ch. 20: defense and policy by amarachi onyema, rachel bluestone, and gwyneth henke
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 20: Defense and Policy
by Amarachi Onyema, Rachel Bluestone, and Gwyneth Henke
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Key Terms● realism: political lens that emphasizes nations
acting in self-interest● isolationism: avoiding international conflict
(dominated US policy interwar period)● internationalism: nations must engage in
international problem solving to survive● unilateralism: encourages nations to act on
their own interests when threatened● hard power: rely on military, economic strength● soft power: rely on diplomatic, negotiative
strength
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● weapons of mass destruction: biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons, capable of huge deaths
● economic sanctions: deny import/export abilities to a nation in order to encourage change of policy
● theory of deterrence: develop so much military power that no nation will dare challenge you
● MAD: mutually assured destruction, similar to theory of deterrence--largely refers to nuclear weapons
● Bush doctrine: policy implemented by GWB Jr. challenging any nation that possibly has nuclear pwr
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Foreign Policy OverviewInfographic
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): ● mutual efforts by U.S. and Soviets to limit the growth of their
nuclear capabilitiesWar Powers Resolution of 1973:
● requires POTUS to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops
● forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 30 days without authorization from Congress or a declaration of war
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Foreign Policy OverviewStrategic Defense Initiative (STAR WARS):
● The plan was to create “a global umbrella in space wherein computers would scan the skies and use various high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles.”
Operation Desert Storm:● Saddam Hussein, the dictator of Iraq, invaded Kuwait, which was a
major oil supplier to the U.S. ● Operation Desert Shield was the operation responsible for putting the
coalition troops in place● coalition nations issued Hussein an ultimatum● bombing started January 16● ground war started February 24, and within 100 hours, Kuwait was
declared liberated
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Instruments, Actors, Policymakers
Military instruments: The oldest instrument of foreign policy
● war and the threat of war, military force
Economic: This instrument is becoming increasingly powerful.
● Control of oil, trade regulations, tariff policies and monetary policy
Diplomacy: This is the quietest instrument of foreign policy.
● Nations form and maintain relationships with each other (summits, treaties)
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Actors in Foreign Policy● International Organizations: These help facilitate
the cooperation of many nations to maintain international relations. (UN)
● Regional Organizations: Organizations of several nations bound by a treaty, often for military reasons. (NATO, European Union)
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Actors (cont.)● Multinational Corporations: Businesses with vast
holdings in many countries They account for one-tenth
of the global economy and one-third of world exports.
● Nongovernmental Organization: Churches, labor
unions, and other groups that have international
interests and activities
● Individuals: Tourism allows regular citizens of various nations to interact, enhancing friendship and understanding among nations.
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Policymakers● The president: Chief diplomat,
main force behind foreign policy.
o The president negotiates treaties/executive agreements, the president deploys troops abroad, appoints ambassadors and cabinet members, gives official recognition to other nations
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Policymakers (cont.)● Diplomats: The state department (lead by
secretary of state)
o Staffs embassies and consulates in over 300 overseas posts (32, 000 employees)
o Split into functional areas and area specialties
o Diplomacy is becoming an increasingly dangerous job. (Attacks on US embassies in recent years)
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PolicymakersNational Security Establishment
○ Department of Defense (“the Pentagon”)■ Combines army, navy, and air force into one
department, led by Secretary of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff
○ National Security Council: a group of high ranking officials who coordinate foreign and military policy■ Composed of pres., VP, secretary of defense,
and secretary of state
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PolicymakersCIA: Created after WWII to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, includes national reconnaissance office, and the NSA
■ Provides info and analysis needed for policy making and implementation
■ Most of the activities are uncontroversial, but they also collect info through espionage, and involves itself in other nation's internal affairs
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PolicymakersCongress
○ sole authority to declare war, raise and organize military, and appropriate funds for national security
○ Senate ratifies treaties, and confirms ambassadors and cabinet nominations
○ "power of the purse" and oversight of the executive branch
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War on TerrorismForms of Terrorism● Attacks on Buildings/Ships
○ September 11, 2001 Attacks
○ World Trade Center 1993
○ USS Cole in Yemen (2000)
● Assassinations: Assassination attempt on George H.W. Bush
● Kidnappings of diplomats and civilians: Iranian hostage crisis (1979)
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● Responses to Terrorism○ Govt. participation in improving security measures,
methods of gathering intelligence, and punishing govt. and organizations that have engaged in terrorist activities
■ Air Attack on Libya in response to Libyan-supported acts of terrorism (1986)
■ Striking Iraq’s intelligence center in response to a failed assassination attempt on George H.W. Bush (1993)
■ Launching an attack on Osama bin Laden (1998)
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Afghanistan and Iraq● Post Sept. 11: US declared a war on terrorism
● U.S launched an attack on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and attempts to remove current pres.
● George W. Bush declares Iran, Iraq, and North Korea formed an “axis of evil”
● Plans of demilitarization and restructuring of Iraq, but the planning was poor and public support declined
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Current SCOTUS CaseCurrent Court Case: Kerry v. DinIs the government required to give a detailed explanation for denying an alien’s visa based on terrorism-related ground under the Immigration and Nationality Act?
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Rethinking National Security Policy
New, preventative foreign policy declared by President George W. Bush
● preemptive strikes against terrorists and hostile states to prevent their use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons against the U.S.
● eventually, added prevention of the development of threats● explicitly advocated U.S. supremacy in military capabilities
and (if necessary) unilateral action
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Politics of Defense Policyinfluences
1. domestic political concerns2. budgetary limitations3. ideology4. public policies
⅕ of the federal budgetcontradicting ideologies (liberal vs. conservative)START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (1991):
● 1st accord mandating the elimination of strategic nuclear weaponry
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U.S. military influence:1. overwhelming nuclear superiority2. world’s dominant air force3. only navy with worldwide operations (with impressive air
power)4. a unique capability to project power around the globe
Triad of nuclear weapons to deter attacks5. ICBMs6. submarine-launched ballistic missiles7. strategic bombers
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New Global Agenda● Shift: military to economic
power ● “Security hinges as much
on winning hearts and minds as it does on winning wars” (Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane)o soft power over hard
powero interconnectedness of
global economy
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● Economic sanctions main toolo Iran, South Africa,
Cubao First resort; less
risky than sending troops
o But, can always provoke
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● Nuclear proliferationo Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
First attempt to limito “Outlaw states”
Iran, North Korea
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● International Economyo Interdependency defines modern $o Globalization of financeso Tariffs dangerous; turn to quotas, subsidies
insteado 1992 North American Free Trade
Agreement Eliminates tariffs: Canada-US-Mexico
o 1994 General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade
o 2005 Central American-Dominican Republican Free Trade Agreement (lowers tariffs to US goods in C. Am. countries)
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● Desire to maintain balance of trade
● Energyo Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) in 1973 embargoes oil shipments to US/WE over Israel conflicts Example of global economy links
o Middle East controls oil (Saudi Arabia) Gulf War: partly to protect Kuwait oil
interests
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● Foreign Aido humanitarian, make
allies, open market for USgoods
o Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece main recipients
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Understanding National Security Policymaking● Government has more discretion
o Less civilian interest in foreign affairs than domestic
o But, public opinion key● President leads, Congress approves
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● Pluralism key in international policy● Huge scope of government in
internat. affairs
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Defense in the News● http://www.aljazeera.com/news/
2015/03/obama-rebukes-netanyahu-palestine-comments-150321233927965.html
● Israel/Palestine Conflict● US traditionally Israel’s main ally● Prime Minister Netanyahu’s comments
o Refusing bi-state solutiono Decried by President Obama as
“unsustainable”
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● Huge example of pluralismo Iran nuclear talks inflammatoryo Maintain oil interests
with Arab stateso Muslim population
in Americao Jewish population
in Americao Other Middle Eastern
players: Egypt, Saudi Arabia
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● Obama’s stanceo Offered aid, military cooperation, strong
allianceo But, powerful tensions with PM Netanyahuo Supports bi-state solution
● Republican stance (majority)o Support strong alliance with Israel (while
maintaining other ME relationships)● Democratic stance (minority)
o Strongly favorable to Israel (a few fringe opponents)
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SourcesAPGOV Lineberry 20 National Security Policymaking. PPT. Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman, 2009.
Cameronrules36. "AP Gov Chapter 19." Flashcards. February 2013. Accessed April 30, 2015. https://quizlet.com/19391004/ap-
gov-chapter-19-flash-cards/.
"Chapter 20: Making Foreign and Defense Policy - AP U.S. Government Vocabulary - Study Notes." AP U.S. Government Notes.
Accessed April 30, 2015. https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-government/vocabulary/chapter-20-making-foreign-and-defense-policy/.
Edwards, George C., Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry. "Chapter 20: National Security Policymaking." In Government
in America: People, Politics, and Policy, 795-841. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2014.
"Operation Desert Storm." Ushistory.org. Accessed April 30, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/us/60a.asp.