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Ch 18: Kingdom of Protists

(images not from the text are from the Internet - use a search engine & retrieve “Images”)

DNA-based

Oldest Eukaryotes -

Notable inventions

organelles Autogenous theory

eg: ER, Golgi

Endosymbiotic theory eg: chloroplast, mitochondrion

Diplontic Haplontic Alternation of generations

Some other notable inventions

sexual reproduction: gametes (sperm & egg) (sometimes in gametangium/gia)

meiosis = process to make haploid (1N) cells

fertilization = process to make diploid (2N) cells -> first one: zygote

& some protists (protists)

Spores

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Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses:

Morphology (form)= what kinds of bodies:

unicellular colony

filament multicellular/complex

Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses:

Biochemistry

nutrition

chemoheterotrophs

photoautotrophs

photoheterotrophs *very rare

Movement methods

flagellum/a

cilium/a

amoeboid flow

gliding on slime

Modern taxonomy uses a DNA-based family tree but also still uses:

Habitat (where does it live)

fresh-water

marine

terrestrial

body (someone else’s) fluids

Dormancy (does it do this and if it does, what does it form)

statospores

cysts

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What is an alga {are algae (pl)}? now usually used for photosynthetic protists

What are non-photosynthetic protists called? usually “protozoan/protozoa (pl)

P: Euglenophyta = Euglenozoa = euglenoids unicellular, mostly freshwater,

started as chemoheterotrophs, now some are photoautotrophic (chl a & b) How?

Euglena Phacus

P: Dinophyta = Pyrrophyta = dinoflagellates

unicellular with “top”-like shape or colonial, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”),

most are photoautotrophic (chl a & c) but some are chemoheterotrophic (why?)

Another local:

†Alexandrium catenella (causes PSP)

† Gonyaulax = Lingulodinium

Ceratium

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red tides algal bloom in response to nutrients

local version

long exposure from Vieques Island, PR

Bioluminescence

P: Chromophyta = heterokonts (2 kinds of flagella when have them), usually photoautotrophic (chl a & c)

C: Chrysophyceae = golden(-brown) algae

unicellular or colonial, freshwater

Dinobryon

(misclassified in text) statospores

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P: Chromophyta

C: Bacillariophyceae = diatoms unicellular or colonial, no flagella, glide,

silica cell walls, mostly marine (“grass of the sea”)

Cymatopleura Navicula

pennate shape

centric shape

Diatom life cycle - unique Diplontic one

Asexual reproduction by mitosis

Sexual reproduction

1N 2N

2N

fertilization

filtering

Uses of diatoms: fossil diatoms

polishing

filler/stabilizer

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†

For fun & beauty

Optics test

1 toxic: causes ASP = domoic acid poisoning

P: Chromophyta C: Phaeophyceae = brown algae

filamentous to complex, mostly marine

eg: Fucus (Diplontic LC)

2N adults

C: Phaeophyceae eg: other complex examples (most have alternation of generation LCs)

Macrocystis = giant kelp

Sargassum

Nereocystis

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Economically important Algin(ate) production

gelling agent, emulsifier

Kelp harvester (usually giant kelp)

Edible:

eg: Undaria = wakame

(CA invader)

Another edible: kombu

P: Chromophyta

C: Prymnesiophyceae = haptophytes

unicellular, marine (“grass of the sea”)

eg: Emiliana

coccolithophorid

coccolith

P: Chromophyta C: Cryptophyceae = cryptomonads

unicellular, marine & freshwater

Some have nucleomorph

eg: Cryptomonas

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Stipitococcus

(unicellular)

P: Chromophyta

C: Xanthophyceae = yellow-green algae

unicellular or filamentous, mostly freshwater

Vaucheria (filament)

P: Oomycota = water “molds”

chemoheterotrophic

eg: Saprolegnia

mycelial/hyphal filaments

Diplontic

2N adult

P: Oomycota

Plasmopara viticola =

downy mildew of grapes

Phytophthora infestans =

late blight of potato

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P: Rhodophyta = red algae

unicellular to complex (red seaweeds), no flagellated cells, marine, photoautotrophic (chl a & phycobilins)

Botryocladia Gigartina

Stenogramme Gelidium

P: Rhodophyta complex alternation of generations

Polysiphonia 2N adult

IN adults

2N adult

P: Rhodophyta

economically important

Other food products

Gelidium & Gracilaria -> agar

Chondrus crispus = Irish moss -> carrageenan

Palmaria palmata = dulse

Laundry starch

Gloiopeltis -> funori

Porphyra = nori, (purple) laver

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P: Chlorophyta = green algae unicellular to complex, mostly freshwater, photoautotrophic (chl a &b)

C: Chlorophyceae

eg: Chlamydomonas haplontic LC

Other unicellular ones

Chlorella, Micromonas cells

C: Chlorophyceae

eg: colonies

Volvox Pediastrum

Scenedesmus Hydrodictyon

P: Chlorophyceae

eg: filaments

Ulothrix (haplontic LC) Oedogonium (haplontic LC)

1N adult 1N

adult

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C: Ulvophyceae = marine green algae filamentous to complex (green seaweeds)

Acetabularia = mermaid’s wineglass

Cladophora Ulva = sea lettuce

C: Charophyceae = stoneworts unicellular to complex, freshwater

Coleochaete Chara

Complex examples

C: Charophyceae

eg: filaments

Spirogyra (haplontic LC)

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C: Charophyceae

eg: desmids (unicellular)

Micrasterias

Closterium

Other non-algal Protists

P: Myxomycota = plasmodial slime molds

plasmodium = coenocyte

Physarum

Diplontic LC 2N adult

Other non-algal Protists

P: Dictyosteliomycota = cellular slime molds

eg: Dictyostelium

“slug”