Ch. 5DRUGS

What is a DRUG?• “Any natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological

or psychological effects in humans or other higher-order animals”• Dependence

– Drug• Nature of drug• Route of administration• Dose• Frequency• Rate of metabolism

– Nondrug• Personal characteristics of user• Expectations about drug experience• Society’s attitude & response• Setting of drug use

Dependency• Nonphysical dependence

– Physiological need for drug that has been brought by regular use

• Psychological dependence– Conditioned use of drug caused by emotional needs

Categories of Drugs• Narcotics• Hallucinogens• Stimulants• Depressants• Club Drugs• Anabolic Steroids

Narcotics• Analgesics (relieve pain by depressing Central Nervous System (CNS))

– Induces sleep– Depresses vital body functions

• Opium– Morphine (extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin)– Heroin– Codeine

• Cough suppressants• 1/6 strong as morphine

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Illustration_Papaver_somniferum0.jpg

Narcotics• Synthetic Opiates

– Not naturally derived from opium or morphine

– Same physiological effect

– Methadone• Aids in withdrawal from heroin

– Oxycontin (oxycodone)

Hallucinogens• Mark changes in normal thought process, perception, and mood

• Examples– Marijuana– LSD– PCP– MDMA (ecstasy)– Mescaline– Psilocybin

Depressants• Decrease activity of CNS

– Calm irritability and excitability, and produce sleep

• Examples– Alcohol– Barbiturates– Anti-anxiety Drugs (Valium, Librium)– Tranquilizers (Ketamine)– Huffing (sniffing glue, cement)

Stimulants• Increase activity of CNS

– Increase alertness and activity

• Examples• Amphetamines (uppers/speed)• Cocaine• Crack (freebase form of cocaine)

Anabolic Steroids• Synthetic compounds that are chemically related to testosterone

• Androgenic effect– Promotes secondary male characteristics

• Anabolic effect– Accelerates muscle growth

Controlled Substances Act

Schedule I • The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. • The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. • Examples of Schedule I substances include heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, and methaqualone.

Schedule II The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. • Examples of Schedule II substances include morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine.

Schedule III The drug or other substance has less potential for abuse than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. • Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates are examples of Schedule III substances

Schedule IV • The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. • Examples of drugs included in schedule IV are Darvon®, Talwin®, Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax®.

Schedule V The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. • Cough medicines with codeine are examples of Schedule V drugs.

Forensic Drug Analysis• Screening test

– Preliminary test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance

• 1st- Drug or not a drug• 2nd-identity of drug

• Confirmation– A single test that identifies a substance

Color TestReagent Test for

Marquis Purple = heroin ; Orange-brown = amp/meth

Dillie-Koppanyi Violet-blue=barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine Purple=marijuana (when chloroform added)

Van Urk Blue-purple = LSD

Scott Test Blue to pink = cocaine (when HCl added)

Microcrystalline Test• More specific than color test

• Drop of reagent added to drug on microscope slide

• Chemical reaction produces crystalline precipitate observed through microscope

What is chromatography?

From Wikipedia ...

Chromatography (from Greek word for chromos for colour) is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.

Which means ...

Chromatography is the physical separation of a mixture into its individual components.

We can use chromatography to separate the components of inks and dyes, such as those found in pens, markers, clothing, and even candy shells. Chromatography can also be used to separate the colored pigments in plants or used to determine the chemical composition of many substances.

http://members.shaw.ca/vict/chemistry_test3.htm

Gas ChromatographyUsed to determine the chemical composition of unknown substances, such as the different compounds in gasoline shown by each separate peak in the graph below.

Paper ChromatographyCan be used to separate the components of inks, dyes, plant compounds (chlorophyll), make-up, and many other substances

Liquid ChromatographyUsed to identify unknown plant pigments & other compounds.

Thin-Layer ChromatographyUses thin plastic or glass trays to identify the composition of pigments, chemicals, and other unknown substances.

Examples of Chromatography

Mixtures & Compounds

Mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined.

Examples of mixtures ...Air – mixture of gasesBowl of cereal – mixture of cereal and milkSoda pop – mixture of soda syrup, water, and CO2 gasFog –water suspended in airKool-Aid – mixture of water, sugar, and flavor crystals

Examples of compounds ...Salt –Sodium and chlorine combined chemicallyWater –Hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically Carbon Dioxide – Carbon and oxygen combined chemically

Compounds – Two or more elements that are chemically combined.

Solutions

Solution Solute Solvent

Lemonade

Soda pop

Ocean water

Solutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another.

Solutions have two parts: solute and solventThe solute is the substance that is dissolved.The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving

Identify the solute and solvent in each solution ...

Solubility - A measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid.

A substance that does not dissolve in water is called insoluble. A substance that does dissolve in water is called soluble.

Spectrophotometry

• Study of absorption of light by chemical substance

• UV and IR spectrophotometers used in labs– IR (provides more complex patterns than UV)– Different materials have distinctively different IR spectra, each IR is like

a fingerprint of the substance

• Mass Spectrophotometry– Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation

pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons

Mass Spectrometry• Analytical tool used for measuring the molecular mass of a sample.

• Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons

• Monochromator– Device for isolating individual wavelengths or frequencies of light

• Sample separated into its components by GC

• Components are ionized identified by characteristics fragments of the spectra produced by MS

Mass Spectrometry