ch01 - software v2
TRANSCRIPT
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 1
Software Engineering
Introduction
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 2
The economies of ALL developed nations are
dependent on software
More and more systems are software controlled
Software engineering is concerned with theories,methods and tools for professional software
development
Software engineering expenditure represents a
significant fraction of GNP in all developed countries
Software engineering
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 4
What is software engineering?
an engineering discipline which is concerned with all
aspects of software production
adopts a systematic and organised approach, uses
appropriate tools and techniques depending on theproblem to be solved, the development constraints and
the resources available
uses notations (sometimes called method) and
processes
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 5
Software costs often dominate system costs. The costs
of software on a PC are often greater than the
hardware cost
Software costs
Software vs Hardware Costs
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1960 1975 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 6
Software costs
Software costs more to maintain than it does to
develop. For systems with a long life, maintenance
costs may be several times development costs
Software engineering is concerned with cost-effectivesoftware development
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 7
Evolution of Software
1 First Generation
y software an afterthought
y development unmanaged
y focus on hardwarey low job mobility
y design implicit
y product software in infancy
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 8
Evolution of Software
2 Second Generationy Mid 1960s late 1970s
y Multitasking, multiuser, interactive
y Interaction opened up new world of application and
hardware sophistication
y Real-time systems
y Advance in online storage, database management systems
y Software houses & product software for mainframes &
mini-computers
y program growing in size, software maintenance
y personalised nature of programs made many
unmaintainable software crisis
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 9
Evolution of Software
3
y distributed system, concurrency, high bandwidth comms,
lans & wans
y
advent of PCs4
y powerful desktops
y architecture changing from centralised mainframe to
decentralised client-server
y information superhighway
y OO programming
y AI & expert systems
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 10
Evolution of Software
5
y distributed objects, enterprise computing
y Corba, DCom, EJB and coming soon .NET
y e-commerce and web software
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 11
Software Characteristics
software is engineered, not manufactured
no manufacturing phase which introduces quality problems
costs concentrated in engineering
software does not ware out does deteriorate
no spare parts
most software is custom built rather than being
assembled from components
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 12
Hardware Characteristics
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 13
Software Characteristics
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 14
Software Characteristics
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 15
FAQs about software engineering
What is the difference between software engineering
and computer science?
What is the difference between software engineering
and system engineering? What is a software process?
What is a software process model?
What are the costs of software engineering?
What are software engineering methods?
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 16
FAQs about software engineering
What is CASE (Computer-Aided Software
Engineering)
What are the attributes of good software?
What are the key challenges facing softwareengineering?
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 17
What is the difference between software engineering
and computer science?
Computer science is concerned with theory and
fundamentals; software engineering is concerned with
the practicalities of developing and delivering usefulsoftware
Computer science theories are currently insufficient to
act as a complete underpinning for software
engineering
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 18
What is the difference between software engineering
and system engineering?
System engineering is concerned with all aspects of
computer-based systems development including
hardware, software and process engineering. Software
engineering is part of this process System engineers are involved in system specification,
architectural design, integration and deployment
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 19
What is a software process?
A set of activities whose goal is the development or
evolution of software
Generic activities in all software processes are:
Specification - what the system should do and itsdevelopment constraints
Development - production of the software system
Validation - checking that the software is what the
customer wants Evolution - changing the software in response to changing
demands
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 20
What is a software process model?
A simplified representation of a software process,
presented from a specific perspective
Examples of process perspectives are
Workflow perspective - sequence of activities Data-flow perspective - information flow
Role/action perspective - who does what
Generic process models
Waterfall
Evolutionary development
Formal transformation
Integration from reusable components
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 21
What are the costs of software engineering?
Roughly 60% of costs are development costs,
40% are testing costs. For custom software,
evolution costs often exceed development costs
Costs vary depending on the type of system being
developed and the requirements of system
attributes such as performance and system
reliability
Distribution of costs depends on the development
model that is used
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 22
What are software engineering methods?
Structured approaches to software development
which include system models, notations, rules,
design advice and process guidance
Model descriptions - descriptions of graphical modelswhich should be produced
Rules - constraints applied to system models
Recommendations - advice on good design practice
Process guidance - what activities to follow
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 23
What is CASE (Computer-Aided Software
Engineering)
Software systems which are intended to provide
automated support for software process activities.
CASE systems are often used for method support
Upper-CASE Tools to support the early process activities of
requirements and design
Lower-CASE
Tools to support later activities such as programming,debugging and testing
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 24
What are the attributes of good software?
The software should deliver the required
functionality and performance to the user and
should be maintainable, dependable and usable
Maintainability Software must evolve to meet changing needs
Dependability - reliable, safe, robust, secure
Efficiency - in use of system resources Usability - must be usable by the users for which it was
designed
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 25
Software attributes - conflicting aims
Ease of
maintenance
Reliability
Cost of
Production
Performance
Meeting
deadlines
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. Ian Sommerville Chapter 1 Slide 26
What are the key challenges facing software
engineering?
Coping with legacy systems, coping with increasing
diversity and coping with demands for reduced
delivery times
Legacy systems Old, valuable systems must be maintained and updated
Heterogeneity
Systems are distributed and include a mix of hardware and
software
Delivery
There is increasing pressure for faster delivery of software