Ch. 16:Ch. 16: Section II: Spanish and Portuguese Section II: Spanish and Portuguese ColoniesColonies

(Pages 366-371)(Pages 366-371)

Ch. 16:Ch. 16: Section II: Spanish and Portuguese Section II: Spanish and Portuguese ColoniesColonies

(Pages 366-371)(Pages 366-371)

This section is about:This section is about: How the establishment of How the establishment of

Spanish colonies in Mexico Spanish colonies in Mexico and Peru affected native and Peru affected native peoplespeoples

How the government of How the government of the colonies affected the colonies affected settlers who lived in them.settlers who lived in them.

The establishment of the The establishment of the Portuguese sugar-Portuguese sugar-producing colony in Brazil.producing colony in Brazil.

The Picture on page 367 looks like everyoneThe Picture on page 367 looks like everyone ’’s going to get s going to get along with each other in the Americas.along with each other in the Americas.

We should read the caption though.We should read the caption though. ThereThere’’s also something in this section thats also something in this section that ’’s called s called ““the the

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange””. What does that sound like it. What does that sound like it ’’s s about?about?

A question first? How should you act when you go to a new A question first? How should you act when you go to a new place for the first time? (a new friends house – a new place for the first time? (a new friends house – a new restaurant – school this past fall)restaurant – school this past fall)

SpainSpain’’s Vast Empires Vast Empire

In the 1500In the 1500’’s, Spain s, Spain controlled more of the controlled more of the AmericaAmerica’’s than any s than any other country.other country.

They were led by their They were led by their conquistadores conquistadores (conquerors) who were (conquerors) who were looking for wealth.looking for wealth.

They heard from the They heard from the Mayans, that the Mayans, that the Aztecs had the wealth Aztecs had the wealth (gold) they were (gold) they were looking for.looking for.

Cortes Invades MexicoCortes Invades Mexico

In 1519, In 1519, Hernan CortesHernan Cortes set set out for Mexico (11 ships, 508 out for Mexico (11 ships, 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses).horses).

When he got there, he made When he got there, he made friends with the natives – but friends with the natives – but kept trying to find out about kept trying to find out about these these ““Aztecs.Aztecs.””

Many of these people Cortes Many of these people Cortes befriended hated the Aztecs befriended hated the Aztecs (because they were forced (because they were forced to pay tribute to them).to pay tribute to them).

Cortes ended up with about Cortes ended up with about 200,000 natives backing 200,000 natives backing him.him.

MoctezumaMoctezuma’’s Falls Fall The Aztecs had a legend that The Aztecs had a legend that

their God Quetzalcoatl would their God Quetzalcoatl would someday return to rule them. someday return to rule them.

The emperor (Montezuma) The emperor (Montezuma) thought Cortez might be him, thought Cortez might be him, so he tried to keep him away so he tried to keep him away from his city (Tenochtitlan).from his city (Tenochtitlan).

Cortes eventually showed up Cortes eventually showed up though.though.

When Cortes and Montezuma When Cortes and Montezuma met, they gave each other gifts met, they gave each other gifts and showed each other respect and showed each other respect (but neither really meant it).(but neither really meant it).

Cortes just wanted to get rich.Cortes just wanted to get rich. He took Montezuma prisoner.He took Montezuma prisoner. The Aztecs fought back and The Aztecs fought back and

drove the Spanish out of their drove the Spanish out of their city, but Montezuma was city, but Montezuma was killed.killed.

Cortes kept attacking and Cortes kept attacking and eventually won control of the eventually won control of the city.city.

Pizarro and the Incas Pizarro and the Incas

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro also came to also came to the Americas (1531).the Americas (1531).

He landed in Peru (Incas then) He landed in Peru (Incas then) and met with the emperor and met with the emperor Atahualpa.Atahualpa.

Pizarro wanted the Incas to Pizarro wanted the Incas to become Christian and agree to become Christian and agree to be ruled by Spain (yeah… be ruled by Spain (yeah… right).right).

Pizarro captured and Pizarro captured and imprisoned Atahualpa, who imprisoned Atahualpa, who gave him gold in exchange for gave him gold in exchange for being released.being released.

Pizarro took the gold, but still Pizarro took the gold, but still killed Atahualpa and the Incas killed Atahualpa and the Incas immediately gave up.immediately gave up.

In about 15-20 years: two In about 15-20 years: two great empires were completely great empires were completely gone.gone.

……....

The Spanish The Spanish had the best had the best weapons: weapons: fought on fought on horseback, with horseback, with cannons, guns, cannons, guns, and swords.and swords.

The natives The natives fought on foot fought on foot with bows and with bows and arrows.arrows.

And, And, remember, remember, diseases also diseases also killed a lot of killed a lot of Native Native Americans.Americans.

Governing SpainGoverning Spain’’s Empires Empire

Even though Spain Even though Spain controlled much of the controlled much of the Americas, the Native Americas, the Native Americans werenAmericans weren’’t happy t happy about any of it.about any of it.

There were many fights There were many fights and revolts against and revolts against Spanish rule.Spanish rule.

Government and the Government and the EconomyEconomy

In 1524: the Spanish In 1524: the Spanish created created ““the Council of the the Council of the IndiesIndies”” to rule their new to rule their new possessions.possessions.

Viceroys (governors) were Viceroys (governors) were appointed to control appointed to control sections of the Americas.sections of the Americas.

These viceroys had a lot of These viceroys had a lot of power: they were in power: they were in charge of the natives and charge of the natives and also the Spanish colonists also the Spanish colonists who settled in the who settled in the Americas (collecting taxes, Americas (collecting taxes, enforcing laws, nominating enforcing laws, nominating local officials, convert local officials, convert natives to Christianity, and natives to Christianity, and set up encomiendas).set up encomiendas).

………………....

Encomiendas: gave land Encomiendas: gave land (even though natives lived on (even though natives lived on it) to Spanish people.it) to Spanish people.

These Spanish had to care These Spanish had to care for/watch out for the natives.for/watch out for the natives.

The natives either had to pay The natives either had to pay tribute (in gold) or work for tribute (in gold) or work for the Spanish colonist.the Spanish colonist.

The gold things wasnThe gold things wasn’’t t working out good enough – working out good enough – but there were some good but there were some good crops that could be grown in crops that could be grown in the Americas: sugar, rice, the Americas: sugar, rice, tobacco, coffee, and cocoa tobacco, coffee, and cocoa beans.beans.

This really ended up This really ended up becoming a form of slavery.becoming a form of slavery.

The natives were often The natives were often abused and overworked (and abused and overworked (and many died).many died).

So many died, they had to So many died, they had to start finding a new source of start finding a new source of workers – who came from workers – who came from _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ .

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

We already know that when We already know that when Columbus went back to Columbus went back to Spain he took some native Spain he took some native Taino with him.Taino with him.

He also took some other He also took some other things Spain had never seen things Spain had never seen before.before.

When he went back to the When he went back to the AmericaAmerica’’s – he took them s – he took them some things from Spain that some things from Spain that they had never seen before.they had never seen before.

This was the start of This was the start of ““the the Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange”” – – sending things back and sending things back and forth that the other didnforth that the other didn’’t t have before.have before.

The Impact of the Columbian ExchangeThe Impact of the Columbian Exchange

To see what was To see what was involved in the involved in the Columbian Columbian Exchange, itExchange, it’’s s easier to look at a easier to look at a slide we use in U.S. slide we use in U.S. history.history.

…………………………....

““The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange””““The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange””

SquashSquashPumpkins Pumpkins

TurkeyTurkeyPeanuts Peanuts PotatoesPotatoesTomatoesTomatoes

CornCornS S

PotatoesPotatoesPeppersPeppersTobaccoTobacco

PineapplePineappless

CacaoCacaoBeansBeansVanillaVanilla

SquashSquashPumpkins Pumpkins

TurkeyTurkeyPeanuts Peanuts PotatoesPotatoesTomatoesTomatoes

CornCornS S

PotatoesPotatoesPeppersPeppersTobaccoTobacco

PineapplePineappless

CacaoCacaoBeansBeansVanillaVanilla

Food CropsFood CropsCitrus Citrus FruitsFruitsGrapesGrapes

BananasBananasSugar CaneSugar CaneHoneybeesHoneybees

OnionsOnionsOlivesOlives

TurnipsTurnipsCoffee Coffee BeansBeans

PeachesPeachesPearsPears

Food CropsFood CropsCitrus Citrus FruitsFruitsGrapesGrapes

BananasBananasSugar CaneSugar CaneHoneybeesHoneybees

OnionsOnionsOlivesOlives

TurnipsTurnipsCoffee Coffee BeansBeans

PeachesPeachesPearsPears

GrainsGrainsWheatWheatRiceRice

BarleyBarleyOatsOats

AnimalsAnimalsCattleCattleSheepSheepPigsPigs

HorsesHorses

GrainsGrainsWheatWheatRiceRice

BarleyBarleyOatsOats

AnimalsAnimalsCattleCattleSheepSheepPigsPigs

HorsesHorses

DiseasesDiseasesSmallpoxSmallpoxInfluenzaInfluenzaTyphusTyphusMeaslesMeaslesMalariaMalaria

DiphtheriaDiphtheriaWhooping Whooping

CoughCoughSTDSTD’’ss

DiseasesDiseasesSmallpoxSmallpoxInfluenzaInfluenzaTyphusTyphusMeaslesMeaslesMalariaMalaria

DiphtheriaDiphtheriaWhooping Whooping

CoughCoughSTDSTD’’ss

The Role of MissionariesThe Role of Missionaries The Catholic Church sent many The Catholic Church sent many

Missionaries to the Americas.Missionaries to the Americas. One of these missionaries One of these missionaries

(Bartolome de las Casas) was (Bartolome de las Casas) was convinced the encomienda convinced the encomienda system was wrong – and even system was wrong – and even wrote a book about it.wrote a book about it.

It worked: he convinced Spain It worked: he convinced Spain to abolish the encomienda to abolish the encomienda system.system.

It wasnIt wasn’’t easy at first.t easy at first.1.1. No one wants to change just No one wants to change just

because someone tells you to – because someone tells you to – and some Spanish were doing and some Spanish were doing pretty well with this system.pretty well with this system.

2.2. Spain was thousands of miles Spain was thousands of miles away and couldnaway and couldn’’t enforce all t enforce all their decisions. their decisions.

3.3. The Catholic Church was The Catholic Church was convinced it was convinced it was ““destinydestiny”” that that natives be enslaved and natives be enslaved and converted to Christianity.converted to Christianity.

Colonial CitiesColonial Cities Most Spanish settlers Most Spanish settlers

preferred living in cities.preferred living in cities. These cities ended up the These cities ended up the

center of government, center of government, religious life, culture, and religious life, culture, and trade.trade.

These cities usually had the These cities usually had the same design: a church, a same design: a church, a government building, a house government building, a house for the viceroy, and for the viceroy, and rectangular blocks of houses rectangular blocks of houses surrounding the square (more surrounding the square (more important people living important people living closer).closer).

Colonial CultureColonial Culture Spanish culture was dominant, Spanish culture was dominant,

but there was a mix.but there was a mix. This gave these cities a unique This gave these cities a unique

style or art, architecture, style or art, architecture, farming, religion, and food.farming, religion, and food.

They also had They also had ““levelslevels”” of people: of people:

Peninsulares: came directly Peninsulares: came directly from Spain.from Spain.

Creoles: descendants of Creoles: descendants of peninsulares.peninsulares.

Mestizos: mix of Spanish and Mestizos: mix of Spanish and Native AmericansNative Americans

Mulatoes: mix of Africans and Mulatoes: mix of Africans and Spanish.Spanish.

Native Americans and Africans Native Americans and Africans (lowest).(lowest).

PortugalPortugal’’s Expansion in s Expansion in BrazilBrazil

Portuguese settlers first Portuguese settlers first settled the coast (cities) settled the coast (cities) and then slowly began and then slowly began moving inland and farming moving inland and farming (sugar cane plantations).(sugar cane plantations).

The sugar trade became a The sugar trade became a very profitable very profitable cash cropcash crop for Portugal.for Portugal.

This also meant they This also meant they needed a lot of workers on needed a lot of workers on the plantations (enslaved the plantations (enslaved Native Americans and Native Americans and Africans).Africans).

When they found gold (late When they found gold (late 16001600’’s), it replaced sugar s), it replaced sugar cane as a leading money cane as a leading money export.export.

Portuguese Society and Portuguese Society and CultureCulture

Portuguese people Portuguese people were also a mix of were also a mix of Europeans, Native Europeans, Native Americans, and Americans, and Africans.Africans.

Europeans were Europeans were the most the most important group.important group.

The Roman The Roman Catholic Church Catholic Church was also highly was also highly involved in the life involved in the life of these peoples.of these peoples.