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INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS

CJ 105

Juvenile Corrections

Age crime curve: peak 18 violent16 property

½ by 32½ by 21

59%-violent juveniles=adults


1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois

-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood

-”ideal” child produced

-”undesirable” prevented from developing

17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers

Student required to leave weapons at door


Ideal:-educators, clergy, psychologists

Undesirable:-no distinction for age

19th Century-1st attempt social control


1825:NY House of Refuge

1826:Boston

1828:Philadelphia

Set standards for 25 years:-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work


Work:-exploited kids-rented out to industry

1850’s:-”child saving organizations


Juvenile Court:Illinois 1899-Dependent-Neglected

Theory of Parens Patriae-court has ultimate authority over kids-superseded parental rights


Due Process and Juveniles:-non existent why?

1. Not criminal (statutory)

2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated)

3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)


1960’s: Supreme Court

-In Re Gault (1967):-arrested obscene call-parents not notified-no witnesses-15 year old sentenced until 21

1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense2. Counsel3. Face accusers4. No self-incrimination


In re Winship (1970):

-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt

McKeiver v. PA:-no right to jury-states free to experiment


Teen (peer) Courts:

-Comprised of other teens

-admitted to offense

-low recidivism rates


Juveniles and adult court:

-when?

-how?

Judicial waiver: judge waives jurisdiction

Concurrent jurisdiction: Prosecutors file as adult/juvenile

Statutorily excluding: Legislatures


Transfers: -More severe sentences

Blended sentences:-juvenile/adult time

Criminal Blended sentences:-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.


Status Offenses:-offenses only because of age-MIP-Truancy-running away-curfew-Females 60% runaways-Males 70% alcohol

Detention?:-protect jurisdiction of court process-protect community-protect juvenile


Institution based responses:

-education

-vocation

-substance abuse

-anger management


Girls in a boy’s system:

-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted

-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders

-Academic performance: learning disabilities

-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare

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Health & Medicine