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Page 1: Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology · 2012. 9. 5. · Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology. 2 Conservation ecology is an effort to save biodiversity loss Restoration ecology ecological principles

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Ch. 55Conservation Ecology

Page 2: Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology · 2012. 9. 5. · Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology. 2 Conservation ecology is an effort to save biodiversity loss Restoration ecology ecological principles

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Conservation  ecology is an effort to save biodiversity loss

Restoration ecology  ­ ecological principles to return ecosystems that have been disturbed by human acitivity to a condition as similar as possible to their original natural state

Page 3: Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology · 2012. 9. 5. · Ch. 55 Conservation Ecology. 2 Conservation ecology is an effort to save biodiversity loss Restoration ecology ecological principles

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Three levels of biodiversity:

1. Genetic diversityindividual variation as well as between populations

2. Species diversity ­ variety of species in an ecosystemU.S. Endangered Species Act (1973)

a. endangered ­ "in danger of extinction throughout all or a     significant portion of its range"

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b. threatened ­ organisms that are likely to become endangered in the future

c. extinction ­ population does not exist anymore  either locally or globally

ex. 1,183 bird species (13% in world)

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Endangered speciesPhilippine Eagle

Chinese River Dolphin

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3. Ecosystem diversityex. rainforests

loss of keystone predator (sea star/mussel scenario)

­extinction of one organism has a great impact on other organisms in the excosystem (think food webs!)

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Why do we want to preserve biodiversity?

1. natural resources for medicines, fibers, crops, etc.

2. to prevent loss of genes which code for useful proteins

3. potential for future development of new medicines, foods, petroleum substitutes, chemicals

4. aesthetic reasons

5. ethical reasons

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6. risk our own survivalpurification of water/airnutrient cyclingdetoxification and decomposition of wastescontrol agricultural pests

rosy periwinkle used for Hodgkin's disease and acutelymphocytic leukemia

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Biosphere II in Arizona ­ 1990, 8 people put inside, had many different ecosystems, supposed to be self sufficient­lasted 15 months

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What are the threats to biodiversity?1. Habitat loss = greatest threata. Habitat destruction

due to agriculture, forestry, mining, pollution, urban development, coral reef destruction

b. Habitat fragmentationecosystems that are broken into smaller pieces

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habitat reductionand fragmentationin a Wisconsin forestover time

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2. Introduced Species = non­native or exotic species­those that humans move from the species' native location to a new geographic location ( accidentally or on purpose)

Ex. zebra mussels, African bees, brown tree snake in Guam, fox in Australia, purple loosestrife, milfoil

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­ Zebra musselsappeared in the Great Lakes in 1988

­thought to be brought via ballast in ships from Europe

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Nile Perch Brown Tree Snake

Argentine Ants Seaweed Caulerpa

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3. Overexploitation­humans harvesting wild plants or animals at rates higher than can be replaced reproductivelyEx. elephants, whales, rhinoceroses

hurts animals native to islandsoverfishing ­ trawling

the great auk­ found in North Atlantic Ocean islands

White rhinoceros ­ killed for its horn

http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife­Conservation/Threats­to­Wildlife/Overexploitation.aspx

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Population Conservation approaches1. small population approach ­ study processes that cause very small populations to become extinct

­extinction vortex (downward spiral) ­  loss of genetic variation

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minimum viable population size­ the minimum population size that species are able to maintain their numbers and survive

­usually computer generated­used in part of population viability analysis (predicts species survival)­ effective population size (Ne) ­ based on breeding potential

Ne  = 4Nf Nm Nf  = number of breeding females Nf  + Nm        Nm  = number of breeding males

  

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Populations with low Ne prone to: 

inbreedingreduced heterozygosityrandom effects of genetic drift/bottlenecking

Ex. Prairie chickenfragmented habitat ­ Illinois chicken ­decreased 

hatching rate­ headed for extinction vortex until humans introduced chickens from Nebraska, then rates went up

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in 1992scientists introduced prairie chickens from Minnesota, Kansas, andNebraska

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Grizzly Bear in Yellowstone National Park

monitoring population by tagging the bears with a radio collar to track movements

males

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2. Declining­population approach ­ focuses on threatened and endangered species

­emphasizes environmental factors  that cause population decline

­evaluated on a case by case basis

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Steps for decling population approach:

1. confirm species is in decline ­ look at population trends2. study species natural history to determine environmental

requirements3. determine all possible causes of decline4. list hypothesis predictions of decline5. test hypothesis6. apply results to help manage species

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Red cockaded woodpeckerforest that sustains woodpecker ­lowundergrowth

forest that cannot sustain woodpecker ­ high undergrowth

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Conflicts of conservation biology

­ environment vs. demands for jobs in timber, mining

­environment vs. economics

­can't save all organisms, which should we save??

­look at individual or whole community

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Conservation focus is on communities

Landscape ecology­ application of ecological principles to the study of human land use patterns

­organisms can live on edges of two different environments­edges have different characteristics than either of the environments on either side­white­tailed deer, ruff grouse live in these edges­can have positive or negative effect on community biodiversity

­negative = cowbird­positive = area of speciation

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natural edges human created edges

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use of movement corridors = strip of land or a bridge connecting two isolated areas of inhabitable land

Ex. Florida panthers­important for migrating  species­can also spread disease of  population

artificial corridor for Florida panthers

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How do Conservation biologists attempt to maintainbiodiversity?

1. National Parks ­ protected

2. protecting biodiversity hot spots­small areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large # of endangered or threatened species

­contain 1/3 of all species of plants and vertebrates

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Biodiversity Hot Spots

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Actual area needed by an organism may be larger than the actual protected area

­biotic boundary = area needed to sustain a certain population size

­legal boundary = the actual area of protected area

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biotic boundary for short­term survival of 50 individuals

biotic boundary for long­term survival of 500 bears

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3. Nature reserves­ biodiversity "islands" in an area degraded by human activity

­zoned reserve ­ a large region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain

­surrounding land acts as a buffer zone from intrusion

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Ex. Costa Rica

green =national parks

gold =buffer zones

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4. Restoration ecology­returning degraded ecosystems to as close to natural conditions as possible

­ assume­ most damage is reversible

­ based on succession principles

­ larger area disturbed, longer it takes to recuperate

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salmon­colored= natural 

white = human caused

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two strategies for restoration ecology:

1. bioremediation ­ using organisms to detoxify polluted areas

ex. plants for uptake of toxic metals from miningPseudomonas for oil spills

2. augmentation­ use of organisms to add materials to degraded ecosystem

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Ex. legumes to add nitrogen to soil

Albizzia procera lives in nitrogen poor soil and allows indigenous to recolonize

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Sustainable Biosphere Initiative

­goal: "define and acquire ecological information necessary for the intelligent and responsible development, management and conservation of Earth's resources"

­Studies:1. global changes2. biological diversity3. productivity methods of natural and artificial     ecosystems

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Future of the biosphere depends on our biophilia

biophilia­our innate sense of love of nature and our connection to other organisms

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• Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology• List the three major threats to biodiversity and give an example of 

each• Define and compare the small­population approach and the declining­  

population approach• Distinguish between the total population size and the effective 

population size• Describe the conflicting demands that may accompany species 

conservation

Review ­ You should be able to:

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• Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important• Define zoned reserves and explain why they are important• Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological 

augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts• Describe the concept of sustainable development• Explain the goals of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative

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