ceres country profile - albania
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Part of CERES growing collection of country profilesTRANSCRIPT
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The Church of the Holy Trinity, a 13th century Byzantine church in Berat, Albania
Country Profile:
Republic of Albania
Republika e Shqipërisë
A Teacher’s Guide
Compiled by the Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
http://ceres.georgetown.edu
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Albania in a Box: Table of Contents
Facts at a Glance
3-6
History of Albania
7-10
Timeline of Major Events in Albanian History
11
Albanian Culture
12-14
Folklore: The Tale of the Eagle
15
Additional Resources
16
Albanians celebrate 100 years of independence in 2012
3
Albania: Facts at a Glance
_______
Text and map taken directly from Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Albania
Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html
Country Name: Republic of Albania
Capital: Tirana
Background: Albania declared its
independence from the Ottoman Empire
in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in
1939. Communist partisans took over the
country in 1944. Albania allied itself first
with the USSR (until 1960), and then
with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s,
Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic
Communist rule and established a
multiparty democracy. The transition has
proven challenging as successive
governments have tried to deal with high
unemployment, widespread corruption,
dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political
opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding
multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to
be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid
schemes in 1997; however, each of Albania’s post-Communist elections have been marred by
claims of electoral fraud. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first
such in the country’s history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate
for EU accession. Although Albania’s economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the
poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and
transportation infrastructure.
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Flag of Albania: Red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota Skanderbeg, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as “Shkypetars,” which translates as “son of the eagle.”
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in
the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north
Area: Total: 28,748 sq km
Country comparison to the world: 145
Land: 27,398 sq km
Water: 1,350 sq km
Area - Comparative: Slightly smaller than Maryland
Terrain: Mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
Elevation extremes: Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m
Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt,
timber, hydropower
Environment - Current Issues: Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution from industrial and
domestic effluents
Population: 3,011,405 (July 2013 est.); Country comparison to the world: 137
Urbanization: Urban population: 52% of total population (2010)
Life Expectancy at Birth:
Total population: 77.77 years
Country comparison to the world: 60
Male: 75.16 years Female: 80.67 years
Ethnic Groups: Albanian 95%, Greek 3%,
Other 2% (1989 est.)
Religions: Muslim 70%, Albanian
Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%
Education Expenditures: NA
Government Type:
Parliamentary democracy
Independence: 28 November 1912 (from
the Ottoman Empire)
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The Albanian Lek
Legal System: Civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as
the “Code of Leke” prevails
Executive Branch: Chief of state: President of the Republic Bujar Nishani; Head of
government: Prime Minister Sali Berisha
Legislative Branch: Unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected
directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies
elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order;
elected for a four-year term)
Judicial Branch: Constitutional Court consists of 9 members appointed by the president with the
consent of the Assembly who serve 9-year terms (chairman elected by the People’s Asembly for a
four-year term); the High Court members appointed by the president with the consent of the
Assembly for a 9-year term; note – there are also courts of appeal and courts of first instance
National Anthem: Name: "Hymni I Flamurit” (Hymn to the Flag)
lyrics/music: Aleksandr Stavre Drenova/Ciprian Porumbescu
note: Adopted 1912
Economy - Overview: Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making
the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic
growth averaged around 6% between
2004-08, but declined to about 3% in
2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation
is low and stable. The government has
taken measures to curb violent crime,
and recently adopted a fiscal reform
package aimed at reducing the large
gray economy and attracting foreign
investment. Remittances, a significant
catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008
financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece
and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment
but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and
subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights,
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and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a
reliance on hydropower – 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania – and
antiquated inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania’s poor business
environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to
expand the country’s export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the
completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation
capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro
and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU
funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail
network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will
continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its
former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and
banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover
effects of the global financial crisis.
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $25.86 billion; Country comparison to the world: 121
GDP - Real Growth Rate: 0.5% (2012 est.); Country comparison to the world: 174
GDP - Per Capita (PPP): $8,000; Country comparison to the world: 131
GDP - Composition by Sector: Agriculture: 20.4%, Industry: 19.1%, Services: 60.5%
Labor Force: 1.071 million (2011 est.); Country comparison to the world: 141
Agriculture - Products: Wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy
products, sheep
Industries: Perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing;
lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower
Current Account Balance: $-1.45 billion (2012 est.), Country comparison to the world: 125
Exports - Commodities: Textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil
Exports - Partners: Italy 45.3%, China 7.8%, Turkey 6.3%, Greece 5.2%, Spain 5.1% (2011)
Imports - Partners: Italy 33%, Greece 12.2%, China 5.9%, Turkey 5.6%, Germany 4.3% (2011)
Debt - External: $5.281 billion (2012 est.) Country comparison to the world: 111
Exchange Rates: Albanian Lek (ALL) per US dollar – 103.3 (2012 est.)
Military Service Age and Obligation: 19 years of age (2004)
Military expenditures: 1.49% of GDP (2005) - Country comparison to the world: 104
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Butrint: Butrint is an ancient city
located in present day Albania. The city
was founded by the ancient Greeks and
later run by the Romans.
Dating technology puts the earliest
inhabitants of Butrint somewhere
between the 10th and 8th centuries BCE.
A well-known resident of Butrint is
Saint Therinus, who was born in Butrint
and killed during an anti-Christian tide
during the 3rd century CE.
Butrint was included in UNESCO’s
World Heritage Site list in 1992. It is
currently listed as a site “in danger”
because of looting, poor management
and lack of conservation.
History of Albania
_______
Text is a summary of information from Britannica
Antiquity: The territory of modern day Albania was settled
in antiquity by the Illyrians. The Illyrians are also the ancient
ancestors of the Albanian people, providing the basis for the
Albanian language. Around the 7th century BCE the Greeks
began to colonize the Illyrian coast. The Greeks were
replaced by the Romans, who introduced Christianity to the
region in the middle of the 1st century CE. Around the same
time a bishopric was established, as well as other episcopal
seats (Butrint included). When the Roman Empire divided,
the territory of Albania became part of the Byzantine
Empire in the east. Under Byzantine rule, the territory was
attacked by Visigoths, Huns and Ostrogoths. Shortly after
these invasions, the 6th to 8th centuries, Slavs began to
migrate to the region and settled in present day Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. Between the 8th and 10th
centuries, the name Illyrian became less and less common,
with the term Albanoi taking its place. When the Church
split in 1054 the northern part of Albania reverted to the
Roman jurisdiction while the southern regions remained
under the jurisdiction of Constantinople. During the Medieval period, Albanian urban culture
prospered as foreign trade flourished in the region. Despite this, the Albanian language was not
commonly taught or used; instead, Greek and Latin, with close ties to the Church, were
commonplace.
Ottoman Rule: By the 14th century Byzantine rule in Albania had effectively come to an end.
Ottoman Turks began invading Albania in 1388 and gained control of the country in 1430. In
1443 the Albanians were able to push out the Ottomans, but by 1506 the Ottomans had retaken
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King Zog I of the Albanians
Born into a beylik family of landowners,
King Zog grew up in better conditions
than most of his Albanian compatriots.
He volunteered in the First World War
for Austria-Hungary and spent time in
Italy.
Upon becoming king, in an attempt to
unify the country, Zog took his oath
before Parliament on both the Bible and
the Qur’an. Though highly despotic as a
ruler, King Zog did open Albania’s
borders for European Jews seeking to flee
persecution in the buildup to World War
II.
King Zog is noted as the only modern
leader to return fire during an
assassination attempt.
control. The Ottomans began attempts to introduce Islam to the Albanians near the end of the
16th century. By the end of the next century, nearly two-thirds of Albanians would be Muslims.
Ottoman rule was both backwards are oppressive, causing
the Albanians to miss out on the marvels of the
Renaissance sweeping through Europe.
Independent Albania: The Ottoman’s hold on Albania
began to slip by the mid-19th century. In 1878 the Albanian
League was founded with the purpose of connecting all
Albanian territories, a goal it would not meet, and
promoting a unified Albanian language. In 1908 it
succeeded in adopting a new Albanian text. The Albanians
took up arms against their Ottoman rulers in 1910 and in
1912 the Vlore proclamation was made, declaring Albania’s
independence. With Austro-Hungarian and Italian support,
Albania was able to obtain recognition of its independence
from the Ottomans in 1912. German prince, Wilhelm zu
Wied, was appointed as ruler of Albania and arrived in the
country in 1914. He quickly departed due to the outset of
World War I. During World War I, Albania was
conquered by many of the war’s larger powers and was
nearly partitioned at the war’s conclusion. US President
Woodrow Wilson prevented the country’s partition and the
British successfully lobbied for Albania to be included in the
League of Nations, formal international recognition of
Albania’s status as an independent and sovereign state.
King Zog and Bishop Noli: The 1920’s saw an increasingly
polarized Albania being torn in two directions. On one hand, Bishop Noli and a quickly growing
movement of liberal intellectuals were attempting to orient Albania towards the West and
increase modernization efforts. On the other hand, conservative landowners and tribal leaders
with ties to the Ottoman Empire sought to resist Westernization. This faction was led by
Ahmed Bey Zogu. After Noli established a western-styled democracy in 1924, Zogu fled to
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Enver Hoxha
A grammar school teacher, Hoxha joined
the communist resistance movement in
Albania shortly after losing his position
due to his refusal to join the Albanian
Fascist Party. Hoxha was one of the
original members of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of
Albania, serving as the Muslim
representative.
Hoxha declared himself a Marxist-
Leninist and was a fierce critic of
Marxist-Leninist revisionism, especially
after his abandonment of Maoist
doctrine. Hoxha had strong admiration
for Joseph Stalin, but cared little for his
fellow communist leaders.
Hoxha died in 1985, having suffered
through his later years of diabetes and
cerebral ischemia, a condition related to
insufficient blood flow to the brain.
Yugoslavia. With Yugoslav assistance, Zogu overthrew the unrecognized Noli government. Zogu
served as prime minister from 1925-28 and as King Zog I from 1928-39. King Zog’s reign was
not a successful one; he failed to institute land reform,
oversaw massive food shortages resulting in excessive
imports of food staples, and prompted numerous revolts.
Italy invaded in 1939 and King Zog fled to Greece.
World War II and the Rise of Hoxha: The Italians used
Albania as an outpost for their military excursions into
Greece during World War II. The Italians were later
replaced by the Germans, who reunited ethnic Albanian
populations in Cameria and Kosovo with the Albanian
state. This was short lived; when the Germans
withdrew from the region, Cameria returned to Greece
and Kosovo to Yugoslavia. During the occupation of
Albania, the Albanian Communist Party organized
fierce resistance to the Nazis. The communists beat
back the Nazis and two rival groups for control of the
country, and in 1944 assumed political control. By
virtue of his position in the Communist Party, Enver
Hoxha became the leader of Albania. The People’s
Republic of Albania was founded in 1946, with the
name changed to the People’s Socialist Republic of
Albania in 1976.
The People’s Social Republic of Albania: Under Hoxha,
Albanian communists sought to modernize the country
and undertook massive nationalization of enterprises
and resources. Agriculture was collectivized, being
completed only in 1967. Hoxha and the communists
quickly destroyed the power of the rural landowners and others previously loyal to King Zog I
through collectivization and nationalization efforts. Albania’s ties to other communist states were
rather erratic. Initially, 1944-48, the country closely aligned itself with neighboring Yugoslavia.
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Sali Berisha
Sali Berisha, a cardiologist by profession,
has been a defining face in post-
Communist Albanian politics. He served
as the country’s president from 1992-97, a
leader in the opposition from 1997-2005
and as prime minister from 2005-13.
Berisha is the leader of the Democratic
Party of Albania. He is currently the
longest democratically elected leader of
Albania.
In 2009, Berisha made waves when he
announced his support for LGBT rights.
He oversaw the enacting of anti-
discrimination legislation that protected
the rights of the LGBT community.
From 1948-61, Albania chose to drop the Yugoslav model in favor of the Stalinist Soviet model.
When Hoxha tired of the Soviet Union, he turned eastward and from 1961-78 adopted a
Maoist, Chinese influenced model for Albania. In the end Hoxha grew disillusioned with all his
communist brethren and isolated Albania as the lone
bastion of Stalinism entering the 80s.
Collapse of Communist Rule: After Hoxha’s death in
1985 leadership of the country was given to Hoxha’s
handpicked successor, Ramiz Alia. Alia attempted to
gradually reform the Albanian government and
economy, all while trying to preserve communist rule.
The government grew increasingly unstable under Alia
and in March 1992 a coalition of anti-communist
parties won a decisive electoral victory. Alia resigned as
president and communist rule came to an end. Albania
quickly began to orient itself towards the West,
returning to the long held belief that Albania is a part of
Europe. The country joined OSCE during this time,
ending a long period of international isolation. In 1997
the country was rocked by the collapse of numerous
pyramid schemes, which resulted in many Albanians
losing their life savings. UN peacekeepers were called in
to quell the population. The Albanian Socialist Party
won in a landslide the following year. In 1999 the
country experienced an influx of nearly half a million
Albanian refugees fleeing the conflict in Kosovo. Albania has made progress in improving the
economic and political condition of the country. In 2009 it joined NATO, and the country has
hopes of someday joining the European Union. Albania in recent years has had to deal with the
debt crisis of its primary trading partners, Italy and Greece. Elections, while garnering improved
grades from international observers, continue to see sporadic violence and episodes of unrest.
The elections in 2013 saw the Socialists win a sizeable majority, displacing Sali Berisha, a
prominent Albanian politician since the overthrow of communism.
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Timeline of Major Events in Albanian History
_______
Text taken directly from BBC News. Timeline: Albania.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17681099
1939 – Shortly before the start of World War II, Italy invades. King Zog flees to Greece.
1941 – Enver Hoxha becomes head of new Albanian Communist Party.
1943 – German forces invade and occupy Albania following Italian surrender.
1944 – Germans withdraw after Communist resistance. Enver Hoxha installed as new leader.
1946 – Purges of non-communists from government positions.
1948 – Albania breaks ties with Yugoslavia; Soviet Union begins economic aid to Albania.
1950 – Britain and US back landings by right-wing guerillas, who fail to topple communists.
1955 – Albania becomes a founding member of the Warsaw Pact.
1961 – Albania allies itself with China, after Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations over ideological rift.
1967 – Violent clampdown on religious activity. Albania declared the world’s first atheist state.
1968 – Albania withdraws from Warsaw Pact over Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia.
1978 – China ends economic and military aid to Albania after relations become strained by China’s
reconciliation with the US.
1985 – Hoxha dies, replaced by Ramiz Alia.
1990 – Independent political parties formed. Albanians granted right to travel abroad. Thousands try to
flee through Western embassies. Thousands more seize ships at port and sial illegally to Italy.
1991 – General amnesty for political prisoners.
1992 – Democractic Party wins elections. Party leader Sali Berisha becomes first elected president.
1993 – Ex-communist leaders, including Fatos Nano and Ramiz Alia convicted and jailed for corruption.
1997 – Leka, son of late King Zog, returns from exile in bid to take throne. Referendum on restoration of
monarchy fails. He is accused of trying to stir up an armed insurrection and flees back into exile.
1997 – Fraudulent pyramid investment schemes collapse, costing thousands of Albanians their savings
and triggering anti-government protests. Up to a million weapons are looted from army stores as angry
mobs take to the streets. Government resigns and Socialist-led coalition sweeps to power. Fatos Nano,
now released from prison, returns as prime minister. Convictions of communist-era leaders overturned.
1999 – Nato air strikes against Yugoslav military targets. In Kosovo thousands flee attacks by Serb forces.
Mass refugee exodus into Albania.
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Tarator
Chilled yogurt and cucumber drink
Baklava
Albanian Culture
Albanian Cuisine
Albanian cuisine offers a truly unique blend of
Mediterranean flavors. Representing a rich historical
past, the food of modern Albania has developed over
millennia reflects a variety of influences. East meets
west in many discernible ways throughout Albanian
culture, but nowhere is it more evident that in the
cuisine.
The mild climate is favorable for many agricultural
pursuits. Among Albania’s most popular are: peppers,
eggplants, tomatoes, cucumbers, and an assortment of
legumes. The wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown here serves to further enhance this
varied fare.
These vegetables are combined with meats in a number of delectable ways to form the basis for
many Albanian delights. Most often, these creations are baked in earthenware or sautéed, and
take one of the following forms: stew, casserole, stuffed vegetables, or meatballs. Other types of
dishes blend many vegetables (with or without
meat), and can be traced to Asian origins.
As in many other Mediterranean countries,
olives are a staple in Albania. Although they are
most frequently enjoyed on their own, olives
combine with many foods and are an essential
ingredient in many signature dishes. Types vary
by region. Olives from the Berat region are
prized for their unique flavor and low fat
content. Olives form Vlora, Borsh, Himara, and
Tirana are higher in fat content and are more often used for olive oil production.
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Lahuta
Defi
Full-Text: http://akt.gov.al/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/broshura_ture_harte/guzhina.pdf
Albanian Music
Text adopted from Wikipedia: Music of Albania
Albania’s political, military and cultural domination by outside elements have contributed to the
country’s modern music scene. Albanian music is a fusion of the music of Southeastern Europe,
especially that of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled Albania for
more than 500 years. However, the Albanian people maintained
vast cultural identity away from their overlords, with many
living in rural and remote mountains.
Lahuta: The lahuta is a single stringed instrument played by
various groups in the Balkans. It is always accompanied by
singing, often songs relating to folktales or historical epics.
Defi: The defi is an oversized tambourine. It is common in
Azeri, Indian, Iranian and Turkish music. The defi also features
prominently in the music of cultures conquered or ruled by these powers. The defi is most often
used for accompaniment.
Surlja: The surlja is a wind instrument that is most
often accompanied by a davul (drum). Its origin is in
Anatolia, but has spread through Eastern Europe
thanks to Ottoman control of much of Southeastern
Europe. While there are many varieties of surjlas
throughout different cultures, all instruments of the
family are noted for their wooden construction and
their short, double reeds.
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Literature:
Text from Encyclopedia Britannica
The Ottoman Empire, which ruled Albania from the 15th to the
early 20th century, prohibited publications in Albanian, an edict
that became a serious obstacle to the development of literature
in that language. Books in Albanian were rare until the late 19th
century.
The earliest works of Albanian literature were written by
Catholic clerics, whose ties with the Vatican enabled them to
circumvent Turkish restrictions by publishing their works
outside Albania, mostly in Rome.
Literary activity gathered momentum in the wake of the
formation of the Albanian League of Prizren. Albanians in exile
formed patriotic and literary societies to promote the
propagation of literature and culture as instruments for gaining
independence. The national motif became the hallmark of the
literature of this period, known as Rilindja, and writers of the
time came to be known collectively as Rilindas.
Albanian literature took a historic step forward in 1908 when
Albanian linguists, scholars, and writers convened the Congress
of Monastir, which adopted the modern Albanian alphabet
based on Latin letters.
At the turn of the 20th century, a note of realism, combined
with cynicism, appeared in Albanian literature as writers sought
to identify and combat the ills of Albanian society, such as
poverty, illiteracy, blood feuds, and bureaucracy.
Albanian literature has traditionally been written in the two
main Albanian dialects: Gheg in the north and Tosk in the
Naim Frashëri
(1846-1900)
Frashëri is commonly considered to
be Albania’s national poet. He was
born into an impoverished bey
family and later served as an
Ottoman official.
Because of his position, Frashëri
had to smuggle his writings back to
Albania and avoid publishing under
his full name. He is best known for
his poetry, which he wrote in
numerous languages throughout his
career. His early works include
poems written in Persian, Turkish,
Greek and Albanian.
Frashëri’s most famous work is
Bagëti e Bujqësi, a poem written in
Albanian with a strong nationalistic
theme.
His portrait is currently on the 200
Lek banknote.
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south. In 1972, however, a Congress of Orthography held in Tirana formulated rules for a
unified literary language based on the two dialects. Since then, most authors have employed the
new literary idiom.
Folklore: The Tale of the Eagle
_______
Text and Translation taken from: http://frosina.org/category/culture-history/folktales/
A youth was hunting in the mountains. An eagle flying above him set down on top of a crag.
The eagle was especially large and had in its beak a snake. After a while, the eagle flew away
from the crag where it had its nest. The youth then climbed to the top of the crag where he saw,
in the nest, an eaglet playing with the dead snake.
But the snake wasn’t really dead! Suddenly it stirred, revealed its fangs and was ready to pierce
the eaglet with its deadly venom. Quickly, the youth took out his bow and arrow and killed the
snake. Then he took the eaglet and started for his home. Suddenly the youth heard above him
the loud whirring sound of the large eagle’s wings.
“Why do you kidnap my child?” cried out the eagle.
“The child is mine because I saved it from the snake which you didn’t kill,” answered the youth.
“Give me back my child and I will give you as a reward the sharpness of my eyes and the
powerful strength of my wings. You will become invincible and you will be called by my name!”
Thus the youth handed over the eaglet. After the eaglet grew, it would always fly above the head
of the youth, now a full-grown man, who, with his bow and arrow, killed many wild beasts of the
forest, and who, with his sword, slew many enemies of the land. During all of these feats, the
eagle faithfully watched over and guided him.
Amazed by the valiant hunter’s deeds, the people of the land elected him king and called him
“Albanian” which is to say “Son of the Eagle,” and his kingdom became known as “Albania” or
“Land of the Eagles.”
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Select Bibliography of Sources on Albania
Bozgo, Shkelqim, Xheni Sinakoli and Emin Spahia. “Customary Law, Conflict, and
Development in the Mountains of Albania,” Mountain Research and Development. Vol.
22, No. 4 (2002), 341-343.
Carletto, Calogero, Benjamin Davis, Marco Stampini and Alberto Zezza. “A Country on
the Move: International Migration in Post-Communist Albania,” International
Migration Review. Vol. 40, No. 4 (2006), 767-785.
Dalakoglou, Dimitris. “Migrating-Remitting-‘Building’-Dwelling: House-Making as
‘Proxy’ Presence in Postsocialist Albania,” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute. Vol. 16, No. 4 (2010), 761-777.
Elsie, Robert. Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2010.
Fischer, Bernd Jurgen. Albania at War, 1939-45. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue
University Press, 1999.
Galaty, Michael. Light and Shadow: Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of
Northern Albania. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, 2013.
Guy, Nicola. The Birth of Albania: Ethnic Nationalism, the Great Powers of World
War I and the Emergence of Albanian Independence. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012.
Jarvis, Chris. “The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania,” IMF Staff Papers.
Vol. 47, No. 1 (2000), 1-29.
Kaltsounis, Theodore. The Democratization of Albania: Democracy from Within. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Pearson, Owen. Albania and King Zog: Independence, Republic and Monarchy, 1908-
39. New York: Centre for Albanian Studies in association with IB Tauris Publishers,
2004.
Tomes, Jason. King Zog of Albania: Europe’s Self-Made Muslim King. New York: New
York University Press, 2004.