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PreviewStarting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe

Main Idea / Reading Focus

The King Becomes Emperor

Artistic Achievements

Spain under Philip II

The Power of Spain

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Reading FocusWhat challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V?

What were some artistic achievements of Spains golden age?

How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s.The Power of Spain

Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right

Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged

1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond

In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control

Imposing Their Will1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain

Inexperienced, but had one kingly traitas member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch

Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives

Kingly TraitThe King Becomes Emperor

When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant

Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes

Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states

So vast the sun never set over it

Emperor Charles VRuling vast territories not easy task for Charles

Faced enemies on all sidesOttoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes

Also fought for religious control over Europe

Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic

Growing Protestant movement threatened influence

Enemies Everywhere

Charles V and the Empire

PeaceAgreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant

Charles vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality

Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

Confrontation1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly

In spite of Charles efforts, Protestants gained influence

Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread

After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg

Success in AmericasCharles V more successful in Americas than in Europe During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain

Among explorers King Charles supported

Hernn Corts, who conquered Aztec empire

Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region

Silver and gold flowed from American colonies

Brought Spain fabulous wealth

Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria

Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spains colonies

Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled

Imposing Their WillFrustrated by failures in Europe

1556, Charles V gave up thrones

Decided to divide large empire

Split between his brother and his son

Relinquished ThronesDividing the Empire

Draw Conclusions

In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful?

Answer(s): successfulexploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessfuldid not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement

Became known as the Golden Century

One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos

Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures

Much work religious, reflected Spains central role in Counter-Reformation

ArtAnother Spanish painter, Diego Velzquez

Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity

Velzquez had privilege of being the court painter

Court PainterArtistic Achievements

WritersSpanish golden age also produced fine writers

Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes

Colonial WritersWriters in Spains colonies produced works of merit

Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays

CervantesMost famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha

About man caught between medieval, modern worlds

Church CriticismChurch officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas

She believed women had right to education

Literature

Summarize

What were some achievements of Spains Golden Century?

Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velsquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz

Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II

One reasonstream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas

With wealth came powerbut gold could not solve Spains problems

King Philip II devout Catholic

Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation

Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism

Religion and Revolt

Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith

Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories

Catholicism in Territories

Philips faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces

1560s, bloody revolt began

Revolt in the Low CountriesSpain under Philip II

Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba

Alba set up court

Known locally as Court of Blood

Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels

Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew

Revolt dragged on for decades

1609, truce reached

Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands

Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

English Aid to DutchDutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England

As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels

Englands assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip

Invasion PlannedKing Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church

Decided to invade England

Attacks on Spanish ShipsPhilip also worried about English attacks on his ships

Englands Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England

Spain and England

Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada

Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors

1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel

Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack

Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion

Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands

Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet

Naval BattlesEnglish aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada

Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray

As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked

Armada Not Invincible

Philips Armada

Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spains economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss.

But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.

Spains real problems internal

Philips government centralized

He trusted no one

Court riddled by factions, suspicion

Government action practically came to standstill

Internal ProblemsAn Empire in DeclinePhilip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare

Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times

Prices driven up, inflation

Spain did not develop industries

Americans Join the Battle

Recall

What were two events that caused problems for Spain?

Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada

The Monarchs of EuropeSection 1