ch. 8 solutions, acids, & bases i. how solutions form definitions types of solutions ...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving
![Page 2: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A. DefinitionsA. Definitions
Solution – Solution – a mixture that has the same a mixture that has the same composition throughout the mixture; a composition throughout the mixture; a homogeneous mixturehomogeneous mixture
Solvent Solvent – what the solute is dissolved in (in greater quantity)
Solute Solute - substance being dissolved (in lesser quantity)
![Page 3: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A. DefinitionsA. Definitions
Solute Solute - KMnO4 Solvent Solvent - H2O
![Page 4: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Remember the difference between a a mixture and a compound.
o Compounds have the same (fixed) composition throughout.
o Mixtures can have a variable (different) composition throughout.
A. Definitions
![Page 5: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Solubility – The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature.
A. Definitions
![Page 6: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B. Types of SolutionsB. Types of Solutions
Saturated solutions – maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solutions – less than the max. amount of solute at a given temperature.
Supersaturated solutions – more than the max amount of solute at a given temperature; unstable
![Page 7: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
B. Types of SolutionsB. Types of Solutions
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
concentration
![Page 8: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
C. DissolvingC. Dissolving
SolvationSolvation
• occurs at the surface of the solute
• solvent particles surround solute particles (+/- attraction)
• solute particles are pulled into solution
![Page 9: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C. DissolvingC. Dissolving
NaCl dissolving in waterNaCl dissolving in water
![Page 10: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
D. Rate of DissolvingD. Rate of Dissolving
Solids dissolve faster...Solids dissolve faster...
• more stirring
• small particle size(increased surface area)
• high temperature
![Page 11: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
D. Rate of DissolvingD. Rate of Dissolving
Gases dissolve faster...Gases dissolve faster...
• no shaking or stirring
• high pressure
• low temperature
![Page 12: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
II. Concentration & Solubility
![Page 13: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A. ConcentrationA. Concentration
% by Volume% by Volume• usu. liquid in liquid• EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water
% by Mass% by Mass• usu. solid in liquid• EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water
![Page 14: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A. ConcentrationA. Concentration
Concentrated solutionConcentrated solution • large amount of solute
Dilute solutionDilute solution • small amount of solute
![Page 15: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A. ConcentrationA. Concentration
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
concentration
![Page 16: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
B. SolubilityB. Solubility
SolubilitySolubility• maximum grams of solute that will
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
• varies with temperature• based on a saturated solution
![Page 17: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
B. SolubilityB. Solubility
Solubility CurveSolubility Curve• shows the
dependence of solubility on temperature
![Page 18: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
B. SolubilityB. Solubility
Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...• high temperatures.
Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...• low temperatures.• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).
![Page 19: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
III. Particles in Solution “Like Dissolves Like” Electrolytes
![Page 20: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A. “Like Dissolves Like”A. “Like Dissolves Like”
NONPOLAR
NONPOLAR
POLAR
POLAR
DetergentsDetergents• polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”• can dissolve both types
![Page 21: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
B. ElectrolytesB. Electrolytes
ElectrolyteNon-
Electrolyte
solute exists asions only
- +
salt
- +
sugar
solute exists asmolecules
only
- +
acetic acid
WeakElectrolyte
solute exists asions and
molecules
![Page 22: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
B. ElectrolytesB. Electrolytes
DissociationDissociation• separation of +/-
ions when an ionic compound dissolves in water
![Page 23: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
B. ElectrolytesB. Electrolytes
IonizationIonization• breaking apart of
polar covalent molecules into ions when dissolving in water
![Page 24: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
I. Intro to Acids & Bases Definitions Properties Uses
![Page 25: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A. AcidsA. Acids
• Contain at least one hydrogen atom that can be removed when the acid is dissolved in water.
• These form hydronium ions, H3O+.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–
![Page 26: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A. BasesA. Bases
• Form hydroxide ions (OH-) in a water solution.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
![Page 27: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A. IndicatorsA. Indicators
• An organic substance that changes color in an acid or base.
ExamplesExamples::• litmus - red/blue• phenolphthalein - colorless/pink• goldenrod - yellow/red• red cabbage juice - pink/green
![Page 28: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
B. PropertiesB. Properties
sour taste
pH less than 7
corrosive
electrolytes
turn litmus red
react with metals to form H2 gas
bitter taste
pH greater than 7
corrosive
electrolytes
turn litmus blue
slippery feel
![Page 29: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
C. UsesC. Uses
H3PO4 - soft drinks, fertilizer, detergents
H2SO4 - fertilizer, car batteries
HCl - gastric juice
HC2H3O2 - vinegar
![Page 30: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
C. UsesC. Uses
NaOH - lye, drain and oven cleaner
Mg(OH)2 - laxative, antacid
NH3 - cleaners, fertilizer
![Page 31: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
II. Strength of Acids & Bases Strength vs. ConcentrationStrong vs. Weak pH
![Page 32: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A. Strength vs. ConcentrationA. Strength vs. Concentration
Strong and weak – tells how easy the acid or base dissociates in solution.
Concentration – The amount of acid or base in a solution.
It is possible to have a dilute concentration of a strong acid that would be less harmful than a concentrated weak acid.
![Page 33: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A. Strength of Acids & BasesA. Strength of Acids & Bases
The strength of an acid or base depends on how completely a compound separates into ions when dissolved in water.
Ions can carry an electric charge so a strong acid will carry more electricity than weak acid.
![Page 34: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
B. Strong vs. WeakB. Strong vs. Weak
Strong Acid/BaseStrong Acid/Base• 100% ions in water• strong electrolyte• HCl, HNO3, NaOH, LiOH
Weak Acid/BaseWeak Acid/Base• few ions in water• weak electrolyte• HC2H3O2, NH3
- +
- +
![Page 35: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
B. Strong AcidsB. Strong Acids
Acids that ionize almost completely in a solution are strong acids.
Ex: HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4
![Page 36: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
B. Strong BasesB. Strong Bases
Bases that dissociate completely in a solution are strong bases.
Ex: NaOH
![Page 37: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
C. pH ScaleC. pH Scale
0
7INCREASING
ACIDITY NEUTRALINCREASING
BASICITY
14
pH pH (potential of Hydrogen)(potential of Hydrogen)• a measure of the concentration of H+
ions in a solution • measured with a pH meter or an
indicator with a wide color range (0-14)
![Page 38: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
C. pH ScaleC. pH Scale
pH of Common SubstancespH of Common SubstancespH of Common SubstancespH of Common Substances
![Page 39: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Which of the following "molecular" pictures best represents a concentrated solution of the weak acid HA?
ConcepTestConcepTest
A B
![Page 40: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
• A strong acid has a lower pH than a weak acid.
• FALSE - Strong/weak refers to amount of ionization whereas pH refers to concentration of H+.
ConcepTestConcepTest
![Page 41: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
Ch. 8Solutions, Acids, & Bases
III. Neutralization Neutralization Reaction
![Page 42: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A. Neutralization ReactionA. Neutralization Reaction
Chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
Products are a salt (ionic compound) and water.
![Page 43: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ACID + BASE ACID + BASE SALT + WATER SALT + WATER
HCl + NaOH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H NaCl + H22OO
Neutralization does not always mean pH = 7.
=
A. Neutralization ReactionA. Neutralization Reaction
![Page 44: Ch. 8 Solutions, Acids, & Bases I. How Solutions Form Definitions Types of Solutions Dissolving Rate of Dissolving](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032802/56649e055503460f94af1ebb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
KOH + HNO3 H2O + KNO3
Acid
Base
Salt
HNO3
KOH
KNO3
A. Neutralization ReactionA. Neutralization Reaction