the climate warms: • Deterioration in freshwater
habitats and upland peat
• Declines in important indicator species
2017 progress report to Parliament: key messages
66
Risks posed by climate change have increased since the ASC’s last report in 2015
As a result climate change risks serious costs and in some respects irreversible damage to the country
Local authorities – key messages 2017 progress report
67
Local authorities have a critical role to facilitate and deliver adaptation action to address the specific needs, risks and opportunities faced by individual communities. Since 2015: • Understanding of climate change amongst officers has improved. However, resources
have diminished due to pressures on local budgets. • The devolution of powers to core city regions and elected mayors and partnership
working provides opportunities. • Momentum for strategic long-term planning is at risk of stalling due to the lack of
requirements for authorities to monitor and report on adaptation steps. • Resilience projects are focussed on flood risk management, tending to address
immediate issues i.e. vulnerabilities by recent severe weather. • There is evidence that climate change has been de-prioritised in the land-use planning
system.
2018/19 CCC reports (Coastal change and housing)
additionally found:
68
• Shoreline Management Plans (SMPS) are not being used in all Local Plans of coastal areas. In addition SMP’s are not rigorously analysed nor do they align with the time or spatial scares of Local Plans. Coastal Groups should continue to act to ensure that Local Plans are joined up.
• New powers may be required, for example by local authorities, to facilitate relocation
of coastal communities, or by planning authorities to ensure that a longer term planning outlook is taken.
• Local authorities can contribute to climate change adaptation in housing through the
services they deliver, their role as social landlords and through their regulatory and strategy functions.
• NPPF updates have provided some positive clarifications e.g. including overheating
risks and more detail around the inclusion of SuDS in new developments. However, the planning framework still does not encourage high quality SUDS in all developments.
Recommendations
69
• Plans to manage and adapt specific shorelines over the coming century should be realistic and sustainable in economic, social and environmental terms. Local Plans and Shoreline Management Plans should be aligned more closely in the time frames and areas that they both consider.
• The government needs to address the urgent funding needs and resources
for local authorities to ensure they have the incentives and support to take action on climate change.
• Planning Guidance needs to be updated to clearly require local authorities to
include overheating risk in Local Plans, as set out in the updated NPPF. Local authorities should include an assessment of overheating risk as part of the planning process.
• There needs to be co-ordinated action to manage the lack of capacity within
drainage systems, and policy to deliver high quality SuDS in new developments
‘Rising to the Climate Crisis – A Guide for Local Authorities on Planning for Climate Change’, available at:
www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-for-climate-change
Town & Country Planning Association 17 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5AS Tel: +44 (0)20 7930 8903 www.tcpa.org.uk @theTCPA @socialtownplan @CulturePlanning @GIPartnership
Guidance for local authorities
The ingredients of success
• Political leadership
• Corporate prioritisation
• Strong community engagement
• Clear evidence base
• Strong policy with deliverable targets
• Innovation around viability
• Effective monitoring and review
The role of the planning system
Long term forward planning creates the opportunity to shape patterns and types of development which reduce emissions and build resilience.
Legislative underpinning
• Town & Country Planning Act 1990 as amended by 5 later primary planning acts!
• Plus multiple regulations
• But other legislation also touches on planning
Planning outcome-based duties
1. Sustainable development
2. Good design
3. Climate change
NPPF core planning principles Paragraph 8 of the NPPF makes clear that ‘mitigating and adapting to climate change’ is a core planning objective. To be in conformity with the NPPF, local plans should reflect this principle, ensuring that planning policy clearly and comprehensively deals with climate change mitigation and adaptation. The NPPF also highlights climate change as key part of Strategic planning policy which local authorities are legally obliged to set out in their local plans (see paragraph 20 of the NPPF).
The National Planning Policy Framework (2018)
Paragraph 148 of the NPPF underlines that tackling climate change is central to the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The NPPF (in paragraph 149 and accompanying footnote 48) expects LPAs to adopt proactive strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, in line with the Climate Change Act 2008 and section 19 of the 2004 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act . This has the effect of making the objective of an 80% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 clearly relevant to the discharge of the duty on planning authorities to shape policy which reduces carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, planning authorities will need a clear grasp of their carbon profile, and their policy should support ‘radical’ reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. The NPPG supports this approach.
The National Planning Policy Framework (2018)
Planning Reform
• The 2011 Localism Act
• The 2016 Housing and Planning Act
• The abolition of the Code and Zero Carbon
• Permitted development/prior approval
• The 2008 Energy Act
• 2018 National Planning Policy Framework!
• The end of the local plan?
Planning Reform
• Viability testing
• Forthcoming revisions of the NPPG
Is local planning delivering?
Findings of the JRF/TCPA research on local plans:
The timescales for adaptation policy included in local plans
Local planning approaches
• Overarching climate change objectives in local planning
• The evidence base for plan-making
– Joint working across local planning authority boundaries can be the most robust and cost efficient way to prepare the evidence base for planmaking
• The value of using established assessment frameworks
• Plan-making for adaptation
Zero Carbon Commitments
• London: The Mayor’s London Environment Strategy (May 2018) commits London to being a zero carbon city by 2050.
• Manchester: The Draft Manchester Zero Carbon Framework 2020-38 was published in February 2019, and sets out how the city will be zero carbon by 2038.
• Bristol: In November 2018, Bristol City Council committed to making the city carbon neutral by 2030.
• Nottingham: In January 2019, Nottingham City Council announced ambitions to be carbon neutral by 2028.
“Many adaptation and mitigation options can help address climate change, but no single option is sufficient by itself. Effective implementation depends on policies and cooperation at all scales, and can be enhanced through integrated responses that link adaptation and mitigation with other societal objectives.”
IPCC, 2014
‘Rising to the Climate Crisis – A Guide for Local Authorities on Planning for Climate Change’, available at:
www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-for-climate-change
Town & Country Planning Association 17 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5AS Tel: +44 (0)20 7930 8903 www.tcpa.org.uk @theTCPA @socialtownplan @CulturePlanning @GIPartnership
Apollo 13 – Square Peg in a Round Hole
TCPA acknowledges all copyrights related to this film clip