Euglenoids

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Euglenophyta/zoa

Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Lumpers SplittersPlantae Protista

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Euglenozoa

• Flagellated protists which can be photosynthetic

• Odd features Protein pellicle instead of cell wall

Odd mitochondria (discoid cristae)

Chromosomes condensed during interphase

• 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)

• Two sub-phyla:1. Kinetoplasta (Trypanosoma gambiense) sleeping sickness2. Euglenoida (Euglena) photosynthetic, chlorophyll a,b, paramylum

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg

Trypanosoma gambienseBlood-borne parasite

Flagellated undulating cell

Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness

Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hostsNucleus Flagellum

http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg

http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg

Euglena gracilis

Nucleus

Eyespot

Anterior invaginationWith internal short flagellumLong flagellum rooted here also (not shown)

Paramylon grainChloroplasts

Protein pellicle(striations)

Posterior extension

Contractile vacuole

PyrenoidMitochondrion

http

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How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis

Eukaryotes ARE Chim

eras!

Eubacteriumendosymbiosis

http

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io.r

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rs.e

du/e

ugle

na/

Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events!

Chlorophytealgal

endosymbiosis

For euglenoids, the chloroplast is a secondary endosymbiosis.

Euglenoid mitochondria

are unique!

Scarcodine and Actinopod Protozoans

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Sarcodina

http

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.mic

rosc

opy-

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ag/i

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Pseudopodia

Contractile vacuole

Nucleus

Food vacuoles

Mitochondria

Amoeba proteusA freshwater amoeboid protistEngulfing a Staurastrum green alga

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/deepeast01/logs/sep24/media/Foram_600.jpg

The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell.

Marine relatives, the foraminifera, secrete calcareous shells,

contributing to reefs and sands.

Freshwater amoeboid protist

Chitinous testHyaline connections to the cellFood vacuoles obviousSome have two or more nucleiPseudopodia protrude from the testFeeding here upon green algae

Arcella gibbosa

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/arcella.jpg

http://plaza.ufl.edu/mrosenme/livingforam.jpg

A living foraminiferan demonstrates its many and delicate pseudopodia

In addition to capturing food items, the foram also receives nutrients from its endosymbionts

Orbulina universa, or Globigerina bulloides

Actinosphaerium eichhorni

It is related to many radiolarians which are known only from their

tests fossilized in silicate deposits.

This organism is an actinopod.

Its axipods are stiff projections rather than delicate pseudopodia.

The axipods are stiffened primarily by silicates taken from the water.

http://home.t-online.de/home/ghstanjek/hmic6.jpg

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/largeradiohoff.jpg