ch23
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Urbanization in Less-Developed Countries
Chapter 23
Issues
• Rapid population growth in LDCs (peripheral areas of the world)
• Advances of the 3rd Agricultural Revolution push people off of the land
• New international division of labor (global cores and peripheries)
• Overurbanization—cities are growing more rapidly than their jobs and housing can sustain.
20 largest cities in 2004
Historical perspective
• Sometimes cities were established where no significant urban settlement existed. The colonial imprint is pervasive.– Mumbai (Bombay)– Koltata (Calcutta)– Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)– Hong Kong– Jakarta– Nairobi
Historical perspective
• Some had colonial functions grafted onto existing settlement. (The colonial imprint is most visible in the center of the city.)– Mexico City– Shanghai– Tunis– Delhi
Latin American Cities
• Laws of the Indies– Gridiron with
rectangular blocks– Central plaza with
Catholic church, government buildings, and shops
– Wealthy lived close to the plaza
– Middle and lower income further out
San Miguel, Mexico
The Latin American CityCBD includes a
modern self-contained commercial district and a separate traditional mixed market area with street-oriented businesses
The Latin American City• Commercial spine
surrounded by elite residential sector
• Best urban services and most of the high end locations outside the CBD
• Suburban shopping center might compete with the downtown
The Latin American CityModern suburban
industrial park at the end of a railroad or main highway.
The Latin American City
• Zone of maturity surrounding the CBD – Middle income – Good infrastructure– Some gentrification
The Latin American City• In situ accretion
with lower income neighborhoods
• Homes are often in a state of construction (many homes have half-finished rooms or second stories
The Latin American City• Peripheral
squatter settlements– Recent migrants
to city– Self-built– Almost completely
without urban services
The Latin American City• Disamenity
sectors along polluted rivers and industrial corridors
Southeast Asian Cities
Often established by Europeans as gateway cities to facilitate control of Asian trade.
Southeast Asian Cities
The port zone--the center of economic activity in the colonial era--has retained its importance
Southeast Asian CitiesInstead of a single CBD,
there are separate civic commercial/retail zones--a government zone
--a Western Commercial Zone
--one or more high density “alien” commercial zones (often dominated by
ethnic Chinese or Indian)
Southeast Asian Cities
New high-income suburbs have been built to accommodate recent growth
Southeast Asian Cities
Squatter settlements are found in zones of disamenity throughout the city (along polluted rivers and at the edge of a built-up area)
Southeast Asian Cities
A peripheral zone of intensive market gardening supplies fresh produce to the city’s markets.
Southeast Asian Cities
The new industrial estate (probably owned by a multinational corporation) lies on the outskirts of the city.
African CitiesCentral city consists of
three CBDs:
--Remnant of colonial CBD
--informal/periodic market zone
--transitional business center
African Cities
Ethnic neighborhoods radiate in sectors
African CitiesMining and
manufacturing zones are close by.
African Cities
Satellite townships or squatter settlements exist in the periphery.
The Developing World• Squatter settlements are
found on the edges of cities.
Rio favela
Durban, South Africa
The Developing World
• Money sent home by immigrants are called remittances.
• In 2003, immigrants in the US sent $30 billion abroad. (San Francisco Chronicle)
--29% of Nicaragua’s GDP is from remittances.--Some see remittances as a tool for development.
The Developing World
• Informal economy
Cleaning windshieldsThe Dominican Republic
Phone servicesIn Africa
Cooking lady in Peru
Lagos