Download - Ch 15
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INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS
CJ 105
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Juvenile Corrections
Age crime curve: peak 18 violent16 property
½ by 32½ by 21
59%-violent juveniles=adults
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Juvenile Corrections
1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois
-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood
-”ideal” child produced
-”undesirable” prevented from developing
17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers
Student required to leave weapons at door
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Juvenile Corrections
Ideal:-educators, clergy, psychologists
Undesirable:-no distinction for age
19th Century-1st attempt social control
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Juvenile Corrections
1825:NY House of Refuge
1826:Boston
1828:Philadelphia
Set standards for 25 years:-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work
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Juvenile Corrections
Work:-exploited kids-rented out to industry
1850’s:-”child saving organizations
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Juvenile Corrections
Juvenile Court:Illinois 1899-Dependent-Neglected
Theory of Parens Patriae-court has ultimate authority over kids-superseded parental rights
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Juvenile Corrections
Due Process and Juveniles:-non existent why?
1. Not criminal (statutory)
2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated)
3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)
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Juvenile Corrections
1960’s: Supreme Court
-In Re Gault (1967):-arrested obscene call-parents not notified-no witnesses-15 year old sentenced until 21
1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense2. Counsel3. Face accusers4. No self-incrimination
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Juvenile Corrections
In re Winship (1970):
-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt
McKeiver v. PA:-no right to jury-states free to experiment
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Juvenile Corrections
Teen (peer) Courts:
-Comprised of other teens
-admitted to offense
-low recidivism rates
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Juvenile Corrections
Juveniles and adult court:
-when?
-how?
Judicial waiver: judge waives jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction: Prosecutors file as adult/juvenile
Statutorily excluding: Legislatures
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Juvenile Corrections
Transfers: -More severe sentences
Blended sentences:-juvenile/adult time
Criminal Blended sentences:-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.
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Juvenile Corrections
Status Offenses:-offenses only because of age-MIP-Truancy-running away-curfew-Females 60% runaways-Males 70% alcohol
Detention?:-protect jurisdiction of court process-protect community-protect juvenile
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Juvenile Corrections
Institution based responses:
-education
-vocation
-substance abuse
-anger management
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Juvenile Corrections
Girls in a boy’s system:
-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted
-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders
-Academic performance: learning disabilities
-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare