DRUGSDRUGSBy Tanya RickettsBy Tanya Ricketts

A drug can be defined as a natural or A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order effects in humans or other higher order animalsanimals

Why are drugs used?Why are drugs used?

To sustain / prolong lifeTo sustain / prolong life

Some misuse to escape from the Some misuse to escape from the pressures of lifepressures of life

Others may use drugs to end lifeOthers may use drugs to end life

How many Americans drink alcohol How many Americans drink alcohol regularly?regularly?

90 million90 million

10 million are hopelessly addicted 10 million are hopelessly addicted

DOES IT CROSS SOCIAL/ETHNIC DOES IT CROSS SOCIAL/ETHNIC CLASSES OF SOCIETY?CLASSES OF SOCIETY?

YesYes

TODAY 23 million people in the US are TODAY 23 million people in the US are users of illicit drugs.users of illicit drugs.

Half – million heroin addicts and nearly 6 Half – million heroin addicts and nearly 6 million users of cocainemillion users of cocaine

FORENSICS LABS – FORENSICS LABS –

More than 75% of evidence being More than 75% of evidence being evaluated in labs are drug relatedevaluated in labs are drug related

What’s the difference betweenWhat’s the difference between

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCEPSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

and and

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCEPHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

Does drug use affect people’s needs :Does drug use affect people’s needs :

Example:Example:

HOWHOW

Social responsibilitiesSocial responsibilities

Personal healthPersonal health

Economic relationshipsEconomic relationships

Family obligationsFamily obligations

NARCOTIC DRUGSNARCOTIC DRUGS

Narcotic – from Greek work narkotikos – Narcotic – from Greek work narkotikos –

Which implies lethargy or sluggishnessWhich implies lethargy or sluggishness

Are analgesicsAre analgesics

They relieve pain by exerting a depressing They relieve pain by exerting a depressing action on the CNSaction on the CNS

What is the source of most analgesic What is the source of most analgesic narcotics? narcotics?

OPIUMOPIUM

Although Morphine is extracted from Although Morphine is extracted from opium - most addicts prefer to use one of opium - most addicts prefer to use one of its derivatives – HEROINits derivatives – HEROIN

Highly soluble in waterHighly soluble in water

What doest his matter?What doest his matter?

It’s easier to use by IVIt’s easier to use by IV

Provides high that lasts 3 – 4 hours – deep Provides high that lasts 3 – 4 hours – deep sense of well being, drowsinesssense of well being, drowsiness

Codeine is also present in opiumCodeine is also present in opium

Present in cough suppressantsPresent in cough suppressants

1/6 as strong as morphine1/6 as strong as morphine

Not attractive street drug for addictsNot attractive street drug for addicts

OxyContin – an analgesic narcotic that OxyContin – an analgesic narcotic that has effects similar to those of heroin – has effects similar to those of heroin – prescribed to a million patients for tx of prescribed to a million patients for tx of chronic pain chronic pain

HALLUCINOGENSHALLUCINOGENS

Are drugs that can cause marked Are drugs that can cause marked alterations in normal thought processes, alterations in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moodsperceptions, and moods

WHAT IS THE FIRST ONE THAT COMES WHAT IS THE FIRST ONE THAT COMES TO MIND?TO MIND?

MarijuanaMarijuana

Most widely used illicit drug in the USMost widely used illicit drug in the US

More than 43 million Americans have triedMore than 43 million Americans have tried

First introduce into the US around 1920First introduce into the US around 1920

Causes increased desire for sweetsCauses increased desire for sweets

Long term use amotivational syndrome Long term use amotivational syndrome characterized by apathy, impairment of characterized by apathy, impairment of judgment, memory, and concentrationjudgment, memory, and concentration

Loss of interest in personal appearanceLoss of interest in personal appearance

And the pursuit of conventional goalsAnd the pursuit of conventional goals

WHAT TWO AREAS OF RESEARCH WHAT TWO AREAS OF RESEARCH

Involving marijuana Involving marijuana

Reduction of excessive eye pressure in Reduction of excessive eye pressure in glaucomaglaucoma

And lessening of nausea caused by And lessening of nausea caused by powerful anticancer drugspowerful anticancer drugs

OTHER HALLUCINOGENSOTHER HALLUCINOGENS

LSD – lysergic acid diethylamideLSD – lysergic acid diethylamide

Vivid hallucinations up to 12 hoursVivid hallucinations up to 12 hours

Changes in mood – laughing or crying Changes in mood – laughing or crying

Feeling of anxiety and tensionFeeling of anxiety and tension

Flashbacks and psychotic reactions even Flashbacks and psychotic reactions even after DC useafter DC use

PCPPCP

PhencyclidinePhencyclidine

Cookbook methods Cookbook methods

May be mixed with other drugsMay be mixed with other drugs

Feelings of strength and invulnerability Feelings of strength and invulnerability

Dreamy sense of detachmentDreamy sense of detachment

Unresponsive, confused, and agitatedUnresponsive, confused, and agitated

Depression, irritability , feelings of isolationDepression, irritability , feelings of isolation

Audio/visual hallucinationsAudio/visual hallucinations

Tendencies toward violenceTendencies toward violence

Suicide accompany long term daily use of Suicide accompany long term daily use of the drugthe drug

LSD lysergic acid dethylamideLSD lysergic acid dethylamide

Visual hallucinations up to 12 hoursVisual hallucinations up to 12 hours

Laughing to crying, mood changesLaughing to crying, mood changes

DEPRESSANTSDEPRESSANTS

First one that comes to mind?First one that comes to mind?

ALCOHOL – ETHYL ALCOHOLALCOHOL – ETHYL ALCOHOL

Depressant action on the CNSDepressant action on the CNS

Alcohol – to bloodstream – to brain – Alcohol – to bloodstream – to brain – suppresses brain’s control of thought suppresses brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordinationprocesses and muscle coordination

WHAT DOES A DRUNK SOUND AND WHAT DOES A DRUNK SOUND AND ACT LIKE?ACT LIKE?

EXTREMELY HIGH DOSES – may cause EXTREMELY HIGH DOSES – may cause and individual to lapse into and individual to lapse into unconsciousness or even into a comatose unconsciousness or even into a comatose state that may be a prelude to a fatal state that may be a prelude to a fatal depression of circulatory and respiratory depression of circulatory and respiratory functionsfunctions

BARBITURATESBARBITURATES

DownersDowners

They relaxThey relax

Feeling of well being, and produce sleepFeeling of well being, and produce sleep

Slang – terms – barbs, yellow jackets, blue Slang – terms – barbs, yellow jackets, blue devils, redsdevils, reds

Taken orallyTaken orally

TRANQUILIZERSTRANQUILIZERS

Relaxing tranquility without impairment of Relaxing tranquility without impairment of high thinking faculties or the inducement of high thinking faculties or the inducement of sleepsleep

Major – reserpine and chlorpromazine – Major – reserpine and chlorpromazine – mental patientsmental patients

Mild – miltown, librium, valium, produce Mild – miltown, librium, valium, produce psychological and physical dependencypsychological and physical dependency

GLUE SNIFFINGGLUE SNIFFING

Volatile solventsVolatile solvents

CNS depressantsCNS depressants

Toluene, naphtha, methyl ethyl ketone, Toluene, naphtha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline, and trichloroethylenegasoline, and trichloroethylene

Feeling of exhilaration and euphoria Feeling of exhilaration and euphoria combined with slurred speech, impaired combined with slurred speech, impaired judgment, and double vision, drowsiness, judgment, and double vision, drowsiness, stupor stupor

May cause liver, heart, and brain damage May cause liver, heart, and brain damage

High risk of deathHigh risk of death

STIMULANTSSTIMULANTS

AmphetaminesAmphetaminesStimulate the CNSStimulate the CNSUppers or speedUppers or speedFeeling of well beingFeeling of well beingIncreased alertnessIncreased alertnessFollowed by a decrease in fatigue and loss Followed by a decrease in fatigue and loss of appetiteof appetitedepressiondepression

IV injection of amphetamine - IV injection of amphetamine - methamphetaminemethamphetamine

Flash or rush - followed by an intense Flash or rush - followed by an intense feeling of pleasure constitutes the principal feeling of pleasure constitutes the principal appeal of the in route speed freakappeal of the in route speed freak

Speed binge – may inject 500 - 1000 Speed binge – may inject 500 - 1000 milligrams of amphetamines every 2 – 3 milligrams of amphetamines every 2 – 3 hourshours

Users have euphoria that produces Users have euphoria that produces hyperactivity with a feeling of clarity of hyperactivity with a feeling of clarity of vision as well as hallucinationsvision as well as hallucinations

Then as it wears of - period of exhaustion Then as it wears of - period of exhaustion and may sleep continuously for 1 – 2 daysand may sleep continuously for 1 – 2 days

Then depression from days to weeksThen depression from days to weeks

New smokable of meth – iceNew smokable of meth – ice

Effects for longer period of timeEffects for longer period of time

Chronic users – exhibit violent destructive Chronic users – exhibit violent destructive behavior and acute psychoses similar to behavior and acute psychoses similar to paranoid schizophreniaparanoid schizophrenia

COCAINECOCAINE

Powerful stimulant to the CNSPowerful stimulant to the CNS

Increased alertness and vigorIncreased alertness and vigor

Accompanied by the suppression of Accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredomhunger, fatigue, and boredom

Sniffed or snorted absorbed through the Sniffed or snorted absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nosemucous membranes of the nose

Crack – snorted – stimulates a pleasure Crack – snorted – stimulates a pleasure center in the base of the brain, in an area center in the base of the brain, in an area connected to nerves that are responsible connected to nerves that are responsible for emotionsfor emotions

Cocaine related deaths are a result of Cocaine related deaths are a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrestrespiratory arrest

Peruvian farmers may be paid $200 for Peruvian farmers may be paid $200 for enough coca leaves to make one pound of enough coca leaves to make one pound of cocaine. The refined cocaine will be worth cocaine. The refined cocaine will be worth $1,000 when it leaves Colombia and will $1,000 when it leaves Colombia and will sell at retail in the US for up to $20,000sell at retail in the US for up to $20,000

CLUB DRUGSCLUB DRUGS

Synthetic drugs that are used at night Synthetic drugs that are used at night clubs, bars, and raves ( all night dance clubs, bars, and raves ( all night dance parties)parties)

MDMA – EcstasyMDMA – Ecstasy

GHBGHB

Rohypnol – RoofiesRohypnol – Roofies

Ketamine, Ketamine,

methamphetaminemethamphetamine

CNS depressantsCNS depressants

Acts that are Associated with drug – Acts that are Associated with drug – sexual assault, rape, and robberysexual assault, rape, and robbery

Effects accompanying the use of GHB Effects accompanying the use of GHB include dizziness, sedation, HA, nauseainclude dizziness, sedation, HA, nausea

Rohypnol – cant remember what Rohypnol – cant remember what happened during the hours after ingesting happened during the hours after ingesting the drugthe drug

Colorless, and tastelessColorless, and tasteless

Ecstasy – most popular drug at rave club Ecstasy – most popular drug at rave club scenesscenes

Mind alteringMind altering

Hallucinogenic and amphetamine – has Hallucinogenic and amphetamine – has effects like an appetite suppressant effects like an appetite suppressant

was later discovered to bring about was later discovered to bring about feelings of happiness and relaxationfeelings of happiness and relaxation

Seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, Seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, CV system failure often kidney failure, CV system failure often accompany chronic abuse of ecstasyaccompany chronic abuse of ecstasy

ANABOLIC STEROIDSANABOLIC STEROIDS

Synthetic compounds that are chemically Synthetic compounds that are chemically related to the male sex hormone related to the male sex hormone testosteronetestosteronePromotes the dev. Of secondary male Promotes the dev. Of secondary male characteristics and accelerates muscle characteristics and accelerates muscle growthgrowthMale athletes given anabolic steroids has Male athletes given anabolic steroids has generally found little/marginal generally found little/marginal strength/performancestrength/performance

Liver ca and other liver malfunctions have Liver ca and other liver malfunctions have been linked to steroid usebeen linked to steroid use

Masulinizing effects on females, infertility, Masulinizing effects on females, infertility, and diminished sex drive in malesand diminished sex drive in males

Premature halting of bone growthPremature halting of bone growth

Anger and destructive behaviorAnger and destructive behavior

depressiondepression

DRUG – CONTROL LAWSDRUG – CONTROL LAWS

Legal community requires a thorough Legal community requires a thorough knowledge of drug classification and knowledge of drug classification and definitions as they are delineated by drug definitions as they are delineated by drug lawslaws

Chemists report must contain all info that Chemists report must contain all info that is needed to properly charge a suspect is needed to properly charge a suspect under the provisions of the existing lawunder the provisions of the existing law

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACTACT

5 schedules of classification5 schedules of classification

Most severe penalties are associated with Most severe penalties are associated with drugs that are listed in schedules I and IIdrugs that are listed in schedules I and II

Example – I and II an first offense - up to Example – I and II an first offense - up to 20 years in prison and fine of up to 1 20 years in prison and fine of up to 1 million for individual or up to 5 million for million for individual or up to 5 million for other than individualsother than individuals

LOOK AT DIFFERENCE BT 252 - 253LOOK AT DIFFERENCE BT 252 - 253

READ 252 -254READ 252 -254The act reflects an effort to decrease the The act reflects an effort to decrease the prevalence of clandestine drug prevalence of clandestine drug laboratories designed to manufacture laboratories designed to manufacture controlled substances controlled substances Regulates the manufacture and Regulates the manufacture and distribution of precursors, the chemical distribution of precursors, the chemical compounds used by clandestine drug labs compounds used by clandestine drug labs to synthesize drugs or abuseto synthesize drugs or abuse

DRUG IDDRUG ID

No room for error b/c its results will have a No room for error b/c its results will have a direct bearing on the process of direct bearing on the process of determining the guilt or innocence of a determining the guilt or innocence of a defendantdefendant

First – screening tests to reduce these First – screening tests to reduce these possibilities to a small and manageable possibilities to a small and manageable number - may by color tests – will number - may by color tests – will produce ch. Colors for the more commonly produce ch. Colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugsencountered illicit drugs

Second phase – the analysis must be Second phase – the analysis must be devoted to pinpointing and confirming the devoted to pinpointing and confirming the drug’s identitydrug’s identity

COLOR TESTSCOLOR TESTS

Colors produced when brought into Colors produced when brought into contact with specific chemical reagentscontact with specific chemical reagents

Screening test onlyScreening test only

Microcystalline TestsMicrocystalline Tests

More specific testMore specific test

Chemical reagent is added to a small Chemical reagent is added to a small quantity of the drug on a slidequantity of the drug on a slide

ChromatographyChromatography

Thin-layer and gas chromatography Thin-layer and gas chromatography

They separate drugs from their diluents They separate drugs from their diluents while providing for their tentative idwhile providing for their tentative id

SPECTROPHOTOMETRYSPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Selective absorption of light by drugs in Selective absorption of light by drugs in the UV and IR regions of the the UV and IR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provides a electromagnetic spectrum provides a valuable technique valuable technique

UV spectrum not conclusive for the UV spectrum not conclusive for the positive ID of a drug/ b/c other materials positive ID of a drug/ b/c other materials may very well produce an may very well produce an indistinguishable spectrumindistinguishable spectrum

Establishes the probable identity of a drug Establishes the probable identity of a drug

Infrared spectrophotometry – specifically Infrared spectrophotometry – specifically identify a substanceidentify a substance

Fingerprint of a compoundFingerprint of a compound

MASS SPECTROMETRYMASS SPECTROMETRY

Chromatography separates a drug from Chromatography separates a drug from other substances - but not a specific id of other substances - but not a specific id of material under investigationmaterial under investigation

GC/MS – gas chromatography/mass GC/MS – gas chromatography/mass spectrometryspectrometry

READ PAGE 259READ PAGE 259

ID OF MARIJUANAID OF MARIJUANA

Botanical features observed under the Botanical features observed under the microscope by a trained expertmicroscope by a trained expert

Chemical testChemical test

Short hairs having the shape of bear claws Short hairs having the shape of bear claws of the upper side of the leafof the upper side of the leaf

PACKGING FOR EIVDENCEPACKGING FOR EIVDENCE

Glue sniffing – air tightGlue sniffing – air tight

Depends on the state the drug found as to Depends on the state the drug found as to how packagedhow packaged

Criminalistics chapter 9Criminalistics chapter 9

Do forensics CD – Activity 8 drug bustDo forensics CD – Activity 8 drug bust