ch 2 world systems globalization
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta
The Changing Global Context
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Key Concepts• Evolution of the Modern World• World-System• Core and Periphery Regions• Neocolonialism• Globalization• Sustainability• Cultural Imperialism
Figure: Chapter 2 Opener An Icelandic ash plume impacted flights on a global scale in May 2010
Interconnectivity of global Icelandic ash plume => Closed down European airports => Black market for transportation tickets sprung up in Moscow• Specialized fruit & vegetable
farmers & flower growers in Africa, the Middle East & the Caribbean were cut off from their markets
• Kenya, 5,000 miles south normally ships 937 tons of fresh produce to Europe nightly
• Flower farms laid off workers, flowers wilted, thrown into compost heaps
• Stalled horticultural industry, Kenya’s hard currency earner impacted entire country
• p. 34-35
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Figure 2.3 A remnant mini-system in the Amazon
The Premodern World• Mini-systems
Subsistence-based social economies with a organized around reciprocity.
• Slash-and-burn a major innovation:
• Plants harvested close to ground, stubble dried, then burned.
• Hearth Areas– West Africa– Middle East– South Asia– China– Americas
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Figure 2.1 Old World hearth areas
Fertile Crescent – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Middle East
South Asia:Indus River Valley- India
Ganges River Valley, India
Irawaddy River, Bangladesh
Huang (Yellow) River Valley, China
Hearth Areas in Semi Arid Sub-Tropical Regions with proximity to major River Valleys
The Pre-modern World, (cont’d)
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Figure 2.2 New World hearth areasTamaulipas – Tehuacan Valley – Mexico CityAndes Mts.
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The Pre-modern World, (cont’d)
Figure 2.4a Greek colonies and the extent of the Roman empire
• World-Empire– Group of mini-systems absorbed into a common
political system.– Wealth flows fromProducer classes to an Elite class in form Of Taxes or tributes.
The Premodern World, (cont’d)• Colonization
– The physical settlement of people in a new territory from the colonizing state.
• Urbanization– Towns & cities became– essential as centers of – administration for early– world-empires. – Military garrisons & – theological centers for – the ruling classes
Figure 2.4b Highly developed infrastructure of the Roman Empire
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[Insert Figure 2.6]
The Premodern World, (cont’d)• Framework of human geographies
– Harsher environments in continental interiors– Dry belt of Grassland Steppes and Desert margins– Principal areas of sedentary agriculture
Figure 2.6 The Silk Road
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The Premodern World, (cont’d)
Figure 2.5 The precapitalist Old World, circa 1400 C.E.
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Figure 2.7 European Age of Discovery
World Systems
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World Systems, (cont’d)
• New World Plantations
• North, Central & • South Americas• Technological
improvementsand limits –
• before The Industrial Revolution, agriculture & trade relied on wood, wind, & water power (fuel, shipping, mills)
Figure 2.8 Cotton plantation, Mississippi River
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World Systems, (cont’d)
Figure 2.A European industrialization
• Industrialization in Europe• Diffusion
– I. Began in England, spreadthrough Europe and globally
– 18th century• Three distinctive waves
– Influenced by resourcesand technology
II. Ruhr Valley of Germany – Mineral ResourcesIII. System of Rivers & Canals fortransport acrossNorthern European Plain
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World Systems: Core & Periphery
• Structured relationship – Core, Semi-peripheral, Peripheral
• Imperialism & Colonialism • Allowed establishment of territories to use
resources & labor, establish trading & financial networks.
• Neo-colonialism – supported by prior colonial networks to support new international division of labor
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World Systems: Division of Global Labor• Suez and Panama
Canals• Network of telegraph
communications
Figure 2.11 International telegraph network in 1900
• Colonial economies serve• Needs of core regions to
transport & communicate between periphery:
• Development ofoceangoing steamships
World Systems: British Empire
Figure 2.13 Late 1800s British empire
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World Systems, (cont’d)
• Neocolonialism &• Commercial imperialism transferred to:• Transnational corporations ~ concentration of
capital & resource control over global core-periphery economic system
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measuring economic growth in monetary gain only, no human development
Apply your knowledge: Provide an example of how neocolonialism reinforces the power and influence of core countries. Be specific. What is the role of transnational corporations in neocolonialism?
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World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d)
Figure 2.9 The world-system in 1800
Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900
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World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d)
Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900
Figure 2.14 The world-system in 2010
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Globalization
• Increasing interconnectedness of the world – Economic, environmental, political, cultural– Greater speed, larger scale, broader scope, and
greater complexity than in the past• Commodity chains• Increase in significance of Place:
– Mobility of money, labor, products, and ideas
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.B The commodity chain of a pair of Lee Cooper jeans
Globalization, (cont’d)
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Globalization: Environment
Figure 2.15 The human “footprint”
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Globalization: Environment, (cont’d)
Apply your knowledge: Give an example of a local environmental concern. How does it relate to economic development and social equity? Water pollution.
Figure 2.17 Three key aspects to sustainability
Figure 2.16 Pollution continues to threaten the ecosystem of Lake Baykal
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Globalization: Health
Figure 2.18 Diffusion of the HIV virus
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Globalization, (cont’d)
Figure 2.19 Communication flow between major world regions
• Security– Risk society
• Spatial Justice• Cultural Imperialism• Westernization• “Jihad vs. Mc World”
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Globalization: Worlds Apart
Figure 2.D A Swiss familyFigure 2.C An Ethiopian family
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End of Chapter 2