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1. What refers to mental activity and behaviour through which knowledge of the world is attained and processed? A. educationB. cognitionC. learningD. retention

2. The mental activity of cognition would include all of the following EXCEPT

A. learning.B. memory.C. perception.D. neural transmission.

3. Which method did Jean Piaget use to gather data for his theory of cognitive development?

A. surveyB. structured interviewC. unstructured interviewD. structured questionnaire

4. Early in his career, Piaget became interested in how children arrived at incorrect answers. During this

time, he was working in the Paris laboratory of A. Terman.B. Stanford.C. Binet.D. Wechsler.

5. Jean Piaget's influence on developmental psychology in America did not really begin until the early

A. 1930s.B. 1980s.C. 1950s.D. 1960s.

6. If Piaget were to study infant memory, which of the following research methods would he be most likely

to use? A. tracking eye movements as infants inspect new and old stimuliB. measures of habituation and dishabituation to new and old stimuliC. systematic observations of infants' behaviour when playing with new and old stimuliD. recording the frequency and vigor of reaching behaviour when presented with new and old stimuli

7. The goal of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is to explain

A. how children adapt to and interpret objects and events in the world.B. the role of cognitive operations used to learn about objects and events in the world.C. the influence of cultural influences on a child's cognitive development.D. children's levels of cognitive competence as related to brain development.

8. Someone who examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from

preschool to adolescence is using which approach? A. behaviouristB. PiagetianC. psychometricD. information-processing

9. The Piagetian approach focuses on A. qualitative changes in cognition.B. quantitative differences in intelligence.C. establishing norms for intelligence tests.D. the relationship of brain development to sensorimotor function.

10. Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A. Children are passive in the process of organizing knowledge.B. Children play an active role in organizing knowledge.C. Children are unable to benefit from environmental experiences.D. Children wait for events, which will modify their knowledge.

11. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a cognitive structure that forms a basis for

organizing behaviour is a(n) A. cognitive map.B. schema.C. operation.D. expectation.

12. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Schemata do not differ among children.B. Schemata are physical entities in the brain.C. Schemata change as children develop.D. Schemata exclude motor function.

13. During early infancy, schemata take the form of

A. symbol systems.B. mental images.C. fantasies.D. innate reflexes.

14. What happens when the physically based schemata of younger children become internalized and form

part of an organized structure? A. adaptation occurs.B. equilibration develops.C. language development is complete.D. operations are formed.

15. Schemata based on internal mental activities are

A. stages.B. assimilations.C. thought structures.D. operations.

16. According to Piaget, what is the predisposition to combine simple physical or psychological structures

into more complex systems? A. organizationB. assimilationC. adaptationD. accommodation

17. According to Piaget, an infant's ability to see a bottle full of milk, grasp it, and then place it in his/her

mouth to drink it, all are important principles of A. adaptation.B. organization.C. reaction patterns.D. development.

18. The two processes of adaptation are A. assimilation and organization.B. organization and adaptation.C. assimilation and conservation.D. assimilation and accommodation.

19. Assimilation is to accommodation as

A. genetic is to environmental.B. adjusting is to incorporating.C. cognitive is to social.D. incorporating is to adjusting.

20. When new information is molded to fit a current cognitive structure, the child is

A. assimilating.B. accommodating.C. organizing.D. conserving.

21. Elizabeth, a 7-month-old infant, responds to holding her first orange by rolling it around on the floor just

like she does with her blue rubber ball. This demonstrates what Piagetian process? A. organizationB. equilibrationC. assimilationD. accommodation

22. Jesse recently learned the word "cookie" to identify his recognition of vanilla wafers. However, he also

says "cookie" when given pretzels, crackers, small pieces of bread, and even large french fries. According to Piaget, Jesse is A. accommodating.B. assimilating.C. organizing.D. operating.

23. When the child adjusts his schemata to fit a new experience, the child is

A. assimilating.B. accommodating.C. organizing.D. conserving.

24. Four-year-old Tom learns to lift his stuffed cat up by the tail. After one painful attempt, Tom realizes that

you cannot use this behaviour on a live cat. In Piagetian terms, Tom's new knowledge involves A. accommodation.B. organization.C. assimilation.D. equilibration.

25. Twelve-year-old Jill traveled with her parents to a developing country to volunteer at a mission. When

she returned to her home in the Canada, she had altered many of her ideas about what she valued. What Piagetian process was at work? A. assimilationB. accommodationC. internalizationD. equilibration

26. Lucienne believes all moving vehicles are "cars." Her parents, however, point out that motorcycles are different from cars. Lucienne has to __________ in order to fit this new information into her way of thinking. A. schematizateB. equilibrateC. assimilateD. accommodate

27. Casey likes to play with blocks and he has several different kinds: square wooden ones, large waffle-

like ones, small plastic ones that easily interlock, as well as a variety of other types. At first, Casey just referred to these objects as "My blocks.". Now, when his mom suggests he play with his blocks, he replies "Which ones?". This response indicates that Casey has _________ his blocks. A. assimilatedB. accommodatedC. organizedD. recognized

28. According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development is based on alterations in intellectual structures that

result from A. environmental activities that allow for behavioural development.B. reflexive behaviour slowly shifting to voluntary responding.C. innate predispositions to organize and adapt to new experiences in certain ways.D. stimulus-response sequences that are generalized.

29. After reading a book on Piagetian theory, which of the following phrases is Natalie most likely to use to

characterize a one-month-old's involvement in the learning process? A. "blank slate"B. "noble savage"C. "passive sponge"D. "active environmental adapter"

30. Jean Piaget was a famous theorist who proposed that development should be seen as passing through a

sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively, rather than quantitatively, different. His theory is a good example of _____ theories of development. A. maturationalB. continuousC. discontinuousD. dialectical

31. "You can't put 12-year-olds and 4-year-olds together in the same classroom. They don't understand

things in the same way at all. They think about the world differently." This teacher holds which view of cognitive development? A. quantitativeB. qualitativeC. adaptationD. operational

32. An underlying principle of Piaget's stage theory is that

A. the sequence of the stages remains the same but the rate of passage through the stages varies.B. the sequence of the stages varies but the rate of passage remains the same.C. both the sequence of the stages and the rate of passage through the stages vary.D. both the sequence of the stages and the rate of passage through the stages remains the same.

33. The correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development is which of the following?

A. concrete; sensorimotor; formal; preoperationalB. preoperational; sensorimotor; formal; concreteC. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete; formalD. preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete; formal

34. During the sensorimotor period of development, the child shifts A. from being reflexive to being reflective.B. from being circular to being integrative.C. from being concrete to being abstract.D. from being ambulatory to stationary.

35. During Grant's first two years of life, he is in which of Piaget's stages?

A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concreteD. circular reactions

36. Alice's 3-month-old baby, Joshua, finds sucking his fingers very pleasurable after accidentally placing his

hand in his mouth one day before nap time. Joshua now prefers to suck on his fingers instead of his blue pacifier. Joshua is most likely in Piaget's __________ period of development. A. preoperationalB. sensorimotorC. formalD. abstract

37. Which one of the following stages does NOT occur during the sensorimotor period of development?

A. primary circular reactionsB. reflective activityC. coordination of secondary schemataD. tertiary circular reactions

38. Three-week-old Trevor finds natural satisfaction and contentment by sucking on the nipple of his bottle.

Trevor is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. coordination of secondary reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions

39. Baby Drew accidentally stuck his foot in his mouth, found it to be interesting, and attempted to repeat this

again but had difficulty finding his mouth with his foot. This is known as a A. simple reflex.B. primary circular reaction.C. secondary circular reaction.D. tertiary circular reaction.

40. Piaget would say that a baby who habitually sucks his or her thumb is showing a

A. primary circular reaction.B. secondary circular reaction.C. tertiary circular reaction.D. coordination of secondary schemes.

41. In Piaget's theory, a __________ is a simple behaviour that is repeated often.

A. schemaB. circular reactionC. reflexD. conditioned response

42. Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this

action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n) A. adaptation.B. circular reaction.C. unconditioned response.D. symbolic representation.

43. Grant, at the age of 6 months, loves to shake his yellow rattle, which makes soft, interesting sounds. This child is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions

44. Baby Rhea saw a piece of cereal on the floor. She quickly moved over to it, carefully picked it up, and

looked at it while turning it around and moving it from one hand to the other. Rhea is in which of Piaget's substages? A. primary circular reactionsB. secondary circular reactionsC. tertiary circular reactionsD. coordination of secondary circular reactions

45. Intentionality and looking at something while trying to grasp it arise during which substage of the

Sensorimotor stage? A. simple reflexes.B. primary circular reactions.C. secondary circular reactions.D. coordination of secondary circular reactions.

46. Baby Maria drops a rattle over the side of her changing table and then peers over the edge of the table in

an effort to see where it has gone. According to Piaget, Maria is probably in the __________ substage of sensorimotor development. A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth

47. According to Piaget, infants who repeat actions in order to get results outside their own bodies are

engaging in A. primary circular reactions.B. secondary circular reactions.C. deferred imitation.D. sensorimotor conditioning.

48. Eight-month-old Gigi finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack

goes up and down. So she pulls it again. Gigi is in the substage of A. primary circular reactions.B. secondary circular reactions.C. coordination of secondary schemes.D. tertiary circular reactions.

49. Erica, who is 10 months old, is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf. According

to Piaget, if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage, which of the following responses is likely to occur? A. She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.B.

She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy, and persist with that strategy even if it fails repeatedly.

C. She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.D. She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.

50. A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects to try and make different sounds. According to Piaget,

this child is exhibiting A. a variability schemeB. classical conditioningC. a tertiary circular reactionD. object permanence

51. Baby Melissa learns that she can cause a piano to make sounds by hitting the keys with her fists. Later, she tries to make the piano play by hitting the keys with a stuffed animal. According to Piaget, this behaviour is representative of A. tertiary circular reactions.B. use of reflexes.C. primary circular reactions.D. secondary circular reactions.

52. Stanley, at 16 months, loves to place his toy cars and blocks on the coffee table and push them off,

just to watch them fall to the floor. Stanley's curiosity has led him to experiment with other objects, such as mother's cookie jar, in his fascination with falling objects. Stanley is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions

53. Tertiary circular reactions involve

A. doing three things at once.B. varying an action to see what will happen.C. repeating a behaviour at least three times.D. manipulating symbols.

54. The stage "inventing new means by mental combination" is characterized by

A. the beginnings of symbolic thought.B. conservation.C. adaptation.D. the first word being spoken.

55. The ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words,

numbers, and mental pictures, blossoms in the __________ substage of sensorimotor development. A. secondB. fourthC. sixthD. eighth

56. Alex watches his mother play tennis in the morning. Later, when he is alone, Alex picks up a stick and

swings it like a tennis racquet, copying his mother's actions from earlier in the day. According to Piaget, Alex is in what substage of the sensorimotor stage? A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6

57. Eighteen-month-old Marcus has figured out how to open the kitchen cupboard containing his favorite

toys (his parents' metal mixing bowls and measuring spoons). Because he no longer has to use trial and error to figure out how to open the cupboard, he probably A. has a photographic memory.B. possesses representational ability.C. understands the conservation of volume.D. can read a few words in books.

58. At 21 months of age, Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system. Which substage of the sensorimotor

stage is he in? A. substage 3B. substage 4C. substage 5D. substage 6

59. A father talked on the telephone in front of his baby. The next day the baby picked up a toy telephone and repeated his father's actions. According to Piaget, this is an example of A. deferred imitation.B. social learning.C. invisible imitation.D. reciprocal interaction.

60. When a child is able to imitate a complex behaviour that was previously exhibited by a model, the child is

capable of A. delayed modelling.B. deferred imitation.C. postponed behaviour.D. delay of gratification.

61. __________ is defined as the notion that an object still exists even though it is no longer in sight (or

hearing, touch, etc.). A. ConservationB. Object permanenceC. Horizontal decalageD. Anxiety

62. Carole is playing with a toy when it accidentally becomes hidden by a cloth. A blank look comes over

Carole's face, and she picks up another toy. This child's behaviour is likely to occur in the __________ stage. A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. intuitiveD. concrete operations

63. If a child feels secure that a parent who has left the room will return that child has developed

A. anticipatory insight.B. emotional attachment.C. representational ability.D. object permanence.

64. Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow.

Lenny has acquired A. object permanence.B. sharp vision.C. persistence.D. symbolic thought.

65. Ray, age 5 months, watches as Mary places his stuffed teddy bear beneath his baby blanket during a game

of peek-a-boo. Mary notices, however, that Ray forgets about his bear if she leaves it hidden for more than a few seconds. Ray has not yet developed A. conceptualization.B. reality.C. object permanence.D. memory.

66. During an average day, six-month-old Mercedes's parents unwittingly subject her to tasks that challenge

her object permanence abilities. Which would be the best example of this task? A. Her father tries to get her to imitate a sound that he is making.B. Her mother accidentally drops a towel over the ball Mercedes is playing with.C. Her father gives her a doll that she has never seen before.D. Her mother tries to get her to begin to take formula from a bottle versus milk from a breast.

67. The infant does not recognize the permanence of an invisible object until the period called A. secondary circular reactions.B. tertiary circular reactions.C. inventing new means by mental combination.D. preoperations.

68. From Renee Baillargeon's research evaluating infant's knowledge of object permanence, we can conclude

that infants A. do represent the existence of hidden objects.B. are not able to represent the existence of hidden objects.C. only represent the location of a hidden object.D. are unable to represent either the existence or location of hidden objects, just as Piaget described.

69. Which of the following is characteristic of BOTH the preoperational and concrete operational stages?

A. animismB. the ability to attend to multiple features of a taskC. reversibilityD. reasoning

70. The preoperational stage extends from approximately

A. age 1 to age 3.B. age 2 to age 4.C. age 2 to age 7.D. age 7 to age 11.

71. Piaget divides the preoperational phase into two sub-periods: the __________ period (2 to 4 years) and

the __________ period (4 to 7 years). A. intuitive; preconceptualB. preconceptual; intuitiveC. conceptual; formalD. intuitive; organizational

72. One of the most significant accomplishments of the preoperational child is the rapid acquisition of

A. motor skills.B. social skills.C. language.D. self help skills.

73. Bart, who is 4 years old, is playing outside in the snow when he suddenly asks his father for a cup of

hot chocolate. According to Piaget, Bart's ability to think about hot chocolate even though there is none around shows that he is capable of A. transductive reasoning.B. symbolic function.C. delayed gratification.D. operational thought.

74. In Piaget's terminology, a mental representation to which a person has attached meaning is called a(n)

A. symbol.B. operation.C. function.D. transformation.

75. Which of the following involves the use of the symbolic function?

A. deferred imitationB. pretend playC. languageD. all of these

76. Four-year-old Rolf is eating lunch when he suddenly takes one of the apple slices off of his plate and begins pushing it across his placemat, making a loud roaring sound as he "vacuums" the crumbs from his crackers. According to Piaget, Rolf is exhibiting A. conservation.B. deferred imitation.C. egocentrism.D. symbolic play.

77. Bonnie, age 4, is a very bright and imitative child. The other day, Grandma took Bonnie for a car ride

where Bonnie saw a train speeding down the tracks. Today, Bonnie has a set of blocks she is pushing while saying "Choo-choo, toot-toot." Bonnie is probably in what period of development according to Piaget? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. imaginativeD. symbolic

78. Two characteristics of Piaget's preconceptual stage are

A. animistic thinking and egocentricity.B. complete conservation and abstract thought.C. reflexive behaviours and imitation.D. focus on process and features.

79. In the preconceptual stage, children often attribute life and living characteristics to inanimate objects.

This is known as A. creative thinking.B. egocentricity.C. animistic thinking.D. disturbed thinking.

80. The attribution of life to objects like the sun, moon, and stars is

A. conservation.B. centration.C. egocentrism.D. animism.

81. Four-year-old Karl tells his father, "I told the wind to blow so it made my kite fly." This is an example

of A. animism.B. irreversibility.C. transivity.D. centration.

82. Sonya, who is 3 years old, is playing with her many dolls and stuffed animals. Sonya believes the dolls

talk to each other and can feel when she hugs them. Sonya is probably engaging in A. animistic thinking.B. projection.C. reaction formation.D. role reversal.

83. John and Jodie, both 4 years old, believe that the universe is organized and created for them and that

everything is and should be centered around them. This type of thought is called A. vanity.B. delusion.C. wish fulfillment.D. egocentrism.

84. Emma, age 3, runs into the room to show her parents a picture she has drawn. She says, "See my picture?" while holding the paper facing herself. Her parents, only able to see the back of the paper, ask to see the drawing. Emma just holds the paper closer to them without turning it around. Emma's behaviour is a demonstration of A. focusing on states.B. presymbolism.C. animism.D. egocentrism.

85. Andrew is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it. When his mother

walks into the room he says, "Mommy, do you like this song?" Andrew's question indicates _______ thinking. A. presymbolicB. egocentricC. animisticD. conservation

86. Jay believes that the world revolves around him and that the universe was created for him. Jay has

difficulty seeing any point of view besides his own. This egocentricity is characteristic of what period of development? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationsD. formal operations

87. Piaget developed a three mountain task to test children's ability to see things from the perspective of

others. This task tested children for A. analytical skills.B. object permanence.C. egocentrism.D. perception.

88. According to developmental theorists, the move away from egocentric thought and toward a concern for

others and the development of empathy are all basic and necessary in the process of A. understanding.B. socialization.C. growing up.D. independence.

89. Wayne, age 5, is good at certain things, such as solving problems and counting from 1 to 20. Wayne is in

what period of development? A. intuitiveB. concrete operationsC. formal operationsD. logical

90. Symbolic function is to __________ as intuitive thought is to __________.

A. creativity; reasonB. centration; egocentrismC. reasoning; mental representationD. mental representation; reasoning

91. Who is best identified as being in the intuitive stage of development?

A. Dan, who can remember a list of five shopping items.B. Sue, who keeps annoying her parents by asking, "How come...?"C. Keith, who hit his sister, yet is only worried about what is going to happen to him.D. Missy, whose imaginary friend helps her deal with traumatic events.

92. All but which one of the following relates to Piaget's intuitive thought stage? A. Tommy, who is nine years old and is starting to develop his own ideas about the world.B. Mary, who is four years old, has simple ideas, and is not very good at thinking things out.C.

Joan, who is five years old and has difficulty understanding events she knows are taking place but which she cannot see.

D. Rao, who is six years old and fantasizes ideas that have little resemblance to reality. 93. Four-year-old Christopher begins to use primitive reasoning and wants to know the answers to all sorts of

questions. He is in what substage of preoperational thought? A. intuitive thoughtB. symbolic functionC. internalization of schemesD. coordination of secondary circular reactions

94. The ability to order a group of objects on the basis of a particular dimension, such as ordering sticks from

shortest to longest, is called A. ordering.B. ligation.C. seriation.D. litigation.

95. According to Piaget, the most important limitation of preoperational reasoning is the child's

_____________. A. development of object permanenceB. centrationC. inability to understand reversibilityD. animistic thinking

96. Sonya has been shown two short, wide cylinders, which contain equal amounts of water. The researcher

now pours the liquid from one cylinder into a tall, thin flask. Sonya is asked which container has more liquid, and she replies that the tall flask has the most, indicating a developmental error in judgment also known as an inability to A. reverse.B. conserve.C. remember.D. seriate.

97. The Piagetian task in which a child is presented with two identical balls of clay and watches as one is

rolled into a long, thin piece of clay is a test to see if the child has the ability to A. seriate.B. decentre.C. analyze.D. conserve.

98. In a conservation problem, the difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought is that

preoperational children A. reverse the image in their thought, while concrete operational children do not.B. use abstract reasoning, while concrete operational children use imagination and symbolism.C.

focus on more than one dimension of a problem, while concrete operational children focus on only one.

D.

focus on only one dimension of a problem, while concrete operational children focus on more than one.

99. When Ainsley (a preoperational child) is asked if she has a sister, she replies that she has a sister named Robyn. Then, when Ainsley is asked if Robyn has a sister, Ainsley replies in the negative. This conversational exchange reflects the preoperational limitation in reasoning known as A. irreversibility.B. conservation.C. centration.D. intuition.

100.Ivan watches his mother take some clay out of a small box. She rolls the clay out into a long, thin shape.

Ivan says, "But, Mommy, now we can't put the clay back in the box!" Ivan's statement illustrates _______ in preoperational thought. A. decentrationB. irreversibilityC. egocentrismD. empathy

101.Lucienne watches as the experimenter takes one of two identical balls of clay and rolls it into a long, thin

piece of clay. Lucienne says the two clay shapes are the same because you could take the long, skinny one and roll it back into the ball. Lucienne's reasoning requires A. decentration.B. reversibility.C. egocentrism.D. classification.

102.During the preoperational period, children tend to focus on one dimension of the object. This

characteristic of thinking is known as A. transformations.B. reversibility.C. centration.D. object permanence.

103.Preoperational children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, leading to illogical

conclusions. Piaget called this tendency A. egocentrism.B. classification.C. centration.D. transduction.

104.In Western societies, children usually acquire ________ conservation before ________ conservation.

A. number; volumeB. volume; massC. area; lengthD. weight; number

105.Recent research in the area of conservation has consistently found that Piaget

A. overestimated the capacities of young children.B. underestimated the capacities of young children.C. was correct in the timelines he established for conservation.D. did not clearly describe conservation.

106.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operations?

A. increased understandingB. a decrease in centrationC. a decrease in egocentrismD. a decrease in flexibility of thinking

107.Danielle is in the stage of concrete operations. Piaget would suggest that Danielle should be able to A. use a map or model to search for a hidden object.B. give someone else directions for finding the object.C.

both use a map or model to search for a hidden object AND give someone else directions for finding the object.

D.

neither use a map or model to search for a hidden object NOR give someone else directions for finding the object.

108.What type of reasoning characterizes the concrete operational thinker?

A. logicalB. intuitiveC. abstractD. hypothetical

109.The ability to classify or divide things into different sets and subsets and to consider their

interrelationships develops during the __________ stage. A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. formal operationalD. concrete operational

110.Which of the following is a limitation of concrete operational thought?

A. inability to classifyB. cannot use symbolic functionsC. egocentric thoughtD. reasoning is limited to concrete examples

111.In which one of the following ways does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational

thought? A. Formal operations are characterized by greater flexibility of thought.B. Formal operations allow for the use of mental hypotheses testing.C. Formal operations are limited to considering alternatives directly observable in the physical world.D. Formal operations allow for an appreciation of the many possibilities that exist.

112.Concrete operational thought is to formal operational thought as

A. abstraction is to specific example.B. trial and error is to hypothetical-deductive reasoning.C. accommodation is to assimilation.D. reflex is to internalization of schemes.

113.Research on acquisition of cognitive concepts and skills found that Native American cultures operate

__________ while European Americans operate __________. A. logically; concretelyB. abstractly; logicallyC. holistically; analyticallyD. analytically; holistically

114.According to Piaget, adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children cannot

A. solve problems.B. systematically test hypotheses.C. deal with concrete experiences.D. develop hypotheses to explain their experiences.

115.The overriding cognitive process of the formal operations stage is

A. logic.B. intuition.C. synthesis.D. perceptual organization.

116.Janelle has not been getting along with her best friend. She writes down all the difficulties and tries to generate possible reasons for them. She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems, weighing the pros and cons of each possibility. Janelle is using which of the following to solve her problem? A. idealistic scenario reasoningB. concrete operational reasoningC. adolescent-egocentric reasoningD. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

117.Barbara, an adolescent, must solve an algebraic problem. She develops some predictions about the

problem, thinks about them, and then determines the best path to solve the problem. This is an example of A. predictive thinking.B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.C. formal abstraction.D. factual reasoning.

118.Researchers cannot take the measure of any specific task (e.g., object permanence or conservation) to

indicate a child's general level of cognitive development because A. Piaget underestimated children's development.B. development does not proceed in stages.C. many tasks are not valid.D. different cultures stress different concepts.

119.Tabitha has become interested in science fiction. Which of Piaget's stages is she in?

A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationsD. formal operations

120."What if the sun were to explode?" said Alene. "But it never has," replied Kevin. "But what if it DID?"

insisted Alene. '"But it never has! You worry too much about all those what-ifs," said Kevin. In this example, Alene is exhibiting __________ thought, while Kevin is showing __________ thought. A. abstract; concreteB. concrete; abstractC. abnormal; idealisticD. deductive; inductive

121.Who of the following is engaging in an activity that characterizes formal operations?

A. George, who is able to understand that his mother still exists, even when he cannot see her.B. Barbara, who is thinking about what happened to her yesterday.C. Dan, who is thinking about talking.D. Marilyn, who is thinking about thinking.

122.Young Gino spends his days fantasizing about being the prime minister of Canada, a hockey player, and a

rock star. With which stage of Piagetian development is such idealized thinking often equated? A. sensorimotorB. concrete operationalC. preoperationalD. formal operational

123.Unlike earlier stages of cognitive development, formal operations are influenced by

A. language.B. culture.C. socioeconomic status.D. motivation.

124.Which of the following exerts a stronger influence on children's cognitive development than Piaget believed? A. biological maturationB. culture and educationC. the age of the childD. all of these

125.Formal operations may occur late or be absent

A. because of poor parental practices.B. because of too much time spent viewing television.C. because logic is not taught in many schools.D. in cultures that do not emphasize symbolic skills.

126.Which of the following statements would be an application of Piaget's ideas to education?

A. Effective teachers facilitate, rather than direct, learning.B. Children's illogical or distorted ideas about the world make it hard for them to learn.C. The pattern of mental development is universal, so we can develop one curriculum for all students.D. By the third or fourth grade, children are ready for abstract learning.

127.The area of research known as ________________ focuses on when and how children come to

understand the mind. A. cognitive dissonanceB. false-belief-taskC. theory of mindD. cognition

128.A false-belief task is used to

A. discover if the child understands the perspectives of others.B. discover if the child will be honest when answering questions.C. discover how much a child has learned from each lesson.D. separate children who will have social difficulties in the classroom.

129.Children begin to understand that people have mental representational states between the ages of

A. 2-3.B. 3-5.C. 5-8.D. 8-10.

130.Jenny has four sisters and two brothers. She will perform ________________ in comparison to other

children her age on false belief tasks. A. equally toB. better thanC. worse thanD. there will be no difference

131.One of the central processes of social cognition is the differentiation of

A. your mother from your father.B. the self from other objects in the environment.C. humans from non humans.D. family from non family.

132.Piaget's theory

A. has continued to be accepted with modifications.B. has been found to be deeply flawed.C. has stimulated little research.D. was influential only in the early 1950s.

133.Children master some forms of conservation before others. Piaget called this A. irreversibility.B. horizontal decalage.C. abnormal.D. egocentric.

134.Perhaps one of the most puzzling aspects in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is why some

children can solve some concrete operational problems, but not others. This concept is referred to as. A. object permanence.B. horizontal decalage.C. conservation.D. attentional deficit.

135.Which theorist proposed that cultural influences and the child's level of cognitive competence interacted

to shape development? A. PiagetB. VygotskyC. CaseD. Watson

136.For Vygotsky, development is best understood as

A. a product of social interaction between partners who solve problems together.B. a product of individual improvement.C. a series of distinct stages, each characterized by different functions.D. the biological unfolding of the organism.

137.Vygotsky believed that the child possessed

A. no innate abilities.B. only innate abilities that were supported by the child's culture.C. innate abilities such as attention, perception, and memory.D. innate abilities such as reflexes.

138.According to Vygotsky, elementary mental functions

A. include memory, attention, and perception.B. are not susceptible to cultural influence.C. do not influence higher mental functions.D. include logical and abstract thinking.

139.According to Vygotsky, voluntary attention and abstract thinking are considered

A. elementary mental functions.B. higher mental functions.C. innate abilities.D. unattainable in most cultures.

140.A child is counting the pennies in her purse. She is using

A. an elementary mental function.B. a schema.C. a mediator.D. inner speech.

141.The zone of proximal development is important because it

A. incorporates both language and memory.B. acknowledges the importance of gradual shifts between developmental stages.C. focuses on individuals, not activity between people.D.

represents both an alternative approach to intelligence assessment and a way of understanding how intellectual development occurs.

142.The instructional process which is an outgrowth of the zone of proximal development is A. hierarchical learning.B. scaffolding.C. peer tutoring.D. whole language.

143.An older sibling is helping a younger sibling complete a puzzle. The older sibling says, "Wait; only put

one piece in at a time." The older sibling is A. tutoring.B. more intelligent.C. using private speech.D. scaffolding.

144.According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is

A. changing the level of support when teaching a child.B. adjusting the amount of guidance necessary to learn a skill.C. giving direct instructions.D. all of these

145.The zone of proximal development represents

A. the child's actual performance.B. discrepancies in cognition and language.C. an opportunity for intellectual growth.D. culture specific learning in school settings.

146.Scaffolding and the ZPD are

A. not really linked together.B.

linked together because as a child becomes more competent at a particular task in his or her ZPD, the level of scaffolding increases.

C.

linked together because as a child becomes more competent at a particular task in his or her ZPD, the level of scaffolding decreases.

D. steadily increasing together throughout childhood. 147.As a diligent parent, John has read many books on child development. One idea that he found especially

fascinating was the zone of proximal development. How could he determine the lower limit of his daughter's zone of proximal development concerning the letters of the alphabet? A. determine her current stage of Piagetian developmentB. record how many letters she can correctly identify on her ownC. record how many letters she can correctly identify after intensive adult assistanceD. give her a short-term memory task unrelated to letters of the alphabet

148.Each of the children is trying to solve a complex story problem. For whom would solving the problem

best be classified as being at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development? A. Steve, who could never solve this problem.B. Ed, who is capable of solving the entire problem on his own.C. Frank, who rejects the help of all adults when he attempts to solve the problem.D. Bob, who, with the help of an adult, can solve the entire problem.

149.Jarod is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold onto a

piece of furniture for support. Which of the following should be IN THE LOWER LIMIT of Jarod's zone of proximal development in the near future? A. runningB. crawlingC. taking a few steps without supportD. walking with support from furniture

150.An important component of scaffolding is A. removing distracting objects from the setting.B. breaking a task down into simpler components.C. allowing the competent peer to dominate interactions.D. making the task easy.

151.The study conducted by Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) investigating adult-child dyads and peer

partner planning of efficient routes through an imaginary town A. does not support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.B. does support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.C. is inconclusive regarding Vygotsky's view of scaffolding.D. was culturally biased.

152.Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) found that in planning efficient routes through an imaginary town,

_____________. A. adult-child dyads were more efficient plannersB. peer partner dyads were more efficient plannersC. peer partner dyads were equal to adult-child dyads in efficiencyD. peer partner dyads planned their route at the onset

153.A principle of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that

A. relationships are determined by intellectual level.B. cultures vary in settings and institutions.C. cultures play a minimal role in development.D. the individual determines growth and development.

154.Vygotsky believed that studying intellectual development outside of its cultural influences

A. may underestimate the child's development.B. is necessary to determine universals in development.C. reflects the impact of individuals on culture.D. may help us to advance our understanding of education.

155.Who would be most likely to argue that the speech produced by three-year-old Gina is socially based and

is a main guide of her behaviour? A. Jean PiagetB. David ElkindC. Lev VygotskyD. Mary Ainsworth

156.In Carraher, Schliemann, and Carraher's (1988) study of children street vendors in Brazil, the children's

accuracy was related to A. how many pieces of fruit the experimenter bought.B. whether the experimenters gave exact change.C. the children's age.D. whether the transaction was commercial or academic.

157.The study of young street vendors in Brazil demonstrates

A. the influence of culture on numerical reasoning.B. the influence of age on numerical reasoning.C. that culture does not play a role in counting ability.D. that lower socioeconomic status limits children's numerical reasoning.

158.According to Vygotsky, children use egocentric speech

A. to support their point of view.B. to justify their behaviour.C. as a way to guide thought and behaviour.D. primarily for communicating with others.

159.Paul is playing with his building blocks. He is muttering in a soft voice, "This block goes here, then this block goes there." Paul is using A. inner speech.B. egocentric speech.C. directional speech.D. communicative speech.

160.The correct developmental sequence in children's use of speech based upon Vygotsky's theory is

A. inner speech, egocentric speech, social speech.B. social speech, inner speech, egocentric speech.C. egocentric speech, social speech, inner speech.D. social speech, egocentric speech, inner speech.

161.Tanya is doing her math homework. Although tempted to count aloud, she tries to solve the problem by

thinking in her head. Tanya is using A. inner speech.B. private speech.C. numerical speech.D. abstract speech.

162.Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) is an educational experiment based on Vygotsky's

concept of A. inner speech.B. developmental hierarchies.C. culture-specific language development.D. the zone of proximal development.

163.Vygotsky's theory has influenced the study of child development by emphasizing

A. the role of culture in peer relationships.B. the application of social contexts of learning.C. the importance of parents as language facilitators.D. the importance of mathematics in school settings.

164.A limitation of Vygotsky's theory is that it

A. fails to describe microgenetic change in cognitive development.B. does not provide a specific description of age-related change.C. fails to recognize the impact of social interaction on cognitive development.D. cannot be applied to school settings.

165.Describe Piaget's concept of schema.

166.Define assimilation and accommodation and provide an example of each.

167.Discuss some significant accomplishments of an infant during the sensorimotor period of development. Explain the impact of the sensorimotor period on later development.

168.What is one main difference in thinking of the preoperational and concrete operational child?

169.Discuss two main characteristics of formal operational thinking.

170.Describe the false-belief task and what this task tells us about children's theory of mind.

171.Describe elementary and higher mental functions and provide an example of each.

172.According to Vygotsky, how does culture influence development?

173.Describe the role of language in children's development according to Vygotsky.

174.Explain how you could use the zone of proximal development to teach a child how to write her name.

175.Is Vygotsky's theory unique? Explain.

ch8 Key 1.(p. 298)

What refers to mental activity and behaviour through which knowledge of the world is attained and processed? A. educationB. cognitionC. learningD. retention

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 08 #1

Type: Knowledge

2.(p. 298)

The mental activity of cognition would include all of the following EXCEPT A. learning.B. memory.C. perception.D. neural transmission.


Type: Comprehension

3.(p. 298)

Which method did Jean Piaget use to gather data for his theory of cognitive development? A. surveyB. structured interviewC. unstructured interviewD. structured questionnaire


Type: Knowledge

4.(p. 298)

Early in his career, Piaget became interested in how children arrived at incorrect answers. During this time, he was working in the Paris laboratory of A. Terman.B. Stanford.C. Binet.D. Wechsler.


Type: Knowledge

5.(p. 299)

Jean Piaget's influence on developmental psychology in America did not really begin until the early A. 1930s.B. 1980s.C. 1950s.D. 1960s.


Type: Knowledge

6.(p. 299)

If Piaget were to study infant memory, which of the following research methods would he be most likely to use? A. tracking eye movements as infants inspect new and old stimuliB. measures of habituation and dishabituation to new and old stimuliC. systematic observations of infants' behaviour when playing with new and old stimuliD. recording the frequency and vigor of reaching behaviour when presented with new and old stimuli


Type: Comprehension

7.(p. 299)

The goal of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is to explain A. how children adapt to and interpret objects and events in the world.B. the role of cognitive operations used to learn about objects and events in the world.C. the influence of cultural influences on a child's cognitive development.D. children's levels of cognitive competence as related to brain development.


Type: Comprehension

8.(p. 299)

Someone who examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence is using which approach? A. behaviouristB. PiagetianC. psychometricD. information-processing


Type: Comprehension

9.(p. 299)

The Piagetian approach focuses on A. qualitative changes in cognition.B. quantitative differences in intelligence.C. establishing norms for intelligence tests.D. the relationship of brain development to sensorimotor function.


Type: Comprehension

10.(p. 299)

Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Children are passive in the process of organizing knowledge.B. Children play an active role in organizing knowledge.C. Children are unable to benefit from environmental experiences.D. Children wait for events, which will modify their knowledge.

Learning Objective: 1

Parke - Chapter 08 #10Type: Knowledge

11.(p. 299)

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a cognitive structure that forms a basis for organizing behaviour is a(n) A. cognitive map.B. schema.C. operation.D. expectation.



12.(p. 299)

Which of the following statements is true? A. Schemata do not differ among children.B. Schemata are physical entities in the brain.C. Schemata change as children develop.D. Schemata exclude motor function.


Parke - Chapter 08 #12Type: Comprehension

13.(p. 299)

During early infancy, schemata take the form of A. symbol systems.B. mental images.C. fantasies.D. innate reflexes.



14.(p. 300)

What happens when the physically based schemata of younger children become internalized and form part of an organized structure? A. adaptation occurs.B. equilibration develops.C. language development is complete.D. operations are formed.



15.(p. 299)

Schemata based on internal mental activities are A. stages.B. assimilations.C. thought structures.D. operations.



16.(p. 299)

According to Piaget, what is the predisposition to combine simple physical or psychological structures into more complex systems? A. organizationB. assimilationC. adaptationD. accommodation



17.(p. 299)

According to Piaget, an infant's ability to see a bottle full of milk, grasp it, and then place it in his/her mouth to drink it, all are important principles of A. adaptation.B. organization.C. reaction patterns.D. development.



18.(p. 302)

The two processes of adaptation are A. assimilation and organization.B. organization and adaptation.C. assimilation and conservation.D. assimilation and accommodation.



19.(p. 302)

Assimilation is to accommodation as A. genetic is to environmental.B. adjusting is to incorporating.C. cognitive is to social.D. incorporating is to adjusting.


Parke - Chapter 08 #19Type: Analysis

20.(p. 302)

When new information is molded to fit a current cognitive structure, the child is A. assimilating.B. accommodating.C. organizing.D. conserving.



21.(p. 302)

Elizabeth, a 7-month-old infant, responds to holding her first orange by rolling it around on the floor just like she does with her blue rubber ball. This demonstrates what Piagetian process? A. organizationB. equilibrationC. assimilationD. accommodation


Parke - Chapter 08 #21Type: Application

22.(p. 302)

Jesse recently learned the word "cookie" to identify his recognition of vanilla wafers. However, he also says "cookie" when given pretzels, crackers, small pieces of bread, and even large french fries. According to Piaget, Jesse is A. accommodating.B. assimilating.C. organizing.D. operating.



23.(p. 302)

When the child adjusts his schemata to fit a new experience, the child is A. assimilating.B. accommodating.C. organizing.D. conserving.



24.(p. 302)

Four-year-old Tom learns to lift his stuffed cat up by the tail. After one painful attempt, Tom realizes that you cannot use this behaviour on a live cat. In Piagetian terms, Tom's new knowledge involves A. accommodation.B. organization.C. assimilation.D. equilibration.



25.(p. 302)

Twelve-year-old Jill traveled with her parents to a developing country to volunteer at a mission. When she returned to her home in the Canada, she had altered many of her ideas about what she valued. What Piagetian process was at work? A. assimilationB. accommodationC. internalizationD. equilibration



26.(p. 302)

Lucienne believes all moving vehicles are "cars." Her parents, however, point out that motorcycles are different from cars. Lucienne has to __________ in order to fit this new information into her way of thinking. A. schematizateB. equilibrateC. assimilateD. accommodate



27.(p. 302)

Casey likes to play with blocks and he has several different kinds: square wooden ones, large waffle-like ones, small plastic ones that easily interlock, as well as a variety of other types. At first, Casey just referred to these objects as "My blocks.". Now, when his mom suggests he play with his blocks, he replies "Which ones?". This response indicates that Casey has _________ his blocks. A. assimilatedB. accommodatedC. organizedD. recognized



28.(p. 302)

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development is based on alterations in intellectual structures that result from A. environmental activities that allow for behavioural development.B. reflexive behaviour slowly shifting to voluntary responding.C. innate predispositions to organize and adapt to new experiences in certain ways.D. stimulus-response sequences that are generalized.



29.(p. 302)

After reading a book on Piagetian theory, which of the following phrases is Natalie most likely to use to characterize a one-month-old's involvement in the learning process? A. "blank slate"B. "noble savage"C. "passive sponge"D. "active environmental adapter"



30.(p. 302)

Jean Piaget was a famous theorist who proposed that development should be seen as passing through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively, rather than quantitatively, different. His theory is a good example of _____ theories of development. A. maturationalB. continuousC. discontinuousD. dialectical



31.(p. 302)

"You can't put 12-year-olds and 4-year-olds together in the same classroom. They don't understand things in the same way at all. They think about the world differently." This teacher holds which view of cognitive development? A. quantitativeB. qualitativeC. adaptationD. operational



32.(p. 302)

An underlying principle of Piaget's stage theory is that A. the sequence of the stages remains the same but the rate of passage through the stages varies.B. the sequence of the stages varies but the rate of passage remains the same.C. both the sequence of the stages and the rate of passage through the stages vary.D. both the sequence of the stages and the rate of passage through the stages remains the same.



33.(p. 302)

The correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development is which of the following? A. concrete; sensorimotor; formal; preoperationalB. preoperational; sensorimotor; formal; concreteC. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete; formalD. preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete; formal



34.(p. 302)

During the sensorimotor period of development, the child shifts A. from being reflexive to being reflective.B. from being circular to being integrative.C. from being concrete to being abstract.D. from being ambulatory to stationary.



35.(p. 302)

During Grant's first two years of life, he is in which of Piaget's stages? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concreteD. circular reactions



36.(p. 304)

Alice's 3-month-old baby, Joshua, finds sucking his fingers very pleasurable after accidentally placing his hand in his mouth one day before nap time. Joshua now prefers to suck on his fingers instead of his blue pacifier. Joshua is most likely in Piaget's __________ period of development. A. preoperationalB. sensorimotorC. formalD. abstract



37.(p. 304-305)

Which one of the following stages does NOT occur during the sensorimotor period of development? A. primary circular reactionsB. reflective activityC. coordination of secondary schemataD. tertiary circular reactions



38.(p. 304)

Three-week-old Trevor finds natural satisfaction and contentment by sucking on the nipple of his bottle. Trevor is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. coordination of secondary reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions



39.(p. 304)

Baby Drew accidentally stuck his foot in his mouth, found it to be interesting, and attempted to repeat this again but had difficulty finding his mouth with his foot. This is known as a A. simple reflex.B. primary circular reaction.C. secondary circular reaction.D. tertiary circular reaction.



40.(p. 304)

Piaget would say that a baby who habitually sucks his or her thumb is showing a A. primary circular reaction.B. secondary circular reaction.C. tertiary circular reaction.D. coordination of secondary schemes.



41.(p. 304)

In Piaget's theory, a __________ is a simple behaviour that is repeated often. A. schemaB. circular reactionC. reflexD. conditioned response



42.(p. 304)

Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n) A. adaptation.B. circular reaction.C. unconditioned response.D. symbolic representation.



43.(p. 304)

Grant, at the age of 6 months, loves to shake his yellow rattle, which makes soft, interesting sounds. This child is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions



44.(p. 304-305)

Baby Rhea saw a piece of cereal on the floor. She quickly moved over to it, carefully picked it up, and looked at it while turning it around and moving it from one hand to the other. Rhea is in which of Piaget's substages? A. primary circular reactionsB. secondary circular reactionsC. tertiary circular reactionsD. coordination of secondary circular reactions



45.(p. 304-305)

Intentionality and looking at something while trying to grasp it arise during which substage of the Sensorimotor stage? A. simple reflexes.B. primary circular reactions.C. secondary circular reactions.D. coordination of secondary circular reactions.



46.(p. 304-305)

Baby Maria drops a rattle over the side of her changing table and then peers over the edge of the table in an effort to see where it has gone. According to Piaget, Maria is probably in the __________ substage of sensorimotor development. A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth



47.(p. 304-305)

According to Piaget, infants who repeat actions in order to get results outside their own bodies are engaging in A. primary circular reactions.B. secondary circular reactions.C. deferred imitation.D. sensorimotor conditioning.



48.(p. 304-305)

Eight-month-old Gigi finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack goes up and down. So she pulls it again. Gigi is in the substage of A. primary circular reactions.B. secondary circular reactions.C. coordination of secondary schemes.D. tertiary circular reactions.



49.(p. 304-305)

Erica, who is 10 months old, is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf. According to Piaget, if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage, which of the following responses is likely to occur? A. She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.B. She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy, and persist with that strategy even if it fails

repeatedly.C. She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.D. She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.



50.(p. 305)

A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects to try and make different sounds. According to Piaget, this child is exhibiting A. a variability schemeB. classical conditioningC. a tertiary circular reactionD. object permanence



51.(p. 305)

Baby Melissa learns that she can cause a piano to make sounds by hitting the keys with her fists. Later, she tries to make the piano play by hitting the keys with a stuffed animal. According to Piaget, this behaviour is representative of A. tertiary circular reactions.B. use of reflexes.C. primary circular reactions.D. secondary circular reactions.



52.(p. 305)

Stanley, at 16 months, loves to place his toy cars and blocks on the coffee table and push them off, just to watch them fall to the floor. Stanley's curiosity has led him to experiment with other objects, such as mother's cookie jar, in his fascination with falling objects. Stanley is in what stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development? A. reflex activityB. primary circular reactionsC. secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactions



53.(p. 305)

Tertiary circular reactions involve A. doing three things at once.B. varying an action to see what will happen.C. repeating a behaviour at least three times.D. manipulating symbols.



54.(p. 305-306)

The stage "inventing new means by mental combination" is characterized by A. the beginnings of symbolic thought.B. conservation.C. adaptation.D. the first word being spoken.



55.(p. 305-306)

The ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental pictures, blossoms in the __________ substage of sensorimotor development. A. secondB. fourthC. sixthD. eighth



56.(p. 305-306)

Alex watches his mother play tennis in the morning. Later, when he is alone, Alex picks up a stick and swings it like a tennis racquet, copying his mother's actions from earlier in the day. According to Piaget, Alex is in what substage of the sensorimotor stage? A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6



57.(p. 306)

Eighteen-month-old Marcus has figured out how to open the kitchen cupboard containing his favorite toys (his parents' metal mixing bowls and measuring spoons). Because he no longer has to use trial and error to figure out how to open the cupboard, he probably A. has a photographic memory.B. possesses representational ability.C. understands the conservation of volume.D. can read a few words in books.



58.(p. 306)

At 21 months of age, Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system. Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in? A. substage 3B. substage 4C. substage 5D. substage 6



59.(p. 306)

A father talked on the telephone in front of his baby. The next day the baby picked up a toy telephone and repeated his father's actions. According to Piaget, this is an example of A. deferred imitation.B. social learning.C. invisible imitation.D. reciprocal interaction.



60.(p. 306)

When a child is able to imitate a complex behaviour that was previously exhibited by a model, the child is capable of A. delayed modelling.B. deferred imitation.C. postponed behaviour.D. delay of gratification.



61.(p. 306)

__________ is defined as the notion that an object still exists even though it is no longer in sight (or hearing, touch, etc.). A. ConservationB. Object permanenceC. Horizontal decalageD. Anxiety



62.(p. 306)

Carole is playing with a toy when it accidentally becomes hidden by a cloth. A blank look comes over Carole's face, and she picks up another toy. This child's behaviour is likely to occur in the __________ stage. A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. intuitiveD. concrete operations



63.(p. 306)

If a child feels secure that a parent who has left the room will return that child has developed A. anticipatory insight.B. emotional attachment.C. representational ability.D. object permanence.



64.(p. 306)

Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired A. object permanence.B. sharp vision.C. persistence.D. symbolic thought.



65.(p. 306)

Ray, age 5 months, watches as Mary places his stuffed teddy bear beneath his baby blanket during a game of peek-a-boo. Mary notices, however, that Ray forgets about his bear if she leaves it hidden for more than a few seconds. Ray has not yet developed A. conceptualization.B. reality.C. object permanence.D. memory.



66.(p. 306-308)

During an average day, six-month-old Mercedes's parents unwittingly subject her to tasks that challenge her object permanence abilities. Which would be the best example of this task? A. Her father tries to get her to imitate a sound that he is making.B. Her mother accidentally drops a towel over the ball Mercedes is playing with.C. Her father gives her a doll that she has never seen before.D. Her mother tries to get her to begin to take formula from a bottle versus milk from a breast.



67.(p. 305)

The infant does not recognize the permanence of an invisible object until the period called A. secondary circular reactions.B. tertiary circular reactions.C. inventing new means by mental combination.D. preoperations.



68.(p. 306)

From Renee Baillargeon's research evaluating infant's knowledge of object permanence, we can conclude that infants A. do represent the existence of hidden objects.B. are not able to represent the existence of hidden objects.C. only represent the location of a hidden object.D. are unable to represent either the existence or location of hidden objects, just as Piaget described.



69.(p. 309-314)

Which of the following is characteristic of BOTH the preoperational and concrete operational stages? A. animismB. the ability to attend to multiple features of a taskC. reversibilityD. reasoning



70.(p. 309-311)

The preoperational stage extends from approximately A. age 1 to age 3.B. age 2 to age 4.C. age 2 to age 7.D. age 7 to age 11.



71.(p. 309-311)

Piaget divides the preoperational phase into two sub-periods: the __________ period (2 to 4 years) and the __________ period (4 to 7 years). A. intuitive; preconceptualB. preconceptual; intuitiveC. conceptual; formalD. intuitive; organizational



72.(p. 309)

One of the most significant accomplishments of the preoperational child is the rapid acquisition of A. motor skills.B. social skills.C. language.D. self help skills.



73.(p. 309)

Bart, who is 4 years old, is playing outside in the snow when he suddenly asks his father for a cup of hot chocolate. According to Piaget, Bart's ability to think about hot chocolate even though there is none around shows that he is capable of A. transductive reasoning.B. symbolic function.C. delayed gratification.D. operational thought.



74.(p. 309)

In Piaget's terminology, a mental representation to which a person has attached meaning is called a(n) A. symbol.B. operation.C. function.D. transformation.



75.(p. 309-311)

Which of the following involves the use of the symbolic function? A. deferred imitationB. pretend playC. languageD. all of these



76.(p. 309-311)

Four-year-old Rolf is eating lunch when he suddenly takes one of the apple slices off of his plate and begins pushing it across his placemat, making a loud roaring sound as he "vacuums" the crumbs from his crackers. According to Piaget, Rolf is exhibiting A. conservation.B. deferred imitation.C. egocentrism.D. symbolic play.



77.(p. 309-311)

Bonnie, age 4, is a very bright and imitative child. The other day, Grandma took Bonnie for a car ride where Bonnie saw a train speeding down the tracks. Today, Bonnie has a set of blocks she is pushing while saying "Choo-choo, toot-toot." Bonnie is probably in what period of development according to Piaget? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. imaginativeD. symbolic



78.(p. 309)

Two characteristics of Piaget's preconceptual stage are A. animistic thinking and egocentricity.B. complete conservation and abstract thought.C. reflexive behaviours and imitation.D. focus on process and features.



79.(p. 309)

In the preconceptual stage, children often attribute life and living characteristics to inanimate objects. This is known as A. creative thinking.B. egocentricity.C. animistic thinking.D. disturbed thinking.



80.(p. 309)

The attribution of life to objects like the sun, moon, and stars is A. conservation.B. centration.C. egocentrism.D. animism.



81.(p. 309)

Four-year-old Karl tells his father, "I told the wind to blow so it made my kite fly." This is an example of A. animism.B. irreversibility.C. transivity.D. centration.



82.(p. 309)

Sonya, who is 3 years old, is playing with her many dolls and stuffed animals. Sonya believes the dolls talk to each other and can feel when she hugs them. Sonya is probably engaging in A. animistic thinking.B. projection.C. reaction formation.D. role reversal.



83.(p. 309-310)

John and Jodie, both 4 years old, believe that the universe is organized and created for them and that everything is and should be centered around them. This type of thought is called A. vanity.B. delusion.C. wish fulfillment.D. egocentrism.



84.(p. 309-310)

Emma, age 3, runs into the room to show her parents a picture she has drawn. She says, "See my picture?" while holding the paper facing herself. Her parents, only able to see the back of the paper, ask to see the drawing. Emma just holds the paper closer to them without turning it around. Emma's behaviour is a demonstration of A. focusing on states.B. presymbolism.C. animism.D. egocentrism.



85.(p. 309-310)

Andrew is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it. When his mother walks into the room he says, "Mommy, do you like this song?" Andrew's question indicates _______ thinking. A. presymbolicB. egocentricC. animisticD. conservation



86.(p. 309-310)

Jay believes that the world revolves around him and that the universe was created for him. Jay has difficulty seeing any point of view besides his own. This egocentricity is characteristic of what period of development? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationsD. formal operations



87.(p. 310)

Piaget developed a three mountain task to test children's ability to see things from the perspective of others. This task tested children for A. analytical skills.B. object permanence.C. egocentrism.D. perception.



88.(p. 310-311)

According to developmental theorists, the move away from egocentric thought and toward a concern for others and the development of empathy are all basic and necessary in the process of A. understanding.B. socialization.C. growing up.D. independence.



89.(p. 311)

Wayne, age 5, is good at certain things, such as solving problems and counting from 1 to 20. Wayne is in what period of development? A. intuitiveB. concrete operationsC. formal operationsD. logical



90.(p. 309-310)

Symbolic function is to __________ as intuitive thought is to __________. A. creativity; reasonB. centration; egocentrismC. reasoning; mental representationD. mental representation; reasoning



91.(p. 311)

Who is best identified as being in the intuitive stage of development? A. Dan, who can remember a list of five shopping items.B. Sue, who keeps annoying her parents by asking, "How come...?"C. Keith, who hit his sister, yet is only worried about what is going to happen to him.D. Missy, whose imaginary friend helps her deal with traumatic events.



92.(p. 311)

All but which one of the following relates to Piaget's intuitive thought stage? A. Tommy, who is nine years old and is starting to develop his own ideas about the world.B. Mary, who is four years old, has simple ideas, and is not very good at thinking things out.C.

Joan, who is five years old and has difficulty understanding events she knows are taking place but which she cannot see.

D. Rao, who is six years old and fantasizes ideas that have little resemblance to reality.


Type: Analysis

93.(p. 311)

Four-year-old Christopher begins to use primitive reasoning and wants to know the answers to all sorts of questions. He is in what substage of preoperational thought? A. intuitive thoughtB. symbolic functionC. internalization of schemesD. coordination of secondary circular reactions



94.(p. 312)

The ability to order a group of objects on the basis of a particular dimension, such as ordering sticks from shortest to longest, is called A. ordering.B. ligation.C. seriation.D. litigation.



95.(p. 312)

According to Piaget, the most important limitation of preoperational reasoning is the child's _____________. A. development of object permanenceB. centrationC. inability to understand reversibilityD. animistic thinking



96.(p. 312)

Sonya has been shown two short, wide cylinders, which contain equal amounts of water. The researcher now pours the liquid from one cylinder into a tall, thin flask. Sonya is asked which container has more liquid, and she replies that the tall flask has the most, indicating a developmental error in judgment also known as an inability to A. reverse.B. conserve.C. remember.D. seriate.



97.(p. 312)

The Piagetian task in which a child is presented with two identical balls of clay and watches as one is rolled into a long, thin piece of clay is a test to see if the child has the ability to A. seriate.B. decentre.C. analyze.D. conserve.



98.(p. 314)

In a conservation problem, the difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought is that preoperational children A. reverse the image in their thought, while concrete operational children do not.B. use abstract reasoning, while concrete operational children use imagination and symbolism.C. focus on more than one dimension of a problem, while concrete operational children focus on only

one.D. focus on only one dimension of a problem, while concrete operational children focus on more than

one.


Type: Analysis

99.(p. 314)

When Ainsley (a preoperational child) is asked if she has a sister, she replies that she has a sister named Robyn. Then, when Ainsley is asked if Robyn has a sister, Ainsley replies in the negative. This conversational exchange reflects the preoperational limitation in reasoning known as A. irreversibility.B. conservation.C. centration.D. intuition.



100.(p. 312)

Ivan watches his mother take some clay out of a small box. She rolls the clay out into a long, thin shape. Ivan says, "But, Mommy, now we can't put the clay back in the box!" Ivan's statement illustrates _______ in preoperational thought. A. decentrationB. irreversibilityC. egocentrismD. empathy



101.(p. 312)

Lucienne watches as the experimenter takes one of two identical balls of clay and rolls it into a long, thin piece of clay. Lucienne says the two clay shapes are the same because you could take the long, skinny one and roll it back into the ball. Lucienne's reasoning requires A. decentration.B. reversibility.C. egocentrism.D. classification.



102.(p. 314)

During the preoperational period, children tend to focus on one dimension of the object. This characteristic of thinking is known as A. transformations.B. reversibility.C. centration.D. object permanence.



103.(p. 314)

Preoperational children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, leading to illogical conclusions. Piaget called this tendency A. egocentrism.B. classification.C. centration.D. transduction.



104.(p. 314)

In Western societies, children usually acquire ________ conservation before ________ conservation. A. number; volumeB. volume; massC. area; lengthD. weight; number



105.(p. 314)

Recent research in the area of conservation has consistently found that Piaget A. overestimated the capacities of young children.B. underestimated the capacities of young children.C. was correct in the timelines he established for conservation.D. did not clearly describe conservation.



106.(p. 314)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operations? A. increased understandingB. a decrease in centrationC. a decrease in egocentrismD. a decrease in flexibility of thinking



107.(p. 314-315)

Danielle is in the stage of concrete operations. Piaget would suggest that Danielle should be able to A. use a map or model to search for a hidden object.B. give someone else directions for finding the object.C.

both use a map or model to search for a hidden object AND give someone else directions for finding the object.

D.

neither use a map or model to search for a hidden object NOR give someone else directions for finding the object.



108.(p. 314)

What type of reasoning characterizes the concrete operational thinker? A. logicalB. intuitiveC. abstractD. hypothetical



109.(p. 314)

The ability to classify or divide things into different sets and subsets and to consider their interrelationships develops during the __________ stage. A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. formal operationalD. concrete operational



110.(p. 314-315)

Which of the following is a limitation of concrete operational thought? A. inability to classifyB. cannot use symbolic functionsC. egocentric thoughtD. reasoning is limited to concrete examples



111.(p. 314-315)

In which one of the following ways does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought? A. Formal operations are characterized by greater flexibility of thought.B. Formal operations allow for the use of mental hypotheses testing.C. Formal operations are limited to considering alternatives directly observable in the physical world.D. Formal operations allow for an appreciation of the many possibilities that exist.



112.(p. 314-315)

Concrete operational thought is to formal operational thought as A. abstraction is to specific example.B. trial and error is to hypothetical-deductive reasoning.C. accommodation is to assimilation.D. reflex is to internalization of schemes.



113.(p. 315)

Research on acquisition of cognitive concepts and skills found that Native American cultures operate __________ while European Americans operate __________. A. logically; concretelyB. abstractly; logicallyC. holistically; analyticallyD. analytically; holistically



114.(p. 315)

According to Piaget, adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children cannot A. solve problems.B. systematically test hypotheses.C. deal with concrete experiences.D. develop hypotheses to explain their experiences.



115.(p. 315-316)

The overriding cognitive process of the formal operations stage is A. logic.B. intuition.C. synthesis.D. perceptual organization.



116.(p. 316)

Janelle has not been getting along with her best friend. She writes down all the difficulties and tries to generate possible reasons for them. She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems, weighing the pros and cons of each possibility. Janelle is using which of the following to solve her problem? A. idealistic scenario reasoningB. concrete operational reasoningC. adolescent-egocentric reasoningD. hypothetical-deductive reasoning



117.(p. 316)

Barbara, an adolescent, must solve an algebraic problem. She develops some predictions about the problem, thinks about them, and then determines the best path to solve the problem. This is an example of A. predictive thinking.B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.C. formal abstraction.D. factual reasoning.



118.(p. 315)

Researchers cannot take the measure of any specific task (e.g., object permanence or conservation) to indicate a child's general level of cognitive development because A. Piaget underestimated children's development.B. development does not proceed in stages.C. many tasks are not valid.D. different cultures stress different concepts.



119.(p. 316)

Tabitha has become interested in science fiction. Which of Piaget's stages is she in? A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationsD. formal operations



120.(p. 316)

"What if the sun were to explode?" said Alene. "But it never has," replied Kevin. "But what if it DID?" insisted Alene. '"But it never has! You worry too much about all those what-ifs," said Kevin. In this example, Alene is exhibiting __________ thought, while Kevin is showing __________ thought. A. abstract; concreteB. concrete; abstractC. abnormal; idealisticD. deductive; inductive



121.(p. 316)

Who of the following is engaging in an activity that characterizes formal operations? A. George, who is able to understand that his mother still exists, even when he cannot see her.B. Barbara, who is thinking about what happened to her yesterday.C. Dan, who is thinking about talking.D. Marilyn, who is thinking about thinking.



122.(p. 316-317)

Young Gino spends his days fantasizing about being the prime minister of Canada, a hockey player, and a rock star. With which stage of Piagetian development is such idealized thinking often equated? A. sensorimotorB. concrete operationalC. preoperationalD. formal operational



123.(p. 315)

Unlike earlier stages of cognitive development, formal operations are influenced by A. language.B. culture.C. socioeconomic status.D. motivation.



124.(p. 315)

Which of the following exerts a stronger influence on children's cognitive development than Piaget believed? A. biological maturationB. culture and educationC. the age of the childD. all of these



125.(p. 315)

Formal operations may occur late or be absent A. because of poor parental practices.B. because of too much time spent viewing television.C. because logic is not taught in many schools.D. in cultures that do not emphasize symbolic skills.



126.(p. 314-316)

Which of the following statements would be an application of Piaget's ideas to education? A. Effective teachers facilitate, rather than direct, learning.B. Children's illogical or distorted ideas about the world make it hard for them to learn.C. The pattern of mental development is universal, so we can develop one curriculum for all students.D. By the third or fourth grade, children are ready for abstract learning.



127.(p. 320)

The area of research known as ________________ focuses on when and how children come to understand the mind. A. cognitive dissonanceB. false-belief-taskC. theory of mindD. cognition



128.(p. 320)

A false-belief task is used to A. discover if the child understands the perspectives of others.B. discover if the child will be honest when answering questions.C. discover how much a child has learned from each lesson.D. separate children who will have social difficulties in the classroom.



129.(p. 321)

Children begin to understand that people have mental representational states between the ages of A. 2-3.B. 3-5.C. 5-8.D. 8-10.



130.(p. 322)

Jenny has four sisters and two brothers. She will perform ________________ in comparison to other children her age on false belief tasks. A. equally toB. better thanC. worse thanD. there will be no difference



131.(p. 321)

One of the central processes of social cognition is the differentiation of A. your mother from your father.B. the self from other objects in the environment.C. humans from non humans.D. family from non family.



132.(p. 324)

Piaget's theory A. has continued to be accepted with modifications.B. has been found to be deeply flawed.C. has stimulated little research.D. was influential only in the early 1950s.



133.(p. 324)

Children master some forms of conservation before others. Piaget called this A. irreversibility.B. horizontal decalage.C. abnormal.D. egocentric.



134.(p. 324)

Perhaps one of the most puzzling aspects in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is why some children can solve some concrete operational problems, but not others. This concept is referred to as. A. object permanence.B. horizontal decalage.C. conservation.D. attentional deficit.



135.(p. 326)

Which theorist proposed that cultural influences and the child's level of cognitive competence interacted to shape development? A. PiagetB. VygotskyC. CaseD. Watson



136.(p. 326)

For Vygotsky, development is best understood as A. a product of social interaction between partners who solve problems together.B. a product of individual improvement.C. a series of distinct stages, each characterized by different functions.D. the biological unfolding of the organism.



137.(p. 326)

Vygotsky believed that the child possessed A. no innate abilities.B. only innate abilities that were supported by the child's culture.C. innate abilities such as attention, perception, and memory.D. innate abilities such as reflexes.



138.(p. 327)

According to Vygotsky, elementary mental functions A. include memory, attention, and perception.B. are not susceptible to cultural influence.C. do not influence higher mental functions.D. include logical and abstract thinking.



139.(p. 327)

According to Vygotsky, voluntary attention and abstract thinking are considered A. elementary mental functions.B. higher mental functions.C. innate abilities.D. unattainable in most cultures.



140.(p. 327)

A child is counting the pennies in her purse. She is using A. an elementary mental function.B. a schema.C. a mediator.D. inner speech.



141.(p. 327-328)

The zone of proximal development is important because it A. incorporates both language and memory.B. acknowledges the importance of gradual shifts between developmental stages.C. focuses on individuals, not activity between people.D.

represents both an alternative approach to intelligence assessment and a way of understanding how intellectual development occurs.



142.(p. 328)

The instructional process which is an outgrowth of the zone of proximal development is A. hierarchical learning.B. scaffolding.C. peer tutoring.D. whole language.



143.(p. 328)

An older sibling is helping a younger sibling complete a puzzle. The older sibling says, "Wait; only put one piece in at a time." The older sibling is A. tutoring.B. more intelligent.C. using private speech.D. scaffolding.



144.(p. 328)

According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is A. changing the level of support when teaching a child.B. adjusting the amount of guidance necessary to learn a skill.C. giving direct instructions.D. all of these



145.(p. 328)

The zone of proximal development represents A. the child's actual performance.B. discrepancies in cognition and language.C. an opportunity for intellectual growth.D. culture specific learning in school settings.



146.(p. 327-328)

Scaffolding and the ZPD are A. not really linked together.B.

linked together because as a child becomes more competent at a particular task in his or her ZPD, the level of scaffolding increases.

C.

linked together because as a child becomes more competent at a particular task in his or her ZPD, the level of scaffolding decreases.

D. steadily increasing together throughout childhood.


Type: Analysis

147.(p. 327-328)

As a diligent parent, John has read many books on child development. One idea that he found especially fascinating was the zone of proximal development. How could he determine the lower limit of his daughter's zone of proximal development concerning the letters of the alphabet? A. determine her current stage of Piagetian developmentB. record how many letters she can correctly identify on her ownC. record how many letters she can correctly identify after intensive adult assistanceD. give her a short-term memory task unrelated to letters of the alphabet



148.(p. 327-328)

Each of the children is trying to solve a complex story problem. For whom would solving the problem best be classified as being at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development? A. Steve, who could never solve this problem.B. Ed, who is capable of solving the entire problem on his own.C. Frank, who rejects the help of all adults when he attempts to solve the problem.D. Bob, who, with the help of an adult, can solve the entire problem.



149.(p. 327-328)

Jarod is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold onto a piece of furniture for support. Which of the following should be IN THE LOWER LIMIT of Jarod's zone of proximal development in the near future? A. runningB. crawlingC. taking a few steps without supportD. walking with support from furniture



150.(p. 328)

An important component of scaffolding is A. removing distracting objects from the setting.B. breaking a task down into simpler components.C. allowing the competent peer to dominate interactions.D. making the task easy.



151.(p. 330)

The study conducted by Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) investigating adult-child dyads and peer partner planning of efficient routes through an imaginary town A. does not support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.B. does support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.C. is inconclusive regarding Vygotsky's view of scaffolding.D. was culturally biased.



152.(p. 330)

Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) found that in planning efficient routes through an imaginary town, _____________. A. adult-child dyads were more efficient plannersB. peer partner dyads were more efficient plannersC. peer partner dyads were equal to adult-child dyads in efficiencyD. peer partner dyads planned their route at the onset



153.(p. 329)

A principle of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that A. relationships are determined by intellectual level.B. cultures vary in settings and institutions.C. cultures play a minimal role in development.D. the individual determines growth and development.



154.(p. 329-330)

Vygotsky believed that studying intellectual development outside of its cultural influences A. may underestimate the child's development.B. is necessary to determine universals in development.C. reflects the impact of individuals on culture.D. may help us to advance our understanding of education.



155.(p. 332)

Who would be most likely to argue that the speech produced by three-year-old Gina is socially based and is a main guide of her behaviour? A. Jean PiagetB. David ElkindC. Lev VygotskyD. Mary Ainsworth



156.(p. 332)

In Carraher, Schliemann, and Carraher's (1988) study of children street vendors in Brazil, the children's accuracy was related to A. how many pieces of fruit the experimenter bought.B. whether the experimenters gave exact change.C. the children's age.D. whether the transaction was commercial or academic.



157.(p. 333)

The study of young street vendors in Brazil demonstrates A. the influence of culture on numerical reasoning.B. the influence of age on numerical reasoning.C. that culture does not play a role in counting ability.D. that lower socioeconomic status limits children's numerical reasoning.



158.(p. 333)

According to Vygotsky, children use egocentric speech A. to support their point of view.B. to justify their behaviour.C. as a way to guide thought and behaviour.D. primarily for communicating with others.



159.(p. 333)

Paul is playing with his building blocks. He is muttering in a soft voice, "This block goes here, then this block goes there." Paul is using A. inner speech.B. egocentric speech.C. directional speech.D. communicative speech.



160.(p. 333)

The correct developmental sequence in children's use of speech based upon Vygotsky's theory is A. inner speech, egocentric speech, social speech.B. social speech, inner speech, egocentric speech.C. egocentric speech, social speech, inner speech.D. social speech, egocentric speech, inner speech.



161.(p. 333)

Tanya is doing her math homework. Although tempted to count aloud, she tries to solve the problem by thinking in her head. Tanya is using A. inner speech.B. private speech.C. numerical speech.D. abstract speech.



162.(p. 333)

Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) is an educational experiment based on Vygotsky's concept of A. inner speech.B. developmental hierarchies.C. culture-specific language development.D. the zone of proximal development.



163.(p. 333)

Vygotsky's theory has influenced the study of child development by emphasizing A. the role of culture in peer relationships.B. the application of social contexts of learning.C. the importance of parents as language facilitators.D. the importance of mathematics in school settings.



164.(p. 334)

A limitation of Vygotsky's theory is that it A. fails to describe microgenetic change in cognitive development.B. does not provide a specific description of age-related change.C. fails to recognize the impact of social interaction on cognitive development.D. cannot be applied to school settings.



165.(p. 299)

Describe Piaget's concept of schema.

A schema is an organized unit of knowledge, and collectively, schemas form theknowledge base that a person uses to understand and interact with the environment.



166.(p. 302)

Define assimilation and accommodation and provide an example of each.

Answers will vary.



167.(p. 302)

Discuss some significant accomplishments of an infant during the sensorimotor period of development. Explain the impact of the sensorimotor period on later development.

Answers will vary.



168.(p. 309-314)

What is one main difference in thinking of the preoperational and concrete operational child?

Answers will vary.



169.(p. 315-316)

Discuss two main characteristics of formal operational thinking.

Answers will vary.



170.(p. 320)

Describe the false-belief task and what this task tells us about children's theory of mind.

The false belief task requires a child to take the perspective of another and explores whena child begins to understand the thinking of other people.



171.(p. 327)

Describe elementary and higher mental functions and provide an example of each.

Answers will vary.



172.(p. 329-330)

According to Vygotsky, how does culture influence development?

Answers will vary.



173.(p. 332)

Describe the role of language in children's development according to Vygotsky.

Answers will vary.



174.(p. 333-334)

Explain how you could use the zone of proximal development to teach a child how to write her name.

Answers will vary.



175.(p. 325)

Is Vygotsky's theory unique? Explain.

Answers will vary.



ch8 Summary Category # of Questions

Learning Objective: 1 10










Parke - Chapter 08 175

Type: Analysis 22

Type: Application 43

Type: Comprehension 50

Type: Knowledge 60

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