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2. Ch. 21: The Civil Rights Movement The Fight for Equality in America 3. Are all Americans entitled to the same civil rights? Why might some people fight against equal rights? 4. Taking on Segregation

Segregation

• The Civil Rights Act of 1875 actually outlawed segregation in public facilities

• 1883 act is declared unconstitutional

5. 6. Its the Law

1890s Laws and court decisions make segregation legal in most areas

African Americans have few rights

7. Northern Segregation

De facto Segregation exists by practice and custom

• Existed in North

• Harder to eliminate

De Jure Segregation by law

8. 9. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Separate but equal did not violate the 14 thamendment

Jim Crow laws are passed

Facilities were not equal African American facilities inferior

10. 11. 12. Great Migration

African Americans start migrating north in the 20 thCentury

• Still face segregation

13. Beginning of Civil Rights Movement

1. After WWII new job opportunities for African Americans, Latinos, and women

2. 1 million African Americans served in the military

3. Rising protests of Jim Crows racial discrimination prohibited by federal agencies and factories involved in war work

14. NAACP

Challenges segregation in court

• Inequalities in schools

• Thurgood Marshall head of NAACP lawyers

15. Thurgood Marshall

Becomes first African American appointed to Supreme court, 1967

16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Supreme court unanimously declares segregation unconstitutional under the 14 thamendment

States have mixed reactions

17. 18. Chief Justice Warren

in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place

19. Little Rock, AR

Governor Faubus orders the National Guard to turn away Little Rock Nine African American children entering Central High

Eisenhower places National Guard under federal control

• Paratroopers go into AR and allow students to attend class

20. 21. 22. Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks refuses to move to back of bus

• Bus driver has her arrested

23. 24. Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Bus Boycott organized: Martin Luther King elected to lead group

25. 26. Martin Luther King

Great orator, inspires others

• Emphasizes non-violence

27. Martin Luther King

Inspired by teachings of others

• Jesus, Henry D. Thoreau, Mohandas Ghandi

28.

Founded Southern Christian Leadership Congress (SCLC)

• Purpose: to use non-violent protests to gain equal rights for African American citizens

• Branches set up in different cities

29. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Non-violence protest group organized at Shaw University

African American college students greatly affected by segregation

30. 31. Kings supporters stage sit-ins

Protesters sit at segregated lunch counters and refuse to leave until served

Televised nationally coverage shows racism millions see

NPR LINK 32. 33. Freedom Riders

White and Black activists from north who rode south to convince the Kennedy administration to enforce law

Buses attacked

Kennedy sends U.S. marshals to protect bus riders

Segregation ban widens

34. 35. Birmingham

Strictly enforced segregation in public life, racial violence in city

MLK and SCLC go down to help desegregate the city

36.

MLK and marchers are arrested during demonstration

King writes letter from jail

37. Childrens Crusade

1000 children march in Birmingham

959 are arrested

2 ndCrusade police hit them with high pressure hoses

• TV cameras capture it all

38. 39. University of Alabama

JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate university

• Demands Congress pass a Civil Rights Bill

40. 41. 42. Marching to Washington

1960s 250,000 march to persuade congress to pass a civil rights bill

MLK makes I have a dream speech

43. 44. 2 weeks later bomb is thrown into a Birmingham church killing 4 young girls 45. Civil Rights Act of 1964

LBJ signs into law

• Prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender

• All citizens have the right to enter all public facilities

• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission created

46. 47. Voting Rights

College students, mostly white, volunteer to help register voters

48. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Fannie Lou Hamer spoke at 1964 Democratic convention

African Americans wanted more of a voice in democratic party

49. Selma, AL

Voting rights protesters march from Selma to Montgomery

Violence happens when marchers get to Montgomery

TV cameras capture all

50. 51. 52. 53. Voting Rights Act of 1965

Eliminates literacy tests or any other discriminatory practices to keep others from voting

24 thAmendment ends poll taxes

54. 55. 56. 57. 58. Urban Violence

Erupts as attempts by activists to end de facto segregation intensifies

Harlem one of the worst race riots in history

59. 60. 61. 62. Malcolm X

Member of the Nation of Islam

• White people were the cause of black conditions and black people needed to be separate from white society

63. Controversial but appeals African American Pride 64. 65.

Splits with Black Muslims over differences

Makes pilgrimage to Mecca

Prays along other members of Orthodox Islam racial equality

His views change

66. February 21, 1965

Shot and killed while giving a speech in Harlem

67. 68. Black Power Movement

Stokely Carmichael a call for black people to define their own goals

Focus on developing African American pride

69. Black Panthers

Organized in Oakland, CA to fight police brutality in the ghettos

self sufficiency for African American Communities, employment, good housing, and exemption from military service

70. 71. 72.

Dr. King objected to Black Power movement

• would scare white support

73. 1968 MLK is killed

James Earl Ray fatally shoots MLK as he stood on his hotel balcony

Worst Urban rioting in U.S. history begins

74. 75. 76. 77.

Robert Kennedy campaigns for president

• Urges activists to remember MLKs stance on violence and his dream of equality

78. 79. 80.

• RFK is assassinated by a Jordanian immigrant angry over his support of Israel

81. 82. Kerner Commision

Appointed by LBJ to study causes of urban violence

• main cause: White racism

83. Civil Rights Act of 1968

Ends discrimination in housing

School segregation had ended more African Americans finishing high school, attending college, and getting better jobs

84. Result of Civil Rights Movement

African Americans have greater pride in culture

More African Americans in entertainment

Increase in registered voters more African American elected officials

85. 86. 87. 88. Shirley Chisholm

Becomes first African American woman in U.S. House of Representatives

1972 seeks Democratic presidential nomination

89. still a long road

Inner cities still faced problems especially with education

High poverty rates for African Americans

90. Affirmative Action

Program to make a special effort to equalize education and job opportunities

Businesses and schools make efforts to bring more minorities in

Requirements eased in 1990s due to opposition